Tapani Suortti - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tapani Suortti

Modification of Phospholipids with Lipases and Phospholipases

Biocatalysis, 1994

ABSTRACT Different commercial lipases and phosphoiipases were studied in the hydrolysis and trans... more ABSTRACT Different commercial lipases and phosphoiipases were studied in the hydrolysis and transesterification of synthetic phosphatidylcholine and soybean lecithin. Wide variations in the lipase and phospholipase activities and in the protein contents of the preparations were observed. The substrate specificity varied between different enzymes. A high degree of hydrolysis of synthetic and soybean phospholipids was achieved with both types of enzymes. Enzymes immobilized on Celite were used in the transesterification of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and oleic acid. The conversions were carried out both without solvent and in the presence of toluene. The amount of modified phosphatidylcholine was measured using HPLC. The highest amount of modified phosphatidylcholine was obtained in solvent-free transesterification. The best results were obtained with Aspergillus niyer lipase.

Enzymatic modification of wheat bran arabinoxylans at reduced water content

ABSTRACT 8th European Young Cereal Scientists and Technologists Workshop. Viterbo, Italy, 3 - 5 A... more ABSTRACT 8th European Young Cereal Scientists and Technologists Workshop. Viterbo, Italy, 3 - 5 Aug. 2009

Modification of barley starch by α-amylase and pullulanase

Carbohydrate Polymers, 1993

Abstract The hydrolysis of the amylopectin of gelatinized waxy barley starch by Bacillus lichenif... more Abstract The hydrolysis of the amylopectin of gelatinized waxy barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase occurred in a non-random way, showing accumulation of smaller-size hydrolysis products. The hydrolysis of barley starch by Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase also began with a rapid decrease in the molecular size of amylopectin, indicating that the enzyme was capable of hydrolyzing the α-1,6-linkages in the middle of the amylopectin molecule.

In vitro fermentation of polysaccharides in rye, wheat and oat bran

Food Hydrocolloids, Jul 1, 1996

The hydrolysis of gelatinized commercial barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase be... more The hydrolysis of gelatinized commercial barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase began by rapid depolymerization of amylopectin in two stages. The formation of low molecular weight hydrolysis products, as indicated by an increase in reducing power, was only observed when all the original high molecular weight amylopectin had degraded further. The hydrolysis of waxy barley starch followed a similar pattern. Hydrolysis had a big influence on the microstructure ofthe starch dispersion : first the degradation of the amylopectin rich granule residues ('ghosts') was observed, and later amylose aggregates were formed.

Purification and Characterization ofBacillus acidopullulyticus Pullulanase for Enzymatic Starch Modification

Starch-starke, 1991

The pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) of Bacillus acidopullulyticus was purified using anion exchange chr... more The pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) of Bacillus acidopullulyticus was purified using anion exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified preparation migrated as a single protein band upon SDS gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be 102,000. Two main activity bands having pl-values 5.0 and 5.2 were detected by analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was purified 4-fold with the yield 38% by this two-step purification procedure. The purified pullulanase showed maximal activity at 50°C and pH 5 and was slightly activated by Ca2+. It was stable at 50°C but totally lost its activity at 60oC in one hour. This purified pullulanase efficiently hydrolyzed the α-1,6-glucosidic bonds of pullulan and gelatinized starch. Reinigung und Charakterisierung von Pullulanase aus Bacillus acidopullulyticus fur die enzymatische Starkemodifizierung. Das Enzym Pullulanase aus Bacillus acidopullulyticus wurde durch Anionenaustausch-Chromatographie und praparative isoelektrische Fokussierung gereinigt. Die Praparation des gereinigten Proteins zeigte eine einzige Bande im SDS-Gel; als Molekulargewicht wurde 102000 berechnet. Analytische isoelektrische Fokussierung ergab zwei aktive Hauptbanden mit pl-Werten von 5.0 und 5.2. Das Enzym wurde durch die beschriebene Reinigung in zwei Schritten 4-fach angereichert; die Ausbeute betrug 38%. Die gereinigte Pullulanase zeigte maximale Aktivitat be 50oC und pH 5. Eine leichte Erhohung der Aktivitat durch Ca2Plus; wurde beobachtet. Das Enzym war stabil bei 50oC, verlor jedoch vollig seine Aktivitat nach einstundiger Inkubation bei 60oC. Die gereinigte Pullulanase hydrolysierte sehr effizient α-1,6-glucosidische Bindungen in Pullulan und in verkleisterter Starke.

Journal of Cereal Science, Mar 1, 1993

alfa-Amylolysis of barley starch

High molecular weight starch hydrolysis products by alpha-amylase and pullulanase

Enzymes acting on fibre surfaces: Analytical challenges

ABSTRACT COST Action E41: Analytical tools with applications for wood and pulping chemistry. Rome... more ABSTRACT COST Action E41: Analytical tools with applications for wood and pulping chemistry. Rome, Italy, 7-8 May 2007

Re-evaluation of RI detector for the lipid and phospholipid analysis

Enzymatic modification of lecithins

Bioresources, Jun 8, 2011

Safe biodegradable "green" alternatives with minimal environmental and health risks have received... more Safe biodegradable "green" alternatives with minimal environmental and health risks have received widespread research interest. Thirty different kinds of bio-based flocculants (modified starches, modified celluloses, native chitosan, and lignin-based flocculant) were pre-tested using a simple jar test for the examination of the applicability of new organic flocculants in papermaking and in conditioning of waste activated sludge from the pulp and paper industry. Three starch-based and two cellulosebased polymers were chosen for further flocculation and filtrations tests. Key optimization parameters for the polymer were identified as the increasing of molecular weight and nitrogen content. The starch-based polymer had the best performance in both applications, but in neither of the cases did it function as well as the commercial polyacrylamide-based polymers. The importance of the molecular weight came up in the experiments. The developed starch-based polymer was cationic and had the charge density used in industry. On the other hand, although cationic flocculants are the most used in sludge conditioning, also anionic and non-ionic polymers are needed, depending on the characteristics of the sludge to be flocculated. Overall action of the tailored polymers was also studied in order to predict their potential as papermaking retention and dewatering aids.

High molecular weight starch hydrolysis products by alpha-amylase and pullulanase

44th Starch Convention, 1993

Common features and interesting differences in transcriptional responses to secretion stress in the fungi and -0

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Common features and interesting differe... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Common features and interesting differences in transcriptional responses to secretion stress in the fungi and "BMC Genomics 2006;7():32-32.Published online 22 Feb 2006PMCID:PMC1397821.Copyright © 2006 Arvas et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.rom 174 different stress conditions were collected from published articles. The expression level values of individual genes are shown in or and the median of the gene group in and the standard deviation of the whole experiment in . "oreUPR", genes showing significant up regulation in "" experiment set against both the "" and "experiment sets. "Travers UPR", genes defined as UPR genes and genes defined as UPR model genes in by [2]. "UPR Dependent Up", genes showing significant up regulation only in "" set against "" set. "UPR Dependent Down", genes showing significant down regulation only in "" against "" set. "UPR Independent Up", genes showing significant up regulation only in "" against "" set. "UPR Independent Down", genes showing significant down regulation only in "" against "" set. The stress conditions were divided in sets as follows: IRE1 and HAC1 deletion strains treated with DTT or tunicamycin, used as UPR dependent reference set in this study [2, 3]; reference set, used as UPR independent reference in this study [17, 18]; cultures treated with DTT or tunicamycin or recombinant strains producing a secreted heterologous protein, used as UPR conditions in this study [2, 3, 17-19, 69]; DTT treatment, 4 h time series [17]; Cdtreatment, 2 h time series and met4 deletion [48]; strains deleted in cell wall genes [49]; . methyl methanesulfonate, 3-aminotriazole and amino acid depletion treatments and GCN4 constitutive and GCN4 deletion strains [35]; 1 h time series after heat shock from 25°C to 37°C, [17]; 1, 5 h time series after temperature shift from 37°C to 25°C, [17]; 1, 5 h time series after mild heat shock of 29°C to 33°C [17]; . mild heat shock with different osmolarities, like previous but with sorbitol treatments [17]; diff [...]

Re-evaluation of RI detector for the lipid and phospholipid analysis

The Use of Xylanolytic Enzymes in Processing of Cereals

Developments in Food Engineering, 1994

Treatment of whole meal rye flour slurries with pure endoxylanase caused fragmentation of the cel... more Treatment of whole meal rye flour slurries with pure endoxylanase caused fragmentation of the cell walls and increased extraction of the pentosans. Due to the heterogenous structure of rye cell walls also s-glucanase and protease were needed for their complete degradation. About 30 % of the rye flour pentosans remained insoluble even after treatment with a high dosage of Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate rich with xylanolytic enzymes and s-glucanases. Pure xylanases effectively reduced the viscosity of polymeric rye flour water-soluble polysaccharides.

Journal of Cereal Science, 1995

The efllzcts o1" extraction conditions (pH, temperature, enzymic treatment) on the extractal)ilit... more The efllzcts o1" extraction conditions (pH, temperature, enzymic treatment) on the extractal)ility of rye meal nola-starch l)olysaccharides were studied. Thc yield of pentosans and extractable matter increased with increases in both tCml)eraturc and pH during extraction. The extract viscosi W was correlated closely with the pcntosan content of the extract. The molecular size of the extracted nonstarch polysaccharides dccrcascd as the extract pH decreased. Enzymic treatment during extraction incrcased the amount of pentosan solubiliscd. Xylanases ahnost doubled the amount of extractable pentosans, but these wcrc degraded to oligosaccharidcs. With I3-glucanase and protease, the pentosan conlcnt ol'thc extract increased by 65% and 40%, respectively. In addition, the [3-glucan extractability was incrcascd with protcasc by 10% and with I]-glucanase by 90"/0. Using size-exclusion HPLC it was ol)served that the molecular size ofcxtractablc rye 13-glucans was lower than that of the extractable 13,e l)cntosans. [3-Glucanase caused considerable hydrolysis of [3-glucan and no more [3-glucan could bc detected by size-exclusion HPLC. Protease treatment decreased the molecular size of extractable 13-glucan. All enzymatic treatments caused a disruption of the endosperm cell walls in the extract residue.

Food Microbiology, 2000

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from human colon biopsies on LAMVAB by enrichment with d... more Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from human colon biopsies on LAMVAB by enrichment with di¡erent substrates such as lactose derivatives, rye arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and rye fractions.The selected isolates were tested for their ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Only Lactobacillus species were enriched under these conditions. From161isolates screened, 28% were identi¢ed by ribotyping as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 29% as L. salivarius, 14% as L. cellobiosus, 13% as L. paracasei and the rest remained unidenti¢ed. L. rhamnosus was preferentially enriched by lactulose, L. salivarius by lactobionic acid, L. cellobiosus by lactitol and L. paracasei by arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. The biopsy-derived strains L. rhamnosus E-97948 and L. paracasei E-97949 have potential for further evaluations in their probiotic and technological properties. Lactulose may have prebiotic e¡ects on colonic LAB by favouring their growth.

Characterization of acid-hydrolyzed starches for the confectionery industry

Food Hydrocolloids, 1992

Abstract The gelling abilities and hot-paste viscosities of four commercial acid-modified maize s... more Abstract The gelling abilities and hot-paste viscosities of four commercial acid-modified maize starches were studied. The microstructure of the heated 15% starch dispersions was investigated using light microscopy, and the molecular weight of amylopectin and amylose determined by HPLC with post-column iodine staining. The two high-amylose starches, Hi-Set CHG and Ultra/Set LT, were shown to be stronger gelling agents than the acid-modified waxy starch (Product 06090) or the ordinary acid-modified maize starch (Farinex CO2). The very high gelling properties of Ultra/Set LT were due to the presence of high-molecular weight amylose-type material and a high amount of amylose in the continuous phase under the heating conditions used. Farinex CO2 was least degraded and had the highest hot-paste viscosity and mean molecular weight. Product 06090, the acid-modified waxy starch, did not form a gel on cooling, but had the lowest hot-paste viscosity.

Modification of Phospholipids with Lipases and Phospholipases

Biocatalysis, 1994

ABSTRACT Different commercial lipases and phosphoiipases were studied in the hydrolysis and trans... more ABSTRACT Different commercial lipases and phosphoiipases were studied in the hydrolysis and transesterification of synthetic phosphatidylcholine and soybean lecithin. Wide variations in the lipase and phospholipase activities and in the protein contents of the preparations were observed. The substrate specificity varied between different enzymes. A high degree of hydrolysis of synthetic and soybean phospholipids was achieved with both types of enzymes. Enzymes immobilized on Celite were used in the transesterification of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and oleic acid. The conversions were carried out both without solvent and in the presence of toluene. The amount of modified phosphatidylcholine was measured using HPLC. The highest amount of modified phosphatidylcholine was obtained in solvent-free transesterification. The best results were obtained with Aspergillus niyer lipase.

Enzymatic modification of wheat bran arabinoxylans at reduced water content

ABSTRACT 8th European Young Cereal Scientists and Technologists Workshop. Viterbo, Italy, 3 - 5 A... more ABSTRACT 8th European Young Cereal Scientists and Technologists Workshop. Viterbo, Italy, 3 - 5 Aug. 2009

Modification of barley starch by α-amylase and pullulanase

Carbohydrate Polymers, 1993

Abstract The hydrolysis of the amylopectin of gelatinized waxy barley starch by Bacillus lichenif... more Abstract The hydrolysis of the amylopectin of gelatinized waxy barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase occurred in a non-random way, showing accumulation of smaller-size hydrolysis products. The hydrolysis of barley starch by Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase also began with a rapid decrease in the molecular size of amylopectin, indicating that the enzyme was capable of hydrolyzing the α-1,6-linkages in the middle of the amylopectin molecule.

In vitro fermentation of polysaccharides in rye, wheat and oat bran

Food Hydrocolloids, Jul 1, 1996

The hydrolysis of gelatinized commercial barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase be... more The hydrolysis of gelatinized commercial barley starch by Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase began by rapid depolymerization of amylopectin in two stages. The formation of low molecular weight hydrolysis products, as indicated by an increase in reducing power, was only observed when all the original high molecular weight amylopectin had degraded further. The hydrolysis of waxy barley starch followed a similar pattern. Hydrolysis had a big influence on the microstructure ofthe starch dispersion : first the degradation of the amylopectin rich granule residues ('ghosts') was observed, and later amylose aggregates were formed.

Purification and Characterization ofBacillus acidopullulyticus Pullulanase for Enzymatic Starch Modification

Starch-starke, 1991

The pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) of Bacillus acidopullulyticus was purified using anion exchange chr... more The pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) of Bacillus acidopullulyticus was purified using anion exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified preparation migrated as a single protein band upon SDS gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be 102,000. Two main activity bands having pl-values 5.0 and 5.2 were detected by analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was purified 4-fold with the yield 38% by this two-step purification procedure. The purified pullulanase showed maximal activity at 50°C and pH 5 and was slightly activated by Ca2+. It was stable at 50°C but totally lost its activity at 60oC in one hour. This purified pullulanase efficiently hydrolyzed the α-1,6-glucosidic bonds of pullulan and gelatinized starch. Reinigung und Charakterisierung von Pullulanase aus Bacillus acidopullulyticus fur die enzymatische Starkemodifizierung. Das Enzym Pullulanase aus Bacillus acidopullulyticus wurde durch Anionenaustausch-Chromatographie und praparative isoelektrische Fokussierung gereinigt. Die Praparation des gereinigten Proteins zeigte eine einzige Bande im SDS-Gel; als Molekulargewicht wurde 102000 berechnet. Analytische isoelektrische Fokussierung ergab zwei aktive Hauptbanden mit pl-Werten von 5.0 und 5.2. Das Enzym wurde durch die beschriebene Reinigung in zwei Schritten 4-fach angereichert; die Ausbeute betrug 38%. Die gereinigte Pullulanase zeigte maximale Aktivitat be 50oC und pH 5. Eine leichte Erhohung der Aktivitat durch Ca2Plus; wurde beobachtet. Das Enzym war stabil bei 50oC, verlor jedoch vollig seine Aktivitat nach einstundiger Inkubation bei 60oC. Die gereinigte Pullulanase hydrolysierte sehr effizient α-1,6-glucosidische Bindungen in Pullulan und in verkleisterter Starke.

Journal of Cereal Science, Mar 1, 1993

alfa-Amylolysis of barley starch

High molecular weight starch hydrolysis products by alpha-amylase and pullulanase

Enzymes acting on fibre surfaces: Analytical challenges

ABSTRACT COST Action E41: Analytical tools with applications for wood and pulping chemistry. Rome... more ABSTRACT COST Action E41: Analytical tools with applications for wood and pulping chemistry. Rome, Italy, 7-8 May 2007

Re-evaluation of RI detector for the lipid and phospholipid analysis

Enzymatic modification of lecithins

Bioresources, Jun 8, 2011

Safe biodegradable "green" alternatives with minimal environmental and health risks have received... more Safe biodegradable "green" alternatives with minimal environmental and health risks have received widespread research interest. Thirty different kinds of bio-based flocculants (modified starches, modified celluloses, native chitosan, and lignin-based flocculant) were pre-tested using a simple jar test for the examination of the applicability of new organic flocculants in papermaking and in conditioning of waste activated sludge from the pulp and paper industry. Three starch-based and two cellulosebased polymers were chosen for further flocculation and filtrations tests. Key optimization parameters for the polymer were identified as the increasing of molecular weight and nitrogen content. The starch-based polymer had the best performance in both applications, but in neither of the cases did it function as well as the commercial polyacrylamide-based polymers. The importance of the molecular weight came up in the experiments. The developed starch-based polymer was cationic and had the charge density used in industry. On the other hand, although cationic flocculants are the most used in sludge conditioning, also anionic and non-ionic polymers are needed, depending on the characteristics of the sludge to be flocculated. Overall action of the tailored polymers was also studied in order to predict their potential as papermaking retention and dewatering aids.

High molecular weight starch hydrolysis products by alpha-amylase and pullulanase

44th Starch Convention, 1993

Common features and interesting differences in transcriptional responses to secretion stress in the fungi and -0

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Common features and interesting differe... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Common features and interesting differences in transcriptional responses to secretion stress in the fungi and "BMC Genomics 2006;7():32-32.Published online 22 Feb 2006PMCID:PMC1397821.Copyright © 2006 Arvas et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.rom 174 different stress conditions were collected from published articles. The expression level values of individual genes are shown in or and the median of the gene group in and the standard deviation of the whole experiment in . "oreUPR", genes showing significant up regulation in "" experiment set against both the "" and "experiment sets. "Travers UPR", genes defined as UPR genes and genes defined as UPR model genes in by [2]. "UPR Dependent Up", genes showing significant up regulation only in "" set against "" set. "UPR Dependent Down", genes showing significant down regulation only in "" against "" set. "UPR Independent Up", genes showing significant up regulation only in "" against "" set. "UPR Independent Down", genes showing significant down regulation only in "" against "" set. The stress conditions were divided in sets as follows: IRE1 and HAC1 deletion strains treated with DTT or tunicamycin, used as UPR dependent reference set in this study [2, 3]; reference set, used as UPR independent reference in this study [17, 18]; cultures treated with DTT or tunicamycin or recombinant strains producing a secreted heterologous protein, used as UPR conditions in this study [2, 3, 17-19, 69]; DTT treatment, 4 h time series [17]; Cdtreatment, 2 h time series and met4 deletion [48]; strains deleted in cell wall genes [49]; . methyl methanesulfonate, 3-aminotriazole and amino acid depletion treatments and GCN4 constitutive and GCN4 deletion strains [35]; 1 h time series after heat shock from 25°C to 37°C, [17]; 1, 5 h time series after temperature shift from 37°C to 25°C, [17]; 1, 5 h time series after mild heat shock of 29°C to 33°C [17]; . mild heat shock with different osmolarities, like previous but with sorbitol treatments [17]; diff [...]

Re-evaluation of RI detector for the lipid and phospholipid analysis

The Use of Xylanolytic Enzymes in Processing of Cereals

Developments in Food Engineering, 1994

Treatment of whole meal rye flour slurries with pure endoxylanase caused fragmentation of the cel... more Treatment of whole meal rye flour slurries with pure endoxylanase caused fragmentation of the cell walls and increased extraction of the pentosans. Due to the heterogenous structure of rye cell walls also s-glucanase and protease were needed for their complete degradation. About 30 % of the rye flour pentosans remained insoluble even after treatment with a high dosage of Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate rich with xylanolytic enzymes and s-glucanases. Pure xylanases effectively reduced the viscosity of polymeric rye flour water-soluble polysaccharides.

Journal of Cereal Science, 1995

The efllzcts o1" extraction conditions (pH, temperature, enzymic treatment) on the extractal)ilit... more The efllzcts o1" extraction conditions (pH, temperature, enzymic treatment) on the extractal)ility of rye meal nola-starch l)olysaccharides were studied. Thc yield of pentosans and extractable matter increased with increases in both tCml)eraturc and pH during extraction. The extract viscosi W was correlated closely with the pcntosan content of the extract. The molecular size of the extracted nonstarch polysaccharides dccrcascd as the extract pH decreased. Enzymic treatment during extraction incrcased the amount of pentosan solubiliscd. Xylanases ahnost doubled the amount of extractable pentosans, but these wcrc degraded to oligosaccharidcs. With I3-glucanase and protease, the pentosan conlcnt ol'thc extract increased by 65% and 40%, respectively. In addition, the [3-glucan extractability was incrcascd with protcasc by 10% and with I]-glucanase by 90"/0. Using size-exclusion HPLC it was ol)served that the molecular size ofcxtractablc rye 13-glucans was lower than that of the extractable 13,e l)cntosans. [3-Glucanase caused considerable hydrolysis of [3-glucan and no more [3-glucan could bc detected by size-exclusion HPLC. Protease treatment decreased the molecular size of extractable 13-glucan. All enzymatic treatments caused a disruption of the endosperm cell walls in the extract residue.

Food Microbiology, 2000

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from human colon biopsies on LAMVAB by enrichment with d... more Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from human colon biopsies on LAMVAB by enrichment with di¡erent substrates such as lactose derivatives, rye arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and rye fractions.The selected isolates were tested for their ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Only Lactobacillus species were enriched under these conditions. From161isolates screened, 28% were identi¢ed by ribotyping as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 29% as L. salivarius, 14% as L. cellobiosus, 13% as L. paracasei and the rest remained unidenti¢ed. L. rhamnosus was preferentially enriched by lactulose, L. salivarius by lactobionic acid, L. cellobiosus by lactitol and L. paracasei by arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. The biopsy-derived strains L. rhamnosus E-97948 and L. paracasei E-97949 have potential for further evaluations in their probiotic and technological properties. Lactulose may have prebiotic e¡ects on colonic LAB by favouring their growth.

Characterization of acid-hydrolyzed starches for the confectionery industry

Food Hydrocolloids, 1992

Abstract The gelling abilities and hot-paste viscosities of four commercial acid-modified maize s... more Abstract The gelling abilities and hot-paste viscosities of four commercial acid-modified maize starches were studied. The microstructure of the heated 15% starch dispersions was investigated using light microscopy, and the molecular weight of amylopectin and amylose determined by HPLC with post-column iodine staining. The two high-amylose starches, Hi-Set CHG and Ultra/Set LT, were shown to be stronger gelling agents than the acid-modified waxy starch (Product 06090) or the ordinary acid-modified maize starch (Farinex CO2). The very high gelling properties of Ultra/Set LT were due to the presence of high-molecular weight amylose-type material and a high amount of amylose in the continuous phase under the heating conditions used. Farinex CO2 was least degraded and had the highest hot-paste viscosity and mean molecular weight. Product 06090, the acid-modified waxy starch, did not form a gel on cooling, but had the lowest hot-paste viscosity.