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Papers by RABIN PAUDYAL

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology, Dec 30, 2022

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, Dec 30, 2018

A frequent and consistent evaluation of the prevalence, etiologic agents and predisposing factors... more A frequent and consistent evaluation of the prevalence, etiologic agents and predisposing factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) is necessary in developing country like Nepal to reduce its severe consequences. A regular and routine monitoring of multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates is essential in laboratory practice. Five hundred and ninety one mid stream urine samples were collected from Bharosa Hospital of Kathmandu and a semi-quantitative method was used to determine the frequency of MDR uropathogens in the urine samples. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria were done by standard microbiological procedure. From the total samples, 161 samples were found to be positive for UTI (27.24 %). Among these bacterial isolates, 57.14 % were found to be MDR. Nitrofurantoin, amikacin and ceftriaxone were found to be the most effective antibiotics against uropathogens.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Mar 1, 2020

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis continues to be a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. ... more Introduction: Neonatal sepsis continues to be a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. A very wide spectrum of organisms and their susceptibility pattern has been described for cases of neonatal sepsis and these spectrums is subject to geographical alterations. Material and Methods: A prospective hospital based study was carried out with the objective to study the etiological agents of neonatal sepsis and their antibiogram pattern. Blood culture was performed from all the suspected cases of neonatal sepsis from National Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility test, ESBL test and Methicillin-resistance test were performed according CLSI guidelines (2014). SPSS version 19 software was used for data analysis. Results: In total 255 blood samples were studied, out of which 79 (31%) were culture positive. The organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus followed by CONS and Enterococcus faecalis. The most common risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis were low birth weight and preterm delivery, whereas clinical features were fever, respiratory distress and seizure. Meropenem, levofloxacin and amikacin was found most effective antibiotic against all isolates. Among total isolates 89.9% (71/79) multi drug resistant organisms were isolated. Among Gram-negative pathogen, 68.5% (13/19) were ESBL producers and among Gram-positive, 77.3% (34/44) Staphylococcus species were methicillin resistant. Conclusion: Staphylococcal sepsis is common in both community and hospital acquired sepsis. The multidrug resistant strains make the treatment difficult and grave sequel. Knowledge of sensitivity patterns is essential when local polices on the uses of antibiotics are being devised.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) has been the most common acute opportunistic infection in HIV pos... more Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) has been the most common acute opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients and accounts for more than half of all AIDS cases in underdeveloped nations. Hence, rapid laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis is needed for vulnerable patients. Methodology: In this study, 72 sputum samples were collected from ART-naive and patients using ART for 6 months. The samples were tested with the GeneXpert MTB / RIF assay to diagnose TB and drug resistance and AFB smear microscopy as per NTP guidelines. Results: Among 72 sputum samples studied, males were more diagnosed with TB than females. People aged 25-56 years were more infected with HIV-TB co-infection. Four patients (5.56%) were found to be TB positive with both techniques, 7 (9.72%) were GeneXpert MTB/RIF positive but smear-negative and 61 patients (84.72%) were negative with both methods. The positivity for MTB detected for GeneXpert MTB/RIF method in females was 3 (15%) and the males were 8 (15.38%),...

The open microbiology journal, 2017

Increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing microbes in recent years has led to l... more Increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing microbes in recent years has led to limitations of treatment options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. at a tertiary hospital in Nepal. A total of 2209 non-repetitive mid-stream urine (MSU) samples were collected during the study period (March to September 2014). Identification of the isolates was done by Gram's staining followed by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines, 2013. ESBL screening among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were done using ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefpodoxime. The confirmation was done by phenotypic disc diffusion test (combined disc method) using ceftazidime (30µg) and ceftazidime plus clavulanic acid (30/10µg), and cefotaxime (30µg) and cefotaxime plus cla...

International Journal of Microbiology

Background. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has increased in recent years. Resistance to β-la... more Background. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has increased in recent years. Resistance to β-lactams in Gram-negative bacteria has been reported to be associated with extended spectrum beta-lactamases and metallo-beta-lactamases. This study was aimed at determining the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative pathogens producing extended spectrum beta lactamases and metallo-beta lactamases. Method and Methodology. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Public Health Laboratory during a period of six months. All clinical specimens were obtained and processed for the identification of Gram-negative pathogens by culture, morphological, and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion and the isolates were tested for ESBL and MBL by the combined disk method. Results. Out of 4266 clinical specimens, 197 (4.6%) were found to be Gram-negative bacterial isolates. 47 (23.9%...

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to detect antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) an... more Objectives: The main objective of this study was to detect antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) and Extended Spectrum Betalactamase (ESBL) production phenotypically in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from urines with signifi cant bacteriuria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Microbiology laboratory of Kathmandu College of Science and Technology, Kamalpokhari. The urine samples from suspected urinary tract infected cases were collected from both genders of children below 15 years of age from Out and In-patient department of International Children Friendship Hospital, Maharajgunj and those with signifi cant bacteriuria were cultured for isolating the bacterial etiology targeted as E. coli and K. pneumoniae. AMR for these two bacteria were tested and detected using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion technique. ESBL production was confi rmed by Double Disc Synergy test (DDST) and Phenotypic Confi rmatory Disc Diffusion Test (PCDDT) after screening for all the isolates sh...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains ar... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are serious threats to the control of TB and comprise an increasing public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern among TB patients visiting German Nepal Tuberculosis Project (GENETUP) by using proportion method. The descriptive crosssectional study was carried from November 2010 to June 2011. During the study period, 112 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients attending GENETUP were included in the study. Of a total of 112 culture positive isolates, 96 were from re-treatment cases and 16 were from new cases. Among the culture positive cases, the highest number of culture positive cases belonged to the age group of 2130 years (36.7%) followed by 11-20 years (14.3%). Out of total tested cases, the patients sensitive to all four drugs were found to be 37.5 % (n=42). The patients that showed resistance to only one drug was found to b...

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in diabetic and non-diabetic patien... more Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in diabetic and non-diabetic patients; if it is unrecognized or not treated properly on time can cause considerable morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the pattern of bacteria causing UTI in clinically diagnosed diabetic and non-diabetic patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methods: A hospital laboratory based cross-sectional study was conducted among the diabetic and non-diabetic patients with UTI visiting in Alka Hospital, Lalitpur from September to November 2013. Urine culture, blood sugar test and antibiotics susceptibility test was performed following standard laboratory protocols. Results: Altogether 1172 midstream urine samples were collected, 330 samples from diabetic and 842 samples from non-diabetic patients. There were 33.6% and 12.0% urine culture positive among diabetic and non-diabetic patients respectively. E. coli was found to be the most predominant organism c...

Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones ar... more Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results: Among 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 39 (78%) were S.Typhi and 11 (22%) were S. Paratyphi A. All the isolates were tested against antibiotics, and all isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone whereas 3 isolates of S. Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 1 was resistant to levofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistant S. ParatyphiA was not observed. Among the 10 (20%)...

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology

Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate different water samples in terms of Total bacterial ... more Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate different water samples in terms of Total bacterial load and Total Coliform Load in comparison with different parameters such as pH, type of samples, chlorination status, turbidity, temperature and collection areas. Methods: Altogether 250 water samples were collected; 110(44%) were ground water samples, 60(24%) were public tap water samples and 80(32%) were bottled water samples. Total Coliform load was evaluated using Membrane Filtration Technique and Total Bacterial Load was evaluated using Aerobic Plate Count Technique. pH was measured using pH meter, turbidity was measured using nephelometer, temperature was measured using temperature probe and bottled water were considered chlorinated. Results: Among these 250 samples, the highest mean bacterial load was seen in public tap water samples (137×103 cfu/ml) and least mean bacterial load was seen on bottled water sample (28×103). Similarly, highest mean coliform load was seen on ground w...

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology

Introduction: Increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing microbes in recent year... more Introduction: Increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing microbes in recent years has led to limitations of treatment options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. at a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Methods: A total of 2209 non-repetitive mid-stream urine (MSU) samples were collected during the study period (March to September 2014). Identification of the isolates was done by Gram's staining followed by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines, 2013. ESBL screening among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were done using ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefpodoxime. The confirmation was done by phenotypic disc diffusion test (combined disc method) using ceftazidime (30µg) and ceftazidime plus clavulanic acid (30/10µg), and cefotaxime (30µg) ...

Scientific World, 2011

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a rapidly emerging pathogen in developing countries like Nepal. It cau... more Cyclospora cayetanensis is a rapidly emerging pathogen in developing countries like Nepal. It causes persistent diarrhea in children and in immunocompromised individuals. The study was carried out in children less than 15 years of age in Kathmandu Valley. A total of 302 stool samples were collected from different Sukumbasi (Slum children) areas of Kathmandu Valley. The samples were observed microscopically using normal saline and potassium dichromate preparation and the test was further confirmed by Sheather's sucrose flotation and Kinoyoun's modified acid fast staining technique. Out of the total sample processed C. cayetanensis oocysts were found in 24 (7.94 %) cases. The oocyst were distributed more in children of age group 3-6 years which constituted 5.49% of the total cases ( ÷2=69.15 p: 0.001) and distributed more in months of June (8) and July (8) (÷2=9.042 p: 0.250) whereas abdominal pain was the most common symptoms in infected children. These findings indicate that C. cayetanensis is rapidly emerging enteropathogen in children. So, active surveillance should be continued among diarrhea patients to look for different C. cayetanensis infection and to define the shifting patterns in the seasonal variations of this parasite.