Rab Nawaz Jadoon - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rab Nawaz Jadoon

The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a new transport layer protocol.It provides bid... more The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a new transport layer protocol.It provides bidirectional unicast connection for congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams. It is unreliable protocol similar to UDP, but provides congestion control mechanism like TCP so its an alternative protocol for application that requires low delays and where a small data degree of data loss is acceptable. DCCP can easily extend to support the different CCID. The main objective of this book is to implement Datagram Congestion Control protocol(DCCP) stack optimized for portability so it can be run on Linux as well as on Windows platform. DCCP Implements the main DCCP specifications plus CCID 2 and DCCP-Nat encapsulation for IPv4.Furthermore this stack can also be used to work with VOIP client

Wireless sensor network is a network of spatially distributed nodes to monitor certain applicatio... more Wireless sensor network is a network of spatially distributed nodes to monitor certain application specific data. It consists of large number of sensor nodes with one or more base stations. The data is communicated from sensor nodes to the base station either directly or in multihop fashion. Routing is a key challenge in sensor networks, because nodes in the networks are constrained by energy, processing power, and memory. Such motivation drives motivation to design energy efficient routing protocols for sensor networks to prolong network lifetime. In this study i proposed a new multihop routing algorithm named energy efficient protocol using ring zone model (EEPRM). The protocol is simple and does routing decisions based on remaining energy of nodes, and does location based routing without the need for the nodes to know their positions.Simulation-based evaluation of EEPRM in OMNET++ conducted and the protocol is compared against well known protocols including An Address Light Integ...

Applied Sciences, 2018

Sensor networks are handicapped by limited resources in the form of energy, processing, and memor... more Sensor networks are handicapped by limited resources in the form of energy, processing, and memory. This paper proposes a new multi-hop energy efficient protocol, namely a routing algorithm using the ring-zone (RARZ) model. The protocol is lightweight, takes routing decisions based on the remaining energy of nodes, and performs location-based routing without the need for the nodes to know their respective positions. The protocol partitions the network into concentric rings around the base station. Each node assigns itself to a particular ring, known by a ringID. Multi-hop routing is performed and nodes within inner rings carry data for the outer rings towards the base station. Simulation results show that RARZ outperforms the address-light integrated MAC routing protocol (AIMRP), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and Flooding in terms of end-to-end delay, average hop count, and energy consumption.

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol which provides bidirect... more Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol which provides bidirectional unicast connection for congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams. It is suitable for applications that require low end to end delay and small degree of data loss. In this paper we have implemented a substitute encapsulation technique for DCCP using UDP-Lite with Customized Generic Header (DCCP-UDPLite-CGH). This encapsulation allows DCCP to be carried through the current generation of network address translation (NAT) devices without any modification and updation. We have also implemented DCCP protocol stack optimized for portability so that it can be run on Linux as well as on Windows platform. The proposed framework is implemented and compared against well known protocols including SCTP and UDP. Implementation results show that the proposed framework outperforms SCTP and UDP in terms of packet loss and network throughput.

Applied Sciences, 2018

An emerging requirement in multimedia applications over the Internet is the provisioning of synch... more An emerging requirement in multimedia applications over the Internet is the provisioning of synchronized play out of multimedia streams on all the ultimate receivers. Most multimedia applications use real-time transport protocol/real-time control protocol (RTP/RTCP) to transport multimedia data over the internet. Internet Protocol (IP) network incurs a loss and/or delay of media packets resulting in distortions at receivers that can be perceived by the user. These distortions need to be removed before data is presented to the end user. To handle such issues inter-stream and intra-stream synchronization algorithms were developed by the researcher using RTP/RTCP protocols. These schemes could not work under multicasting environment properly. In this paper, we have presented an algorithm based on RTP/RTCP protocol that achieved synchronized playout of multimedia data under multicasting environment. The proposed scheme offers a modification in RTCP and usage of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) as a source of the common clock to achieve synchronized playout of multimedia data on multiple devices at the same time. We have implemented and tested our algorithm in Ericson Research Corporate Unit, Lulea, Sweden. Implementation results show that the proposed algorithm delivered accurately synchronized playout of multimedia data under all the possible scenarios defined in the experimental setup.

Big Data Recommender Systems - Volume 2: Application Paradigms

Recommender System (RS) concept was coined in the mid-1990s, when researchers took interest in re... more Recommender System (RS) concept was coined in the mid-1990s, when researchers took interest in recommendation problems that primarily used the concept of ratings to obtain the user preferences for different items. A lot of work has been exercised and investigated in this area for recommending the most relevant information and contents to users without taking the contextual information, such as date, time, location and event. In the last few years, context-aware recommender systems (CARS) have made tremendous contributions in all domains of life and improved the recommendation process based on the contextual information along with the traditional approaches. The effectiveness of an algorithm can be measured in the sense that how efficiently it returns the recommendation to users/customers with respect to context or occasion. To assess the effectiveness and performance of any recommender algorithms completely, some common metrics are defined to assess the performance of the recommender algorithm beforehand.

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained global attention in recent times due to their vast ap... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained global attention in recent times due to their vast applications in various fields. These networks can face the disruption of data transmission due to sensor node failures when placed in harsh, inaccessible, and adverse environments such as battlefields or monitoring in enemy territory. The specific tasks performed by the collaboration among the sensor nodes in WSNs by internode connectivity may be terminated. Besides this, due to the failure of sensor nodes, the area covered by the network may be limited, which can cause damage to the objectives for such a network, as there might be an unaware danger in the lost area. Connectivity is a big problem in mobile WSNs due to the mobility of nodes. Researchers have developed a lot of algorithms that are capable enough for connectivity problems, but they do not emphasize the loss of coverage. We try to fill these gaps by proposing the new hybrid algorithm PACR (Position-Aware protocol for Connecti...

Applied Sciences

In order to perform the standard Intravenous (IV) catheterization, subcutaneous veins must be loc... more In order to perform the standard Intravenous (IV) catheterization, subcutaneous veins must be localized. It is a difficult task, especially in the cases when veins are hard to localize. The factors which affect the veins localization process are the physiological characteristics of patients, mainly darker skin tone, scars, hair, dehydration and low blood pressure. With the help of Near Infrared imaging, subcutaneous veins can be envisioned. This is due to the higher absorption of NIR light energy by Hemoglobin (Hb) found in the veins. Besides a superficial view, the veins depth information is also important in order to avoid their rupture by piercing through the walls during IV catheterization process. Diffused reflectance, measured with a camera sensor, can be used for the depth estimation of blood vessels. In this paper, a method to measure the depth of veins using diffused reflectance parameter, is presented. The well-known Monte Carlo model of light propagation in human tissues ...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Wireless sensor networks are not prone to harsh environments and may fail due to various reasons.... more Wireless sensor networks are not prone to harsh environments and may fail due to various reasons. Failure of sensor nodes causes partitioning of network into various small segments and restricts the communication of nodes. Due to the significant importance of restoration mechanisms, many approaches have been proposed in the literature so far. However, these approaches do not focus on uniform distribution of sensor nodes before the occurrence of failure. This paper fulfills the shortcoming in the literature by proposing a Uniform Distribution and Recovery Algorithm (UDRA) in two parts. The first part (prefailure algorithm) focuses on preparing the mobile sensor nodes to be ready for the failure beforehand by maintaining half of their communication distance between them. Also, it uses a novel method of directional matrix based on one-hop information. By using this method, each mobile node declares itself as cut-vertex (CV), intermediate node, or leaf node. The second part of the algor...

Scientific Programming

Smartphones with gym exercises predictors can act as trainers for the gym-goers. However, various... more Smartphones with gym exercises predictors can act as trainers for the gym-goers. However, various available solutions do not have the complete set of most practiced exercises. Therefore, in this research, a complete set of most practiced 26 exercises was identified from the literature. Among the exercises, 14 were unique and 12 were common to the existing literature. Furthermore, finding suitable smartphone attachment position(s) and the number of sensors to predict exercises with the highest possible accuracy were also the objectives of the research. Besides, this study considered the most number of participants (20) as compared to the existing literature (maximum 10). The results indicate three key lessons: (a) the most suitable classifier to predict a class (exercise) from the sensor-based data was found to be KNN (K-nearest neighbors); (b) the sensors placed at the three positions (arm, belly, and leg) could be more accurate than other positions for the gym exercises; and (c) ac...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and n... more To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and network devices, thus increasing the routing complexity and energy consumption of the DCN. The introduction of optical technology in DCNs gives several benefits related to routing control and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel Packet Classification based Optical interconnect (PCOI) architecture for DCN which simplifies the routing process by classifying the packet at the sender rack and reduces energy consumption by utilizing the passive optical components. This architecture brings some key benefits to optical interconnects in DCNs which include (i) routing simplicity, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) scalability to large port count, (iv) packet loss avoidance, and (v) all-to-one communication support. The packets are classified based on destination rack and are arranged in the input queues. This paper presents the input and output queuing analysis of the PCOI architectu...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

In this paper, we propose a linear discriminative learning model called adaptive locality-based w... more In this paper, we propose a linear discriminative learning model called adaptive locality-based weighted collaborative representation (ALWCR) that formulates the image classification task as an optimization problem to reduce the reconstruction error between the query sample and its computed linear representation. The optimal linear representation for a query image is obtained by using the weighted regularized linear regression approach which incorporates intrinsic locality structure and feature variance between data into representation. The resultant representation increases the discrimination ability for correct classification. The proposed ALWCR method can be considered an extension of the collaborative representation- (CR-) based classification approach which is an alternative to the sparse representation- (SR-) based classification method. ALWCR improved the discriminant ability for classification as compared with CR original formulation and overcomes the limitations that arose ...

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Routing remains a most challenging task in sensor networks because of constrained resources like ... more Routing remains a most challenging task in sensor networks because of constrained resources like battery power, processing, and memory. Many energy efficiency techniques for the sensor networks have been proposed, among which hierarchical routing is considered the most energy-efficient and extended network lifetime technique. This technique has a lesser number of transmissions in the network. On the contrary, zone-based routing claims lesser control and routing overhead on the overall network lifetime. In this research, a simulation-based comparison of zone-based routing with static clustering hierarchical routing is conducted. The simulation results show that the zone-based routing outperforms hierarchical routing with static clustering in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, and throughput.

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in harsh and unfavorable environments become inoperable ... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in harsh and unfavorable environments become inoperable because of the failure of multiple sensor nodes. This results into the division of WSNs into small disjoint networks and causes stoppage of the transmission to the sink node. Furthermore, the internodal collaboration among sensor nodes also gets disturbed. Internodal connectivity is essential for the usefulness of WSNs. The arrangement of this connectivity could be setup at the time of network startup. If multiple sensor nodes fail, the tasks assigned to those nodes cannot be performed; hence, the objective of such WSNs will be compromised. Recently, different techniques for repositioning of sensor nodes to recover the connectivity have been proposed. Although capable to restore connectivity, these techniques do not focus on the coverage loss. The objective of this research is to provide a solution for both coverage and connectivity via an integrated approach. A novel technique to reposi...

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

This paper presents an energy-efficient technique to handle redundant traffic (EEHRT) in the zone... more This paper presents an energy-efficient technique to handle redundant traffic (EEHRT) in the zone-based routing for wireless sensor networks. In this technique, multihop routing is performed based on the remaining energy of the nodes. Afterwards, it performs position-based routing without the need for the nodes to know their respective position. The main objective of this paper is to handle the redundant packets generated in zone-based routing using short beacon messages. Nodes of lower zones route the data of the higher zone to base station (BS) with a minimum number of hops and utilize only those nodes on the path which are energy efficient and located closer to BS. Moreover, the source node is acknowledged by the relaying node using a wireless broadcast advantage (WBA) without sending any special ACK packet to the sender, which reduces the control overhead in the routing process. The EEHRT technique improves the routing against RARZ by ensuring only one copy of the packet is prop...

International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 2013

Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial app... more Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial applications. As routing plays very important role in VANET applications because it has to handle efficiently rapid topology changes. The most recent routing protocols are very useful in city environment but they cause end to end delay in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed a new reliable routing scheme (RRS) for VANETs by applying position based routing strategy with the consideration of nodes moving direction, and predicable mobility in city environment. It consists of two modules (1) Dynamically selecting the junctions through which the packets must pass to reach the destination and (2) applying efficient routing by keeping two hop neighbors information to forward packet between two junctions. Simulation results show that RRS performs better in terms of increased packet delivery ratio as well as decreased average end to end delay against GyTAR.

Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial app... more Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial applications. As routing plays very important role in VANET applications because it has to handle efficiently rapid topology changes. The most recent routing protocols are very useful in city environment but they cause end to end delay in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed a new reliable routing scheme (RRS) for VANETs by applying position based routing strategy with the consideration of nodes moving direction, and predicable mobility in city environment. It consists of two modules (1) Dynamically selecting the junctions through which the packets must pass to reach the destination and (2) applying efficient routing by keeping two hop neighbors information to forward packet between two junctions. Simulation results show that RRS performs better in terms of increased packet delivery ratio as well as decreased average end to end delay against GyTAR.

The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a new transport layer protocol.It provides bid... more The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a new transport layer protocol.It provides bidirectional unicast connection for congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams. It is unreliable protocol similar to UDP, but provides congestion control mechanism like TCP so its an alternative protocol for application that requires low delays and where a small data degree of data loss is acceptable. DCCP can easily extend to support the different CCID. The main objective of this book is to implement Datagram Congestion Control protocol(DCCP) stack optimized for portability so it can be run on Linux as well as on Windows platform. DCCP Implements the main DCCP specifications plus CCID 2 and DCCP-Nat encapsulation for IPv4.Furthermore this stack can also be used to work with VOIP client

Wireless sensor network is a network of spatially distributed nodes to monitor certain applicatio... more Wireless sensor network is a network of spatially distributed nodes to monitor certain application specific data. It consists of large number of sensor nodes with one or more base stations. The data is communicated from sensor nodes to the base station either directly or in multihop fashion. Routing is a key challenge in sensor networks, because nodes in the networks are constrained by energy, processing power, and memory. Such motivation drives motivation to design energy efficient routing protocols for sensor networks to prolong network lifetime. In this study i proposed a new multihop routing algorithm named energy efficient protocol using ring zone model (EEPRM). The protocol is simple and does routing decisions based on remaining energy of nodes, and does location based routing without the need for the nodes to know their positions.Simulation-based evaluation of EEPRM in OMNET++ conducted and the protocol is compared against well known protocols including An Address Light Integ...

Applied Sciences, 2018

Sensor networks are handicapped by limited resources in the form of energy, processing, and memor... more Sensor networks are handicapped by limited resources in the form of energy, processing, and memory. This paper proposes a new multi-hop energy efficient protocol, namely a routing algorithm using the ring-zone (RARZ) model. The protocol is lightweight, takes routing decisions based on the remaining energy of nodes, and performs location-based routing without the need for the nodes to know their respective positions. The protocol partitions the network into concentric rings around the base station. Each node assigns itself to a particular ring, known by a ringID. Multi-hop routing is performed and nodes within inner rings carry data for the outer rings towards the base station. Simulation results show that RARZ outperforms the address-light integrated MAC routing protocol (AIMRP), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and Flooding in terms of end-to-end delay, average hop count, and energy consumption.

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol which provides bidirect... more Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol which provides bidirectional unicast connection for congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams. It is suitable for applications that require low end to end delay and small degree of data loss. In this paper we have implemented a substitute encapsulation technique for DCCP using UDP-Lite with Customized Generic Header (DCCP-UDPLite-CGH). This encapsulation allows DCCP to be carried through the current generation of network address translation (NAT) devices without any modification and updation. We have also implemented DCCP protocol stack optimized for portability so that it can be run on Linux as well as on Windows platform. The proposed framework is implemented and compared against well known protocols including SCTP and UDP. Implementation results show that the proposed framework outperforms SCTP and UDP in terms of packet loss and network throughput.

Applied Sciences, 2018

An emerging requirement in multimedia applications over the Internet is the provisioning of synch... more An emerging requirement in multimedia applications over the Internet is the provisioning of synchronized play out of multimedia streams on all the ultimate receivers. Most multimedia applications use real-time transport protocol/real-time control protocol (RTP/RTCP) to transport multimedia data over the internet. Internet Protocol (IP) network incurs a loss and/or delay of media packets resulting in distortions at receivers that can be perceived by the user. These distortions need to be removed before data is presented to the end user. To handle such issues inter-stream and intra-stream synchronization algorithms were developed by the researcher using RTP/RTCP protocols. These schemes could not work under multicasting environment properly. In this paper, we have presented an algorithm based on RTP/RTCP protocol that achieved synchronized playout of multimedia data under multicasting environment. The proposed scheme offers a modification in RTCP and usage of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) as a source of the common clock to achieve synchronized playout of multimedia data on multiple devices at the same time. We have implemented and tested our algorithm in Ericson Research Corporate Unit, Lulea, Sweden. Implementation results show that the proposed algorithm delivered accurately synchronized playout of multimedia data under all the possible scenarios defined in the experimental setup.

Big Data Recommender Systems - Volume 2: Application Paradigms

Recommender System (RS) concept was coined in the mid-1990s, when researchers took interest in re... more Recommender System (RS) concept was coined in the mid-1990s, when researchers took interest in recommendation problems that primarily used the concept of ratings to obtain the user preferences for different items. A lot of work has been exercised and investigated in this area for recommending the most relevant information and contents to users without taking the contextual information, such as date, time, location and event. In the last few years, context-aware recommender systems (CARS) have made tremendous contributions in all domains of life and improved the recommendation process based on the contextual information along with the traditional approaches. The effectiveness of an algorithm can be measured in the sense that how efficiently it returns the recommendation to users/customers with respect to context or occasion. To assess the effectiveness and performance of any recommender algorithms completely, some common metrics are defined to assess the performance of the recommender algorithm beforehand.

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained global attention in recent times due to their vast ap... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained global attention in recent times due to their vast applications in various fields. These networks can face the disruption of data transmission due to sensor node failures when placed in harsh, inaccessible, and adverse environments such as battlefields or monitoring in enemy territory. The specific tasks performed by the collaboration among the sensor nodes in WSNs by internode connectivity may be terminated. Besides this, due to the failure of sensor nodes, the area covered by the network may be limited, which can cause damage to the objectives for such a network, as there might be an unaware danger in the lost area. Connectivity is a big problem in mobile WSNs due to the mobility of nodes. Researchers have developed a lot of algorithms that are capable enough for connectivity problems, but they do not emphasize the loss of coverage. We try to fill these gaps by proposing the new hybrid algorithm PACR (Position-Aware protocol for Connecti...

Applied Sciences

In order to perform the standard Intravenous (IV) catheterization, subcutaneous veins must be loc... more In order to perform the standard Intravenous (IV) catheterization, subcutaneous veins must be localized. It is a difficult task, especially in the cases when veins are hard to localize. The factors which affect the veins localization process are the physiological characteristics of patients, mainly darker skin tone, scars, hair, dehydration and low blood pressure. With the help of Near Infrared imaging, subcutaneous veins can be envisioned. This is due to the higher absorption of NIR light energy by Hemoglobin (Hb) found in the veins. Besides a superficial view, the veins depth information is also important in order to avoid their rupture by piercing through the walls during IV catheterization process. Diffused reflectance, measured with a camera sensor, can be used for the depth estimation of blood vessels. In this paper, a method to measure the depth of veins using diffused reflectance parameter, is presented. The well-known Monte Carlo model of light propagation in human tissues ...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Wireless sensor networks are not prone to harsh environments and may fail due to various reasons.... more Wireless sensor networks are not prone to harsh environments and may fail due to various reasons. Failure of sensor nodes causes partitioning of network into various small segments and restricts the communication of nodes. Due to the significant importance of restoration mechanisms, many approaches have been proposed in the literature so far. However, these approaches do not focus on uniform distribution of sensor nodes before the occurrence of failure. This paper fulfills the shortcoming in the literature by proposing a Uniform Distribution and Recovery Algorithm (UDRA) in two parts. The first part (prefailure algorithm) focuses on preparing the mobile sensor nodes to be ready for the failure beforehand by maintaining half of their communication distance between them. Also, it uses a novel method of directional matrix based on one-hop information. By using this method, each mobile node declares itself as cut-vertex (CV), intermediate node, or leaf node. The second part of the algor...

Scientific Programming

Smartphones with gym exercises predictors can act as trainers for the gym-goers. However, various... more Smartphones with gym exercises predictors can act as trainers for the gym-goers. However, various available solutions do not have the complete set of most practiced exercises. Therefore, in this research, a complete set of most practiced 26 exercises was identified from the literature. Among the exercises, 14 were unique and 12 were common to the existing literature. Furthermore, finding suitable smartphone attachment position(s) and the number of sensors to predict exercises with the highest possible accuracy were also the objectives of the research. Besides, this study considered the most number of participants (20) as compared to the existing literature (maximum 10). The results indicate three key lessons: (a) the most suitable classifier to predict a class (exercise) from the sensor-based data was found to be KNN (K-nearest neighbors); (b) the sensors placed at the three positions (arm, belly, and leg) could be more accurate than other positions for the gym exercises; and (c) ac...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and n... more To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and network devices, thus increasing the routing complexity and energy consumption of the DCN. The introduction of optical technology in DCNs gives several benefits related to routing control and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel Packet Classification based Optical interconnect (PCOI) architecture for DCN which simplifies the routing process by classifying the packet at the sender rack and reduces energy consumption by utilizing the passive optical components. This architecture brings some key benefits to optical interconnects in DCNs which include (i) routing simplicity, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) scalability to large port count, (iv) packet loss avoidance, and (v) all-to-one communication support. The packets are classified based on destination rack and are arranged in the input queues. This paper presents the input and output queuing analysis of the PCOI architectu...

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

In this paper, we propose a linear discriminative learning model called adaptive locality-based w... more In this paper, we propose a linear discriminative learning model called adaptive locality-based weighted collaborative representation (ALWCR) that formulates the image classification task as an optimization problem to reduce the reconstruction error between the query sample and its computed linear representation. The optimal linear representation for a query image is obtained by using the weighted regularized linear regression approach which incorporates intrinsic locality structure and feature variance between data into representation. The resultant representation increases the discrimination ability for correct classification. The proposed ALWCR method can be considered an extension of the collaborative representation- (CR-) based classification approach which is an alternative to the sparse representation- (SR-) based classification method. ALWCR improved the discriminant ability for classification as compared with CR original formulation and overcomes the limitations that arose ...

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Routing remains a most challenging task in sensor networks because of constrained resources like ... more Routing remains a most challenging task in sensor networks because of constrained resources like battery power, processing, and memory. Many energy efficiency techniques for the sensor networks have been proposed, among which hierarchical routing is considered the most energy-efficient and extended network lifetime technique. This technique has a lesser number of transmissions in the network. On the contrary, zone-based routing claims lesser control and routing overhead on the overall network lifetime. In this research, a simulation-based comparison of zone-based routing with static clustering hierarchical routing is conducted. The simulation results show that the zone-based routing outperforms hierarchical routing with static clustering in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, and throughput.

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in harsh and unfavorable environments become inoperable ... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in harsh and unfavorable environments become inoperable because of the failure of multiple sensor nodes. This results into the division of WSNs into small disjoint networks and causes stoppage of the transmission to the sink node. Furthermore, the internodal collaboration among sensor nodes also gets disturbed. Internodal connectivity is essential for the usefulness of WSNs. The arrangement of this connectivity could be setup at the time of network startup. If multiple sensor nodes fail, the tasks assigned to those nodes cannot be performed; hence, the objective of such WSNs will be compromised. Recently, different techniques for repositioning of sensor nodes to recover the connectivity have been proposed. Although capable to restore connectivity, these techniques do not focus on the coverage loss. The objective of this research is to provide a solution for both coverage and connectivity via an integrated approach. A novel technique to reposi...

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

This paper presents an energy-efficient technique to handle redundant traffic (EEHRT) in the zone... more This paper presents an energy-efficient technique to handle redundant traffic (EEHRT) in the zone-based routing for wireless sensor networks. In this technique, multihop routing is performed based on the remaining energy of the nodes. Afterwards, it performs position-based routing without the need for the nodes to know their respective position. The main objective of this paper is to handle the redundant packets generated in zone-based routing using short beacon messages. Nodes of lower zones route the data of the higher zone to base station (BS) with a minimum number of hops and utilize only those nodes on the path which are energy efficient and located closer to BS. Moreover, the source node is acknowledged by the relaying node using a wireless broadcast advantage (WBA) without sending any special ACK packet to the sender, which reduces the control overhead in the routing process. The EEHRT technique improves the routing against RARZ by ensuring only one copy of the packet is prop...

International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 2013

Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial app... more Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial applications. As routing plays very important role in VANET applications because it has to handle efficiently rapid topology changes. The most recent routing protocols are very useful in city environment but they cause end to end delay in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed a new reliable routing scheme (RRS) for VANETs by applying position based routing strategy with the consideration of nodes moving direction, and predicable mobility in city environment. It consists of two modules (1) Dynamically selecting the junctions through which the packets must pass to reach the destination and (2) applying efficient routing by keeping two hop neighbors information to forward packet between two junctions. Simulation results show that RRS performs better in terms of increased packet delivery ratio as well as decreased average end to end delay against GyTAR.

Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial app... more Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial applications. As routing plays very important role in VANET applications because it has to handle efficiently rapid topology changes. The most recent routing protocols are very useful in city environment but they cause end to end delay in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed a new reliable routing scheme (RRS) for VANETs by applying position based routing strategy with the consideration of nodes moving direction, and predicable mobility in city environment. It consists of two modules (1) Dynamically selecting the junctions through which the packets must pass to reach the destination and (2) applying efficient routing by keeping two hop neighbors information to forward packet between two junctions. Simulation results show that RRS performs better in terms of increased packet delivery ratio as well as decreased average end to end delay against GyTAR.