Paul Reynolds - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Paul Reynolds
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004
Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Apr 1, 2003
... This study examined informal investment in the 29 nations that participated in the GlobalEntr... more ... This study examined informal investment in the 29 nations that participated in the GlobalEntrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in 2001. ... The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is a research initiative conducted by a consortium of more than 100 scholars from 38 nations. ...
Births of new firms have been seen to be a major source of new employment creation in developed c... more Births of new firms have been seen to be a major source of new employment creation in developed countries, In the European Community (EC), government policy for much of the 1980s focused upon encouraging the startup of new enterprises. This research examines birth rates of new firms by region in France, Germany (West), Italy, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Comparison is also made with similar studies which have been conducted in parallel for Sweden and the United States. The key findings of the study are twofold. First, the average new firm birth rates are roughly similar across countries and there are similar regional variations within all countries; the most fertile regions have annual new firm birth rates that are two to four times higher than the least fertile regions. Second, the underlying processes affecting new firm births at the regional level appear uniform across countries. Consequently, we suggest that the main empirical findings are likely to apply to populations of new firms in other advanced market economics, including those in the EC.
... 2007. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] Adult Population Survey Data ... Reynolds, Paul, ... more ... 2007. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] Adult Population Survey Data ... Reynolds, Paul, Niels Bosma, Erkko Autio, Steve Hunt, Natalie De Bono Isabel Servais Paloma Lopez-Garcia and Nancy Chin Bono, Isabel Servais, Paloma Lopez Garcia, and Nancy Chin. 2005. ...
Proceedings - Academy of Management, 2016
The resources, time and money, absorbed by the entrepreneurial sector are considerable; start-up ... more The resources, time and money, absorbed by the entrepreneurial sector are considerable; start-up ventures that never reach profitability absorb three times the resources of those that do. Reducing ...
Regional Studies, Jul 1, 1994
Abstract: No feature of a region is more critical than its economic ell-being. Maintaining the pr... more Abstract: No feature of a region is more critical than its economic ell-being. Maintaining the prosperity of the citizens may require continuous economic change and adaptation. Central to such shifts is the birth of new firms-entrepreneurship. Substantial evidence suggests ...
Regional Studies, Jul 1, 1994
... certain loc-alities have more new firms than others is a signific-ant analytical achievement. .... more ... certain loc-alities have more new firms than others is a signific-ant analytical achievement. ... govern-ments are more likely t0 spend money and hence create demand in the locality. ... of relatively negative attitudes t0 self-ernployment and entrepreneurship, and the absence of a ...
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Sep 16, 2009
It has long been known that the level of entrepreneurship, indicated as the percentage of incorpo... more It has long been known that the level of entrepreneurship, indicated as the percentage of incorporated and unincorporated nascent businesses relative to the labor force differs strongly across countries. This variance is related to differences in levels of economic development (Wennekers et al. 2005), but also to diverging demographic, cultural, and institutional characteristics (Acs and Armington 2004; Busenitiz et al.
Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 2016
Social Science Research Network, 2007
ABSTRACT The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide harm... more ABSTRACT The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide harmonized comparisons among countries related to the level of participation in entrepreneurial activities. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998; by 2003, more than forty countries and three sub-national regions were involved in the program. While the initial design was based on the first U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics [PSED I], the GEM design evolved to capture a wider range of individual participation in business ownership and management with annual adjustments and enhancements to the data collection procedure. The current consolidated data set focuses on the first six years. The project has continued in 2004-2007, providing a potential for adding more countries and more cases for continuing countries.
ICPSR Data Holdings, Jun 26, 2009
Abstract The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comp... more Abstract The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The project was initiated with four objectives: 1) to develop reliable procedures for assessing differences in the national level of new firm creation, a critical component of entrepreneurial activity: 2) to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and national economic growth; 3) to facilitate understanding the national characteristics ...
International studies in entrepreneurship, 2009
While new firm creation is an important feature of modern economies, research on major aspects of... more While new firm creation is an important feature of modern economies, research on major aspects of the early stages of the business life course is hampered by the length and complexity of the process. Conceptual complexity is reflected in the difficulty of developing simple, precise measures of initiating the firm gestation process, or conception, as well as the transition from
Small Business Economics, Oct 10, 2015
AbstractWhy are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the ventu... more AbstractWhy are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the venture creation process? Drawing on pecking order and agency theory, this study investigates how start-up capital structure influences the time to either new firm founding or quitting the start-up process. The temporal aspect of the start-up process is one that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Therefore, we utilize competing risk and Cox regression event history analysis on a nationally representative sample of US entrepreneurs to investigate how start-up capital structure impacts the time in gestation to particular kinds of start-up outcomes. Our findings suggest that external equity has an appreciable impact on new firm emergence over time, and that the percentage of ownership held by the founders attenuates the benefits of external equity.
Proceedings - Academy of Management, Aug 1, 2022
The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study... more The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study of entrepreneurship. * In 2015, GEM was conducted in 60 economies. * GEM interviewed over 170,000 adults globally, including 2,000 in Australia. * GEM is different from other studies in that by surveying the adult population it identifies entrepreneurs at the very earliest stages of new business creation. * GEM measures annually the levels and characteristics of entrepreneurial activity, social attitudes, aspirations and framework conditions for entrepreneurship in each economy. * The GEM study has been conducted annually since 1999 and has collected data from across 100 countries, with over 2.4 million observations.
... There are no marked differences between the NF and YF categories in these regards ... Indepen... more ... There are no marked differences between the NF and YF categories in these regards ... Independent New Business Corporate Entrepreneurship Franchise MLM Initiative Purchase of Existing Business ... The online sales plans of the Nascent Firms are considerably higher (Figure 3 ...
The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study... more The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study of entrepreneurship. * In 2015, GEM was conducted in 60 economies. * GEM interviewed over 170,000 adults globally, including 2,000 in Australia. * GEM is different from other studies in that by surveying the adult population it identifies entrepreneurs at the very earliest stages of new business creation. * GEM measures annually the levels and characteristics of entrepreneurial activity, social attitudes, aspirations and framework conditions for entrepreneurship in each economy. * The GEM study has been conducted annually since 1999 and has collected data from across 100 countries, with over 2.4 million observations.
Strategic Management Journal, 1994
How important is the physical location of a new firm for its chances of EXECUTIVE survival? Locat... more How important is the physical location of a new firm for its chances of EXECUTIVE survival? Location of a new firm, whether in urban, metro, or rural S ~ R Y vicinities, can have important impacts on performance outcomes. Urban locations often contain a wealth of diverse resources but may also have a greater number of competitors. Rural locations may lack diversity but can enable the firm to exploit a niche with limited competition. We suggest that a simple examination of new firm location will not adequately predict survival chances. Rather the impact on location of the new firm will be influenced by the industry in which the new firm operates and by the strategy the new firm pursues. The industry of the new firm is examined by focusing on where the new firm is located in the value chain. We predict hat a new firm upstream in the industry value chain will have better chances of survival than new firms downstream in the industry value chain. New firms with broadly focused strategies...
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2004
Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Apr 1, 2003
... This study examined informal investment in the 29 nations that participated in the GlobalEntr... more ... This study examined informal investment in the 29 nations that participated in the GlobalEntrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in 2001. ... The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is a research initiative conducted by a consortium of more than 100 scholars from 38 nations. ...
Births of new firms have been seen to be a major source of new employment creation in developed c... more Births of new firms have been seen to be a major source of new employment creation in developed countries, In the European Community (EC), government policy for much of the 1980s focused upon encouraging the startup of new enterprises. This research examines birth rates of new firms by region in France, Germany (West), Italy, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Comparison is also made with similar studies which have been conducted in parallel for Sweden and the United States. The key findings of the study are twofold. First, the average new firm birth rates are roughly similar across countries and there are similar regional variations within all countries; the most fertile regions have annual new firm birth rates that are two to four times higher than the least fertile regions. Second, the underlying processes affecting new firm births at the regional level appear uniform across countries. Consequently, we suggest that the main empirical findings are likely to apply to populations of new firms in other advanced market economics, including those in the EC.
... 2007. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] Adult Population Survey Data ... Reynolds, Paul, ... more ... 2007. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] Adult Population Survey Data ... Reynolds, Paul, Niels Bosma, Erkko Autio, Steve Hunt, Natalie De Bono Isabel Servais Paloma Lopez-Garcia and Nancy Chin Bono, Isabel Servais, Paloma Lopez Garcia, and Nancy Chin. 2005. ...
Proceedings - Academy of Management, 2016
The resources, time and money, absorbed by the entrepreneurial sector are considerable; start-up ... more The resources, time and money, absorbed by the entrepreneurial sector are considerable; start-up ventures that never reach profitability absorb three times the resources of those that do. Reducing ...
Regional Studies, Jul 1, 1994
Abstract: No feature of a region is more critical than its economic ell-being. Maintaining the pr... more Abstract: No feature of a region is more critical than its economic ell-being. Maintaining the prosperity of the citizens may require continuous economic change and adaptation. Central to such shifts is the birth of new firms-entrepreneurship. Substantial evidence suggests ...
Regional Studies, Jul 1, 1994
... certain loc-alities have more new firms than others is a signific-ant analytical achievement. .... more ... certain loc-alities have more new firms than others is a signific-ant analytical achievement. ... govern-ments are more likely t0 spend money and hence create demand in the locality. ... of relatively negative attitudes t0 self-ernployment and entrepreneurship, and the absence of a ...
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Sep 16, 2009
It has long been known that the level of entrepreneurship, indicated as the percentage of incorpo... more It has long been known that the level of entrepreneurship, indicated as the percentage of incorporated and unincorporated nascent businesses relative to the labor force differs strongly across countries. This variance is related to differences in levels of economic development (Wennekers et al. 2005), but also to diverging demographic, cultural, and institutional characteristics (Acs and Armington 2004; Busenitiz et al.
Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 2016
Social Science Research Network, 2007
ABSTRACT The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide harm... more ABSTRACT The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide harmonized comparisons among countries related to the level of participation in entrepreneurial activities. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998; by 2003, more than forty countries and three sub-national regions were involved in the program. While the initial design was based on the first U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics [PSED I], the GEM design evolved to capture a wider range of individual participation in business ownership and management with annual adjustments and enhancements to the data collection procedure. The current consolidated data set focuses on the first six years. The project has continued in 2004-2007, providing a potential for adding more countries and more cases for continuing countries.
ICPSR Data Holdings, Jun 26, 2009
Abstract The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comp... more Abstract The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The project was initiated with four objectives: 1) to develop reliable procedures for assessing differences in the national level of new firm creation, a critical component of entrepreneurial activity: 2) to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and national economic growth; 3) to facilitate understanding the national characteristics ...
International studies in entrepreneurship, 2009
While new firm creation is an important feature of modern economies, research on major aspects of... more While new firm creation is an important feature of modern economies, research on major aspects of the early stages of the business life course is hampered by the length and complexity of the process. Conceptual complexity is reflected in the difficulty of developing simple, precise measures of initiating the firm gestation process, or conception, as well as the transition from
Small Business Economics, Oct 10, 2015
AbstractWhy are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the ventu... more AbstractWhy are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the venture creation process? Drawing on pecking order and agency theory, this study investigates how start-up capital structure influences the time to either new firm founding or quitting the start-up process. The temporal aspect of the start-up process is one that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Therefore, we utilize competing risk and Cox regression event history analysis on a nationally representative sample of US entrepreneurs to investigate how start-up capital structure impacts the time in gestation to particular kinds of start-up outcomes. Our findings suggest that external equity has an appreciable impact on new firm emergence over time, and that the percentage of ownership held by the founders attenuates the benefits of external equity.
Proceedings - Academy of Management, Aug 1, 2022
The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study... more The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study of entrepreneurship. * In 2015, GEM was conducted in 60 economies. * GEM interviewed over 170,000 adults globally, including 2,000 in Australia. * GEM is different from other studies in that by surveying the adult population it identifies entrepreneurs at the very earliest stages of new business creation. * GEM measures annually the levels and characteristics of entrepreneurial activity, social attitudes, aspirations and framework conditions for entrepreneurship in each economy. * The GEM study has been conducted annually since 1999 and has collected data from across 100 countries, with over 2.4 million observations.
... There are no marked differences between the NF and YF categories in these regards ... Indepen... more ... There are no marked differences between the NF and YF categories in these regards ... Independent New Business Corporate Entrepreneurship Franchise MLM Initiative Purchase of Existing Business ... The online sales plans of the Nascent Firms are considerably higher (Figure 3 ...
The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study... more The 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in brief: * GEM is the world’s largest study of entrepreneurship. * In 2015, GEM was conducted in 60 economies. * GEM interviewed over 170,000 adults globally, including 2,000 in Australia. * GEM is different from other studies in that by surveying the adult population it identifies entrepreneurs at the very earliest stages of new business creation. * GEM measures annually the levels and characteristics of entrepreneurial activity, social attitudes, aspirations and framework conditions for entrepreneurship in each economy. * The GEM study has been conducted annually since 1999 and has collected data from across 100 countries, with over 2.4 million observations.
Strategic Management Journal, 1994
How important is the physical location of a new firm for its chances of EXECUTIVE survival? Locat... more How important is the physical location of a new firm for its chances of EXECUTIVE survival? Location of a new firm, whether in urban, metro, or rural S ~ R Y vicinities, can have important impacts on performance outcomes. Urban locations often contain a wealth of diverse resources but may also have a greater number of competitors. Rural locations may lack diversity but can enable the firm to exploit a niche with limited competition. We suggest that a simple examination of new firm location will not adequately predict survival chances. Rather the impact on location of the new firm will be influenced by the industry in which the new firm operates and by the strategy the new firm pursues. The industry of the new firm is examined by focusing on where the new firm is located in the value chain. We predict hat a new firm upstream in the industry value chain will have better chances of survival than new firms downstream in the industry value chain. New firms with broadly focused strategies...
The date of entry into firm creation, eighteen start-up activities, and occurrence of major outco... more The date of entry into firm creation, eighteen start-up activities, and occurrence of major outcomes—initial profits or disengagement-have been harmonized for five PSED cohorts (Australia, China, Sweden, US PSED I, II). This unique resource is based on 3,910 nascent ventures for which 2,541 have outcome data. These cohorts are representative samples of business creation in their representative countries. The potential for assessing major processes associated with firm creation and the impact of different national contexts is enhanced by this new data set.