Tom Martin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tom Martin

This thesis studies the problem of balancing power and performance in mobile computers, specifica... more This thesis studies the problem of balancing power and performance in mobile computers, specifically, trading off power for performance by CPU speed-setting. The traditional approach to power-performance trade-offs assumes that batteries and memory ...

Proceedings of 1996 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design

The advent of mobile computing has made power consumption a critical design factor. There has bee... more The advent of mobile computing has made power consumption a critical design factor. There has been little systematic consideration of the power sources for mobile computing systems. This paper presents a class of system-level metrics intended to make a systematic study more feasible and to more accurately reflect the trade-off between battery life and performance. An example involving the clock frequency of a CPU shows the possible impact of the nonlinearity, an impact not predicted by existing metrics. Results of an initial attempt to verify the example are presented and explained. The paper concludes with drawbacks of the metric and possible extensions to overcome these drawbacks.

IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2021

Much has changed in the landscape of wearables research since the first International Symposium o... more Much has changed in the landscape of wearables research since the first International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC) was organized in 1997. The authors, many of whom were active in this community since the beginning, reflect now 25 years later on the role of the conference, emerging research methods, the devices, and ideas that have stood the test of time—such as fitness/health sensors or augmented reality devices—as well as the ones that can be expected still to come, like everyday head-worn displays.

2008 12th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2008

This workshop will provide a forum to discuss the role of design in wearable computing. Wearable ... more This workshop will provide a forum to discuss the role of design in wearable computing. Wearable computing spans a broad range of interests and expertise, not all of which can be adequately represented by a technical paper in an IEEE Computer Society proceedings. As wearable computing becomes more mainstream and if it is to continue becoming more mainstream, it is

2021 International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2021

Upper limb mobility impairments affect individuals at all life stages. Exoskeletons can assist in... more Upper limb mobility impairments affect individuals at all life stages. Exoskeletons can assist in rehabilitation as well as performing Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Most commercial assistive devices still rely on rigid robotics with constrained biomechanical degrees of freedom that may even increase user exertion. Therefore, this paper discusses the iterative design and development of a novel hybrid pneumatic actuation and Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) based wearable soft exoskeleton to assist in shoulder abduction and horizontal flexion/extension movements, with integrated soft strain sensing to track shoulder joint motion. The garment development was done in two stages which involved creating (1) SMA actuators integrated with soft sensing, and (2) integrating pneumatic actuation. The final soft exoskeleton design was developed based on the insights gained from two prior prototypes in terms of wearability, usability, comfort, and functional specifications (i.e., placement and number) of the sensors and actuators. The final exoskeleton is a modular, multilayer garment which uses a hybrid and customizable actuation strategy (SMA and inflatable pneumatic bladder).

IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, 2003. Proceedings.

... A system-level approach, one that considers power consumers and power sources, is the proper ... more ... A system-level approach, one that considers power consumers and power sources, is the proper method for examining energy-efficiency in battery-power computing systems. 5. Acknowledgements ... 1997 DAC, June 1997, pp. 313-314. [6] C. Amon, A. Smailagic, et.al. ...

Second IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2004. Proceedings of the, 2004

Sleep deprivation attacks are a form of denial of service attack whereby an attacker renders a pe... more Sleep deprivation attacks are a form of denial of service attack whereby an attacker renders a pervasive computing device inoperable by draining the battery more quickly than it would be drained under normal usage. We describe three main methods for an attacker to drain the battery: (1) Service request power attacks, where repeated requests are made to the victim for services, typically over a network-even if the service is not provided the victim must expend energy deciding whether or not to honor the request; (2) benign power attacks, where the victim is made to execute a valid but energy-hungry task repeatedly, and (3) malignant power attacks, where the attacker modifies or creates an executable to make the system consume more energy than it would otherwise. Our initial results demonstrate the increased power consumption due to these attacks, which we believe are the first real examples of these attacks to appear in the literature. We also propose a power-secure architecture to thwart these power attacks by employing multi-level authentication and energy signatures.

Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design - ISLPED '99, 1999

The purpose of this paper is to report the power and performance of an application on a real syst... more The purpose of this paper is to report the power and performance of an application on a real system as the CPU frequency varies. Previous work in CPU speed-setting considered only the power of the CPU and only CPU's that vary supply voltage with frequency. This work takes a broader approach, considering total system power, battery capacity and main memory bandwidth. The results, which are up to a factor of four less than ideal, show that all three must be considered when setting the CPU speed, whether the speed is fixed at a single value or varied dynamically during operation.

Studies in health technology and informatics, 2004

Electronic textiles (e-textiles) offer the promise of home health care devices that integrate sea... more Electronic textiles (e-textiles) offer the promise of home health care devices that integrate seamlessly into the wearer's everyday lifestyle while providing a higher level of functionality than current devices. Existing gait analysis systems are cumbersome laboratory-based systems that, while providing valuable information, would be difficult or impossible to deploy in the home. Yet gait analysis systems offer the promise of preventing and/or mitigating the serious effects of falls in the elderly population. This paper proposes an e-textile solution to this problem along with a design approach for realizing a solution that is inexpensive and usable across the elderly population. Preliminary results are given to demonstrate the promise of the proposed system.

2007 11th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2007

Wearable technology has the potential to revolutionize the way humans interact with one another, ... more Wearable technology has the potential to revolutionize the way humans interact with one another, with information, and with the electronic systems that surround them. This change can already be seen in the dramatic increase in the availability and use of wearable health and activity monitors. These devices continuously monitor the wearer using on-body sensors and wireless communication. They provide feedback that can be used to improve physical health and performance. Smart watches and head mounted displays are also receiving a great deal of commercial attention, providing immediate access to information via graphical displays, as well as additional sensing features. For the purposes of the Wearable Technology CLUSTER, wearable technology is broadly defined as any electronic sensing, human interfaces, computing, or communication that is mounted on the body. Current commercially available wearable devices primarily house electronics in rigid packaging to provide protection from flexing, moisture, and other contaminants. NASA mentors are interested in this approach, but are also interested in direct integration of electronics into clothing to enable more comfortable systems. For human spaceflight, wearable technology holds a great deal of promise for significantly improving safety, efficiency, autonomy, and research capacity for the crew in space and support personnel on the ground. Specific capabilities of interest include: Continuous biomedical monitoring for research and detection of health problems. Environmental monitoring for individual exposure assessments and alarms. Activity monitoring for responsive robotics and environments. Multi-modal caution and warning using tactile, auditory, and visual alarms. Wireless, hands-free, on-demand voice communication. Mobile, on-demand access to space vehicle and robotic displays and controls. Many technical challenges must be overcome to realize these wearable technology applications. For example, to make a wearable device that is both functional and comfortable for long duration wear, developers must strive to reduce electronic mass and volume while also addressing constraints imposed by the body attachment method. Depending on the application, the device must be placed in a location that the user can see and reach, and that provides the appropriate access to air and the wearer's skin. Limited power is available from body-worn batteries and heat must be managed to prevent discomfort. If the clothing is to be washed, there are additional durability and washability hurdles that traditional electronics are not designed to address. Finally, each specific capability has unique technical challenges that will likely require unique solutions. In addition to the technical challenges, development of wearable devices is made more difficult by the diversity of skills required and the historic lack of collaboration across domains. Wearable technology development requires expertise in textiles engineering, apparel design, software and computer engineering, electronic design and manufacturing, human factors engineering, and application-specific fields such as acoustics, medical devices, and sensing. Knowledge from each of these domains must be integrated to create functional and comfortable devices. For this reason, the diversity of knowledge and experience represented in the Wearable Technology is critical to overcoming the fundamental challenges in the field.

Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE conference on Design automation conference - DAC '95, 1995

The paper describes the evolution of an Interdisciplinary Concurrent Design Methodology (ICDM) an... more The paper describes the evolution of an Interdisciplinary Concurrent Design Methodology (ICDM) and the metrics used to compare four generations of wearable computer artifacts produced by the methodology at each stage of ICDM's growth. The product cycle is defined, its phases, and the design information representation for each phase. Six generic axes of design activity are defined, and the concept of benchmarking a complete design methodology using these axes is introduced. In addition an approach for measuring design complexity is proposed. When applied to the four generations of the CMU wearable computers, the ICDM has demonstrated two orders of magnitude increase in design and efficiency.

Digest of Papers. Third International Symposium on Wearable Computers

This paper describes non-ideal properties of batteries and how these properties may impact power-... more This paper describes non-ideal properties of batteries and how these properties may impact power-performance trade-offs in wearable computing. The first part of the paper details the characteristics of an ideal battery and how these characteristics are used in sizing batteries and estimating discharge times. Typical non-ideal characteristics and the regions of operation where they occur are described. The paper then covers results from a first-principles, variable-load battery model, showing likely areas for exploiting battery behavior in mobile computing. The major result is that when battery behavior is non-ideal, lowering the average power or the energy per operation may not increase the amount of computation that can be completed in a battery life.