Ulrich Loening - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ulrich Loening
Industrial society has succeeded in overcoming the constraints of nature, so successfully that th... more Industrial society has succeeded in overcoming the constraints of nature, so successfully that the result has become suicidal. Many analyses show how we have exceeded the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans. They describe what went wrong; this paper discusses why and how to resolve it. For that purpose, a taxonomy was made of the differences between our actions and the functions of nature; this suggests that our ways of living, our customary habits, underly continued ecological damage. Nine such habits of industrial society are identified. They range in scope from the practical, like the use of fire, to the conceptual, like the lack of negative feedbacks. The analyses of habits suggest how corrective changes can be made to reverse damaging trends and improve development towards planetary sustainability. The changes demand a shift away from wielding power over nature to one of cooperating with nature. The paper indicates how present technology can and must evolve to reverse each of the 9 identified habits in the major domains of science, agriculture and economics and education. Civilisation could then thrive successfully along new directions.
Biochemical Journal, Jul 1, 1975
The 23 S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the format... more The 23 S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the formation of RNA components with mol.wts. of 0.52x106 and 0.48 x 106. Thus under the usual conditions of extraction and analysis, no 23 S rRNA was recovered from the bacterium. The experiments show that 23 S rRNA is synthesized as a continuous chain, in which one or two nicks are formed almost immediately near the ends of the molecule and an additional nick in the middle at a later time.
Environmental Conservation, 1987
Annual review of plant physiology, Jun 1, 1968
Biochimica et biophysica acta, Nov 1, 1970
I. During the preparation of pea root microsomes, between 5 % and 15 % of their RNA is degraded a... more I. During the preparation of pea root microsomes, between 5 % and 15 % of their RNA is degraded at labile regions. Six cleavage products were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their origins were deduced by identifying the RNA components of separated ribosomal subunits. 2. 0.70. lO 6 (I8-S) ribosomal RNA is particularly unstable at one region in its molecule and two breakdown products of tool. wt. o.61. lO 6 and o.io. lO 6 may form. It also degrades less readily to form RNA fragments of tool. wt. 0.45. lO 6 and 0.37. lO 6. 1.29-lO 6 (25-S) ribosomal RNA is only broken down during the early stages of microsome isolation, two molecules of tool. wt. 1.o 4. lO 6 and 0.97. lO 6 being detected. The available evidence suggests that tissue homogenisation damages a small proportion of ribosomes and consequently exposes regions of their constituent 1.29 • lO 6 RNA molecules to ribonucleasse action. 3. The efficiency of several ribonuclease inhibitors in preventing o.7o. lO 6 ribosomal RNA breakdown was tested. Sodium bentonite alone completely inactivates endogenous ribonuelease. 4. The limitations of existing methods for preparing ribosomes from plant tissues containing high levels of ribonuclease are discussed.
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Apr 1, 1993
Human societies have developed by overcoming the constraints of nature. The result is population ... more Human societies have developed by overcoming the constraints of nature. The result is population growth that will exceed, and probably has already exceeded, the carrying capacity-it is the most dramatic period in the history of the planet. It is not only growth, but existing numbers and their demands, that destroy the ecological basis. The obligation on humanity now is to add to this success over nature a negative instead of a positive feedback system. There can be no simple technical answer; solutions must come from the coordinated attention to environment, population, poverty and equity. Most political social and economic institutions militate against the changes needed. Two approaches are outlined: a tool for thought for communities to determine their aims in terms of fundamental human needs, and a resource modelling system to assess whether such aims are physically possible.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Sep 1, 1967
The nucleolus of eucaryotic cells has been identified by Perry and others'-4 as the site of ribos... more The nucleolus of eucaryotic cells has been identified by Perry and others'-4 as the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. It has recently become possible to obtain from HeLa cells a nucleolar preparation which, as seen by electron microscopy, is relatively free of chromatin.6' 6 Fractionation of C'4-uridine-labeled cells confirmed the hypothesis that the nucleolus is the site of synthesis of the 45S ribosomal RNA precursor.' Another species of RNA (32S) is present in relatively large amounts. The nucleolus appears to contain only ribosomal precursor RNA since if fractionation is performed carefully, very little of the nucleoplasmic heterodisperse RNA is associated with itY, 8 The following picture of the major events in ribosomal RNA formation has emerged. The initial event is the synthesis of a high-molecularweight precursor molecule with a sedimentation constant of 45S.A" After 15 to 20 minutes, this molecule is cleaved, yielding 18S ribosomal RNA and a species of RNA whose sedimentation constant is 32S.12 The 18S RNA is quickly transported from the nucleolus and appears in the cytoplasm as part of the smaller ribosomal subunit. After additional processing time in the nucleolus, the 32S molecule is converted to 28S and eventually emerges into the cytoplasm as part of the larger ribosomal subunit.
Biochemical journal. Cellular aspects, Sep 1, 1968
furanosyl)benzimidazole; TRB, 4,5,6-trichloro-1-(fi-D-ribo. furanosyl)benzimidazole; MAK, methyla... more furanosyl)benzimidazole; TRB, 4,5,6-trichloro-1-(fi-D-ribo. furanosyl)benzimidazole; MAK, methylated albuminkieselguhr; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate. uridine (may contain about 2% of [6-3H]uridine) (22400-31000 mc/m-mole) and U-14C-labelled Chlorella protein hydrolysate (145 mc/g).
Biochemical journal. Cellular aspects, Nov 1, 1959
FEBS Letters, Jul 20, 1981
Environmental Conservation, 1989
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1973
The molccular weights, base compositions and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA show differenc... more The molccular weights, base compositions and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA show differences which can be systematically related to the major phyla of plants and animals. The ribosomal RNA prccursor, which is the direct product of the ribosomal genes in the nuclcolus, has divcrged more than thc mature RNA; thc differences are in the excess RNA which is degraded during maturation; the warm-bloaded animals have at least twicc as much of this excess RNA as any othcr species.
Biochemical journal, Nov 1, 1961
properties of RNA in the different cell components and the present prob lems in the functions an... more properties of RNA in the different cell components and the present prob lems in the functions and synthesis of RNA. The realization that the genetic information for the synthesis of protein is not carried by the ribosomal RNA but by a messenger RNA gave a fresh stimulus to the detailed analysis of RNA metabolism. In particular it be came important to study the rates of synthesis of RNA and to discover types of RNA which were distinct from the ribosomal or the tRNA adap tor. The hope was, and still is, that the identification of the messenger in higher organisms would be the means to understan ding control mechanisms, as in the action of hormones and in cell differentiation. Most of the funda mental properties of RNA function were necessarily studied in the bacteria, and the results have been applied to higher cells. The obvious medical impli cations of any studies on the mechanisms of growth and control of develop ment have resulted in much research being directed toward animal tissues, especially embryos and cultured tumor cells. It is therefore not surprisi ng that relatively little work been done with plant tissues. Nevertheless many plant systems have control mechanisms or' peculiarities of growth which make them suitable for an investigation of the functions of RNA. Synchronous cell cultures can be obtained in the algae and fungi and in some higher plants (47, 119, 137) ; cell and chloroplast development can be controlled by light or by the addition of a hormone. Light of suitable wave
Industrial society has succeeded in overcoming the constraints of nature, so successfully that th... more Industrial society has succeeded in overcoming the constraints of nature, so successfully that the result has become suicidal. Many analyses show how we have exceeded the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans. They describe what went wrong; this paper discusses why and how to resolve it. For that purpose, a taxonomy was made of the differences between our actions and the functions of nature; this suggests that our ways of living, our customary habits, underly continued ecological damage. Nine such habits of industrial society are identified. They range in scope from the practical, like the use of fire, to the conceptual, like the lack of negative feedbacks. The analyses of habits suggest how corrective changes can be made to reverse damaging trends and improve development towards planetary sustainability. The changes demand a shift away from wielding power over nature to one of cooperating with nature. The paper indicates how present technology can and must evolve to reverse each of the 9 identified habits in the major domains of science, agriculture and economics and education. Civilisation could then thrive successfully along new directions.
Biochemical Journal, Jul 1, 1975
The 23 S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the format... more The 23 S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the formation of RNA components with mol.wts. of 0.52x106 and 0.48 x 106. Thus under the usual conditions of extraction and analysis, no 23 S rRNA was recovered from the bacterium. The experiments show that 23 S rRNA is synthesized as a continuous chain, in which one or two nicks are formed almost immediately near the ends of the molecule and an additional nick in the middle at a later time.
Environmental Conservation, 1987
Annual review of plant physiology, Jun 1, 1968
Biochimica et biophysica acta, Nov 1, 1970
I. During the preparation of pea root microsomes, between 5 % and 15 % of their RNA is degraded a... more I. During the preparation of pea root microsomes, between 5 % and 15 % of their RNA is degraded at labile regions. Six cleavage products were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their origins were deduced by identifying the RNA components of separated ribosomal subunits. 2. 0.70. lO 6 (I8-S) ribosomal RNA is particularly unstable at one region in its molecule and two breakdown products of tool. wt. o.61. lO 6 and o.io. lO 6 may form. It also degrades less readily to form RNA fragments of tool. wt. 0.45. lO 6 and 0.37. lO 6. 1.29-lO 6 (25-S) ribosomal RNA is only broken down during the early stages of microsome isolation, two molecules of tool. wt. 1.o 4. lO 6 and 0.97. lO 6 being detected. The available evidence suggests that tissue homogenisation damages a small proportion of ribosomes and consequently exposes regions of their constituent 1.29 • lO 6 RNA molecules to ribonucleasse action. 3. The efficiency of several ribonuclease inhibitors in preventing o.7o. lO 6 ribosomal RNA breakdown was tested. Sodium bentonite alone completely inactivates endogenous ribonuelease. 4. The limitations of existing methods for preparing ribosomes from plant tissues containing high levels of ribonuclease are discussed.
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Apr 1, 1993
Human societies have developed by overcoming the constraints of nature. The result is population ... more Human societies have developed by overcoming the constraints of nature. The result is population growth that will exceed, and probably has already exceeded, the carrying capacity-it is the most dramatic period in the history of the planet. It is not only growth, but existing numbers and their demands, that destroy the ecological basis. The obligation on humanity now is to add to this success over nature a negative instead of a positive feedback system. There can be no simple technical answer; solutions must come from the coordinated attention to environment, population, poverty and equity. Most political social and economic institutions militate against the changes needed. Two approaches are outlined: a tool for thought for communities to determine their aims in terms of fundamental human needs, and a resource modelling system to assess whether such aims are physically possible.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Sep 1, 1967
The nucleolus of eucaryotic cells has been identified by Perry and others'-4 as the site of ribos... more The nucleolus of eucaryotic cells has been identified by Perry and others'-4 as the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. It has recently become possible to obtain from HeLa cells a nucleolar preparation which, as seen by electron microscopy, is relatively free of chromatin.6' 6 Fractionation of C'4-uridine-labeled cells confirmed the hypothesis that the nucleolus is the site of synthesis of the 45S ribosomal RNA precursor.' Another species of RNA (32S) is present in relatively large amounts. The nucleolus appears to contain only ribosomal precursor RNA since if fractionation is performed carefully, very little of the nucleoplasmic heterodisperse RNA is associated with itY, 8 The following picture of the major events in ribosomal RNA formation has emerged. The initial event is the synthesis of a high-molecularweight precursor molecule with a sedimentation constant of 45S.A" After 15 to 20 minutes, this molecule is cleaved, yielding 18S ribosomal RNA and a species of RNA whose sedimentation constant is 32S.12 The 18S RNA is quickly transported from the nucleolus and appears in the cytoplasm as part of the smaller ribosomal subunit. After additional processing time in the nucleolus, the 32S molecule is converted to 28S and eventually emerges into the cytoplasm as part of the larger ribosomal subunit.
Biochemical journal. Cellular aspects, Sep 1, 1968
furanosyl)benzimidazole; TRB, 4,5,6-trichloro-1-(fi-D-ribo. furanosyl)benzimidazole; MAK, methyla... more furanosyl)benzimidazole; TRB, 4,5,6-trichloro-1-(fi-D-ribo. furanosyl)benzimidazole; MAK, methylated albuminkieselguhr; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate. uridine (may contain about 2% of [6-3H]uridine) (22400-31000 mc/m-mole) and U-14C-labelled Chlorella protein hydrolysate (145 mc/g).
Biochemical journal. Cellular aspects, Nov 1, 1959
FEBS Letters, Jul 20, 1981
Environmental Conservation, 1989
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1973
The molccular weights, base compositions and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA show differenc... more The molccular weights, base compositions and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA show differences which can be systematically related to the major phyla of plants and animals. The ribosomal RNA prccursor, which is the direct product of the ribosomal genes in the nuclcolus, has divcrged more than thc mature RNA; thc differences are in the excess RNA which is degraded during maturation; the warm-bloaded animals have at least twicc as much of this excess RNA as any othcr species.
Biochemical journal, Nov 1, 1961
properties of RNA in the different cell components and the present prob lems in the functions an... more properties of RNA in the different cell components and the present prob lems in the functions and synthesis of RNA. The realization that the genetic information for the synthesis of protein is not carried by the ribosomal RNA but by a messenger RNA gave a fresh stimulus to the detailed analysis of RNA metabolism. In particular it be came important to study the rates of synthesis of RNA and to discover types of RNA which were distinct from the ribosomal or the tRNA adap tor. The hope was, and still is, that the identification of the messenger in higher organisms would be the means to understan ding control mechanisms, as in the action of hormones and in cell differentiation. Most of the funda mental properties of RNA function were necessarily studied in the bacteria, and the results have been applied to higher cells. The obvious medical impli cations of any studies on the mechanisms of growth and control of develop ment have resulted in much research being directed toward animal tissues, especially embryos and cultured tumor cells. It is therefore not surprisi ng that relatively little work been done with plant tissues. Nevertheless many plant systems have control mechanisms or' peculiarities of growth which make them suitable for an investigation of the functions of RNA. Synchronous cell cultures can be obtained in the algae and fungi and in some higher plants (47, 119, 137) ; cell and chloroplast development can be controlled by light or by the addition of a hormone. Light of suitable wave