R. Nadalini - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by R. Nadalini
The first mission to establish a network of stations on the surface of Mars will be the NetLander... more The first mission to establish a network of stations on the surface of Mars will be the NetLander mission, which is planned for the near future. Four identical surface modules are equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars at four different landing locations spread over the two hemispheres. The mission duration will be one
The NETLANDER mission, planned for 2007, will be the first mission to establish an operating netw... more The NETLANDER mission, planned for 2007, will be the first mission to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars. Each one of the four identical landers is equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars; operating together or stand-alone they will investigate Martian meteorology, ionosphere, ground and subsurface. Landing locations spread
The development of drill bits and the breadboard model of a small sample acquisition and distribu... more The development of drill bits and the breadboard model of a small sample acquisition and distribution tool (SSA/DT) for asteroidal, cometary, Lunar, or even Martian application as result of an ESA technology-study, is presented. The final tests were performed under normal and space simulated environmental conditions with simulated cometary, Lunar, or even Martian sample material. The presentation will also deal
... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c ,... more ... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c , H. Kochan a , R. Nadalini d , TC Ng e , S ... Not only surface samples are of relevance, but in recent concepts at least for Mars landing missions also subsurface samples are required. ...
Planetary and Space Science, 2012
ABSTRACT The use of passive Laser reflectors on the lunar surface has been the most attractive in... more ABSTRACT The use of passive Laser reflectors on the lunar surface has been the most attractive in the Apollo era among alternative measurement techniques, but the laser link margin is very small, permitting only very few stations to obtain valid measurements. Therefore the next generation of the LLR (Lunar Laser Ranging) technique should aim for a substantial improvement. We propose a one-way ranging concept involving Laser transponders. A particular strength of this proposed experiment is given when several stations are ranging to the Moon simultaneously and/or when several geodetic stations on the Moon are used simultaneously, as this is expected to improve the modeling geometry and data quality. The proposed experiment may well initiate the installation of new observing stations on Earth – perhaps within the infrastructure of existing astronomical observatories. At the same time it allows many more SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) stations from the existing network to obtain measurements from the Moon. In the case of the beacon mode, only passive optical receivers are needed on the ground. In addition, we propose to deploy and operate a microwave receiver/transmitter with precisely known mechanical local ties to the laser beacon/receiver, which will permit observations of the tangential position of the Moon with respect to the celestial frame. We also propose to include a GNSS microwave transmitter into the equipment realizing a ‘‘GPS/Galileo satellite on the Moon’’ that is tracked together with GNSS satellites by receivers on the ground and possibly on a future generation of GNSS satellites. The ultimate objectives of our proposal are threefold, the improvement of the reference frames for the Earth, a better understanding of the Moon’s interior, and a better determination of the parameters of General Relativity.
Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXI, 2013
ABSTRACT The permanent cloud cover of Venus prohibits observation of the surface with traditional... more ABSTRACT The permanent cloud cover of Venus prohibits observation of the surface with traditional imaging techniques most of the visible spectral range. Venus' CO2 atmosphere is transparent in small spectral windows near 1 micron. These windows have been successfully used from ground observers, during the flyby of the Galileo mission at Jupiter and most recently by the VMC and VIRTIS instruments on the ESA VenusExpress spacecraft. Studying surface composition based on only a small number of spectral channels in a very narrow spectral range is very challenging. The task is further complicated by the fact that Venus has an average surface temperature of 460°C. Spectral signatures of minerals are affected by temperature and therefore a comparison with mineral spectra obtained at room temperature can be misleading. We report here about first laboratory measurements of Venus analog materials obtained at Venus surface temperatures. The spectral signatures show clear temperature dependence. Based on the experience gained from using the VIRTIS instrument to observe the surface of Venus combined with the high temperature laboratory experiments we have developed the concept for the Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM). VEM is a multi-spectral mapper dedicated to the task of multi-spectral mapping the surface of Venus. VEM imposes minimal requirements on the spacecraft and mission design and can therefore added to any future Venus mission. Ideally the VEM instrument is combined with a high resolution radar mapper to provide accurate topographic data.
A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) has been proposed for JAXA's Hayabusa-2 mis-sion, th... more A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) has been proposed for JAXA's Hayabusa-2 mis-sion, the immediate follow on mission to the Hayabusa mission, which will be launched in the timeframe of 2014/15. Hayabusa-2 will target the near-Earth object 1999 JU3; a C-type aster-oid with a diameter of 0.9km and a rotational period of 7.5h. The MASCOT lander will have a total
Planetary and Space Science, 2002
... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c ,... more ... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c , H. Kochan a , R. Nadalini d , TC Ng e , S ... Not only surface samples are of relevance, but in recent concepts at least for Mars landing missions also subsurface samples are required. ...
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007
1] We investigate the influence of the external temperature forcing given by seasonal, interannua... more 1] We investigate the influence of the external temperature forcing given by seasonal, interannual, and climatic temperature changes on the surface heat flow of Mars and determine how meaningful measurements of the internal planetary heat flow can be obtained. The influence of seasonal temperature changes is found to be efficiently removed if measurements are extended over the period of at least a full Martian year. Interannual variability due to, e.g., eolian-driven surface albedo changes typically alters the heat flow by less than 15%, although errors may be larger if the soil's thermal conductivity and the albedo variations are both large. Heat flow perturbations caused by long-term climatic changes are found to stay below 15%. In order to also determine the soil's thermal conductivity with an accuracy of 20% or better, a direct conductivity measurement is required. We conclude that a measurement of the Martian planetary heat flow is possible with an accuracy of 30% or better if measurements are extended over the period of at least a full Martian year and thermal conductivity is directly measured. Temperature sensors should have a precision of 0.1 K, and measurements should be conducted up to a depth of 3-5 m.
the Moon, Jun 1, 2006
In this study we highlight the enhancement of one of the proposed core experiments on the Mars Lo... more In this study we highlight the enhancement of one of the proposed core experiments on the Mars Long-Lived Surface Package (ML2SP) proposal to the European Space Agency for the ExoMars Geophysical and Environmental Package (GEP). The instrument is the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), led by Tilman Spohn at DLR Berlin (formerly at Institut für Planetologie, Münster). HP3 is a sub-surface suite of sensors aimed at measuring planetary surface heat flow, an important geophysical ...
Acta Astronautica, 2006
The Netlander mission wants to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars.... more The Netlander mission wants to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars. Each one of four identical landers is equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars; operating together their objective is to investigate the Martian meteorology, ionosphere, ground and subsurface. Landing locations spread over two hemispheres and a mission duration
Acta Astronautica, 2006
The intention of the NETLANDER mission is to establish for the first time a Network of stations o... more The intention of the NETLANDER mission is to establish for the first time a Network of stations on the surface of Mars. Four identical surface modules are equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars at four different landing locations spread over the two hemispheres. The mission duration will be one Martian year. The surface modules and their sensitive electronics compartments have to withstand a wide range of hostile conditions on Mars. Further constraints are given during flight, where heat can be exchanged only across small interfaces. The purpose of the NETLANDER thermal control system is to maintain the electronics and battery temperatures within a narrow band. Contrasting demands of reduced heat leaks and effective dump of surplus heat require new technologies and advanced design concepts to be satisfied under strict mass limits imposed. Recently, the first thermal test model with the original thermal equipment has been completed and tested. The model includes a high performance insulation combined with an innovative loop heat pipe system integrated into a one-to-one lander-structure. The paper describes the design and development activities as well as the ground test campaign performed in simulated Martian environment. (N. Schneider).
The first mission to establish a network of stations on the surface of Mars will be the NetLander... more The first mission to establish a network of stations on the surface of Mars will be the NetLander mission, which is planned for the near future. Four identical surface modules are equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars at four different landing locations spread over the two hemispheres. The mission duration will be one
The NETLANDER mission, planned for 2007, will be the first mission to establish an operating netw... more The NETLANDER mission, planned for 2007, will be the first mission to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars. Each one of the four identical landers is equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars; operating together or stand-alone they will investigate Martian meteorology, ionosphere, ground and subsurface. Landing locations spread
The development of drill bits and the breadboard model of a small sample acquisition and distribu... more The development of drill bits and the breadboard model of a small sample acquisition and distribution tool (SSA/DT) for asteroidal, cometary, Lunar, or even Martian application as result of an ESA technology-study, is presented. The final tests were performed under normal and space simulated environmental conditions with simulated cometary, Lunar, or even Martian sample material. The presentation will also deal
... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c ,... more ... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c , H. Kochan a , R. Nadalini d , TC Ng e , S ... Not only surface samples are of relevance, but in recent concepts at least for Mars landing missions also subsurface samples are required. ...
Planetary and Space Science, 2012
ABSTRACT The use of passive Laser reflectors on the lunar surface has been the most attractive in... more ABSTRACT The use of passive Laser reflectors on the lunar surface has been the most attractive in the Apollo era among alternative measurement techniques, but the laser link margin is very small, permitting only very few stations to obtain valid measurements. Therefore the next generation of the LLR (Lunar Laser Ranging) technique should aim for a substantial improvement. We propose a one-way ranging concept involving Laser transponders. A particular strength of this proposed experiment is given when several stations are ranging to the Moon simultaneously and/or when several geodetic stations on the Moon are used simultaneously, as this is expected to improve the modeling geometry and data quality. The proposed experiment may well initiate the installation of new observing stations on Earth – perhaps within the infrastructure of existing astronomical observatories. At the same time it allows many more SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) stations from the existing network to obtain measurements from the Moon. In the case of the beacon mode, only passive optical receivers are needed on the ground. In addition, we propose to deploy and operate a microwave receiver/transmitter with precisely known mechanical local ties to the laser beacon/receiver, which will permit observations of the tangential position of the Moon with respect to the celestial frame. We also propose to include a GNSS microwave transmitter into the equipment realizing a ‘‘GPS/Galileo satellite on the Moon’’ that is tracked together with GNSS satellites by receivers on the ground and possibly on a future generation of GNSS satellites. The ultimate objectives of our proposal are threefold, the improvement of the reference frames for the Earth, a better understanding of the Moon’s interior, and a better determination of the parameters of General Relativity.
Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXI, 2013
ABSTRACT The permanent cloud cover of Venus prohibits observation of the surface with traditional... more ABSTRACT The permanent cloud cover of Venus prohibits observation of the surface with traditional imaging techniques most of the visible spectral range. Venus' CO2 atmosphere is transparent in small spectral windows near 1 micron. These windows have been successfully used from ground observers, during the flyby of the Galileo mission at Jupiter and most recently by the VMC and VIRTIS instruments on the ESA VenusExpress spacecraft. Studying surface composition based on only a small number of spectral channels in a very narrow spectral range is very challenging. The task is further complicated by the fact that Venus has an average surface temperature of 460°C. Spectral signatures of minerals are affected by temperature and therefore a comparison with mineral spectra obtained at room temperature can be misleading. We report here about first laboratory measurements of Venus analog materials obtained at Venus surface temperatures. The spectral signatures show clear temperature dependence. Based on the experience gained from using the VIRTIS instrument to observe the surface of Venus combined with the high temperature laboratory experiments we have developed the concept for the Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM). VEM is a multi-spectral mapper dedicated to the task of multi-spectral mapping the surface of Venus. VEM imposes minimal requirements on the spacecraft and mission design and can therefore added to any future Venus mission. Ideally the VEM instrument is combined with a high resolution radar mapper to provide accurate topographic data.
A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) has been proposed for JAXA's Hayabusa-2 mis-sion, th... more A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) has been proposed for JAXA's Hayabusa-2 mis-sion, the immediate follow on mission to the Hayabusa mission, which will be launched in the timeframe of 2014/15. Hayabusa-2 will target the near-Earth object 1999 JU3; a C-type aster-oid with a diameter of 0.9km and a rotational period of 7.5h. The MASCOT lander will have a total
Planetary and Space Science, 2002
... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c ,... more ... Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a , P. Coste b , VV Gromov c , H. Kochan a , R. Nadalini d , TC Ng e , S ... Not only surface samples are of relevance, but in recent concepts at least for Mars landing missions also subsurface samples are required. ...
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007
1] We investigate the influence of the external temperature forcing given by seasonal, interannua... more 1] We investigate the influence of the external temperature forcing given by seasonal, interannual, and climatic temperature changes on the surface heat flow of Mars and determine how meaningful measurements of the internal planetary heat flow can be obtained. The influence of seasonal temperature changes is found to be efficiently removed if measurements are extended over the period of at least a full Martian year. Interannual variability due to, e.g., eolian-driven surface albedo changes typically alters the heat flow by less than 15%, although errors may be larger if the soil's thermal conductivity and the albedo variations are both large. Heat flow perturbations caused by long-term climatic changes are found to stay below 15%. In order to also determine the soil's thermal conductivity with an accuracy of 20% or better, a direct conductivity measurement is required. We conclude that a measurement of the Martian planetary heat flow is possible with an accuracy of 30% or better if measurements are extended over the period of at least a full Martian year and thermal conductivity is directly measured. Temperature sensors should have a precision of 0.1 K, and measurements should be conducted up to a depth of 3-5 m.
the Moon, Jun 1, 2006
In this study we highlight the enhancement of one of the proposed core experiments on the Mars Lo... more In this study we highlight the enhancement of one of the proposed core experiments on the Mars Long-Lived Surface Package (ML2SP) proposal to the European Space Agency for the ExoMars Geophysical and Environmental Package (GEP). The instrument is the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), led by Tilman Spohn at DLR Berlin (formerly at Institut für Planetologie, Münster). HP3 is a sub-surface suite of sensors aimed at measuring planetary surface heat flow, an important geophysical ...
Acta Astronautica, 2006
The Netlander mission wants to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars.... more The Netlander mission wants to establish an operating network of stations on the surface of Mars. Each one of four identical landers is equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars; operating together their objective is to investigate the Martian meteorology, ionosphere, ground and subsurface. Landing locations spread over two hemispheres and a mission duration
Acta Astronautica, 2006
The intention of the NETLANDER mission is to establish for the first time a Network of stations o... more The intention of the NETLANDER mission is to establish for the first time a Network of stations on the surface of Mars. Four identical surface modules are equipped with science payloads dedicated to study the atmosphere and geosphere of Mars at four different landing locations spread over the two hemispheres. The mission duration will be one Martian year. The surface modules and their sensitive electronics compartments have to withstand a wide range of hostile conditions on Mars. Further constraints are given during flight, where heat can be exchanged only across small interfaces. The purpose of the NETLANDER thermal control system is to maintain the electronics and battery temperatures within a narrow band. Contrasting demands of reduced heat leaks and effective dump of surplus heat require new technologies and advanced design concepts to be satisfied under strict mass limits imposed. Recently, the first thermal test model with the original thermal equipment has been completed and tested. The model includes a high performance insulation combined with an innovative loop heat pipe system integrated into a one-to-one lander-structure. The paper describes the design and development activities as well as the ground test campaign performed in simulated Martian environment. (N. Schneider).