Wacław Mirek - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Wacław Mirek
Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, Aug 1, 2009
Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the P... more Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.'s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.'s in 20 km). Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading. The extensive growth of the training loading of the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000 km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative infl uence on his sport level.
Педагогика Психология И Медико Биологические Проблемы Физического Воспитания И Спорта, 2009
Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the P... more Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.'s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.'s in 20 km). Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading. The extensive growth of the training loading of the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000 km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative infl uence on his sport level.
Antropomotoryka, Mar 31, 2016
Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the ju... more Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the judge's requirements. Thus, maintaining continuous foot contact with the ground and keeping the supporting leg straight may put specific demands on muscle activation patterns. The objective of this research was to identify the changes in the lower limb muscle activity when the walker increased the speed of walking. Basic procedures: The study was carried out at the indoor running track of the University of Physical Education in Krakow in 2015. The task of the subject was to walk a 60 m distance at different speeds. The subject walked with wearing shoes. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles was recorded using the telemetric EMG system. Raw signals of all the muscles were recorded simultaneously with foot-floor contact signals from foot switches fixed to the plantar surface of the foot. Main findings: The study revealed that muscle leg activity had similar patterns at all speeds, however, a higher speed of walking put higher demands on the muscles. Due to that, we observed increased activity of the muscles when the subject walked faster. In general, the muscles were more active at the time of foot contact. In terms of kinematic data, we found that the number of steps for the chosen unit of time (10 s) increased from 13 strides at 9 km/h to 16 strides at 15.5 km/h. At the same time, the stride was lenghtened from 1.9 to 2.7 m. Conclusions: The presence of an ‚atypical' burst of activity in the proximal muscles in late stance during racewalking requires special attention from the coaches during the training process of athletes.
Research Square (Research Square), Apr 28, 2023
Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood mor... more Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood morphological and biochemical indicators in men in the winter swimming mid-season. Methods There were 3 groups of participants, 10 amateur males each: running + winter swimming (RUN + WS), WS, and control. The blood morphological and biochemical indicators were measured in all groups after adaptation to cold in winter. Results In the RUN + WS group compared with WS, a signi cant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration by 102.12% (within standard limits) and in platelet distribution width by 303.14% was observed, with a signi cant increase in red blood cell distribution width by 84.54% (within standard limits). Renal function expressed by estimated glomerular ltration rate was higher in the RUN + WS group by 91.11% (within standard limits) compared with WS and uric acid concentration was reduced by 124.9%. In the RUN + WS group compared with control, a signi cant decrease in leukocyte count by 150.12% (within standard limits), in monocyte count by 121.95% (within standard limits), and in platelet distribution width by 288.22% was reported. The remaining indicators presented p > 0.05. Conclusions The investigated forms of physical activity had no negative effect on blood morphological or biochemical indicators in male amateurs in the winter swimming mid-season.
Antropomotoryka, Sep 30, 2018
Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the l... more Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the lower limb joints in the sagittal plane and spatial pelvic movements while running in minimalist and neutral footwear. Materials and methods. Research was carried out among a group of 13 participants (6 men and 7 women), highly qualified male and female athletes from the AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków club. Registration of the run and analysis of the results was performed using spatial motion analysis via the Vicon system with speeds at 3.94±0.45 m/s for men and 3.97±0.32 m/s for women, and 3.91±057 m/s and 4.1±0.36 m/s for men and women, respectively, in the group of highly qualified athletes. Results. At the initial point of foot contact with the ground, the minimalist footwear run was characterised by greater plantar flexion totalling about 5º compared to the run in neutral footwear. There was also a 8º higher value of dorsiflexion during the amortisation phase and a lower value by approx. 5º during the swing phase in this joint when running in minimalist footwear. In the knee joint, a value of about 6º higher flexion was observed during the amortisation phase when running in minimalist footwear. Differences in hip joint angle of approximately 6-8º were found during maximal extension of the joint during the final rebound phase. Spatial pelvic movements were similar during runs in both types of footwear. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that some of the amortisation and driving force tasks are taken over by the sports footwear. During the run in minimalist footwear, a key role in the field of body amortisation is played by the increased range of knee flexion, while during the rebound phase, the increased range of hip joint extension predominates.
Antropomotoryka, Sep 30, 2018
Aim. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the training loads of a competitive marathoner,... more Aim. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the training loads of a competitive marathoner, the Polish marathon record holder. The analysis is based on 2 mesocycles with a duration of 8 weeks of the preparatory phase, guided by two different coaches. Moreover, another crucial issue included in the study is the comparison of the training framework and training loads during particular weeks. Materials and methods. The practical implementation of the theory is provided with the use of research material from an Olympian, who is also the Polish marathon record holder, in the form of his workout logs. The content of the workout logs includes 2 marathon mesocycles, each with a duration of 8-week preparatory phases. Results. Analysis of the volume of training loads in the 8-week mesocycle shows diversity between the two studied marathon preparatory phases. Considering the efficacy based on the race results, it should be said that the workout plan by the first coach turned out to be more beneficial for the marathoner. Conclusions. It should be state that it is the general running endurance which should be the main workout element of every elite runner. An increased number of kilometres definitely conduces the achievement of satisfactory marathon results. Moreover, one should bear in mind that most of the marathon work should be done regarding oxygen balance.
Antropomotoryka, Mar 31, 2020
Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on t... more Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on the economics of running at a speed corresponding to the lactate threshold of an athlete from the track-and-field section of AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków. In addition, the objective was to determine the average heart rate and speed during a 10-km during in relation to threshold values for these parameters. Materials and methods: In the study, heart rate and speed at lactate threshold were determined using the pitch test. The indirect calorimetry method was applied to assess energy expenditure of the run. The training work carried out by the study participant was subject to registration and quantitative as well as qualitative analysis. Results: Observations indicated that the implemented training programme resulted in a reduction of energy expenditure by 6.32% when running at threshold speed. During the 10-km competitive run, the studied athlete obtained an average heart rate and running speed at a level corresponding to 109% and 108% (respectively) of the threshold values for the specified parameters. Conclusions: The proposed training programme had a positive effect on running economics at threshold speed. It was shown that the average heart rate and speed obtained during the competition over a distance of 10 km exceeded the threshold values of the mentioned parameters by 9 and 8%, respectively.
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2019
Research problem: In the narrative review in the introductory chapter of this study, it was shown... more Research problem: In the narrative review in the introductory chapter of this study, it was shown that there are no scientific methods or tools for researching the Functional Overreaching (FOR) state limit, which determines the occurrence of the phenomenon of Non-functional Overreaching (NFOR) and the overtraining syndrome - OTS. Research objective: In principle, this research was conducted to provide evidence of the possibility of developing, implementing and controlling such a programme for preparation to participate in the Olympic Games of champions among athletes in race walking, which will guarantee that the applied training load does not cause a state of non-functional overload. Material and methods: Six walkers took part in the research, presenting the level of the international and national master class at 20 and 50 km. They were all medallists of the Polish championship. Three of them have already participated in the Olympic Games, one was a medallist at the European and Wo...
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2021
Aim. In the research, we looked for the relationship between the level of training activity and a... more Aim. In the research, we looked for the relationship between the level of training activity and aerobic capacity as well as the result in the marathon run by an amateur aged 42-51. Materials and Methods. A progressive test was used to determine the threshold speed and load of the training activity. A 10- year period was analysed among amateur runners between the age of 42 and 51. The annual and DSP (Direct Start Preparation) training activity loads were determined. The strength of the relationship between the applied load of training activity and the result in the marathon was assessed, as well as the effectiveness of forecasting the result in the marathon. Results. An average annual volume over 2,500 km (194 hours) was found. During the DSP period, there was definitely an increase in workload. On average, in the DSP, the sub-threshold, threshold and supra-threshold measures constituted 65.7%- 19.4%-14.9%, respectively. A strong correlation was found between the result in the marath...
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2018
Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the l... more Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the lower limb joints in the sagittal plane and spatial pelvic movements while running in minimalist and neutral footwear. Materials and methods. Research was carried out among a group of 13 participants (6 men and 7 women), highly qualified male and female athletes from the AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków club. Registration of the run and analysis of the results was performed using spatial motion analysis via the Vicon system with speeds at 3.94±0.45 m/s for men and 3.97±0.32 m/s for women, and 3.91±057 m/s and 4.1±0.36 m/s for men and women, respectively, in the group of highly qualified athletes. Results. At the initial point of foot contact with the ground, the minimalist footwear run was characterised by greater plantar flexion totalling about 5º compared to the run in neutral footwear. There was also a 8º higher value of dorsiflexion during the amortisation phase and a...
Journal of Human Kinetics, 2014
The aim of the study was to assess energy cost and total external work (total energy) depending o... more The aim of the study was to assess energy cost and total external work (total energy) depending on the speed of race walking. Another objective was to determine the contribution of external work to total energy cost of walking at technical, threshold and racing speed in elite competitive race walkers. The study involved 12 competitive race walkers aged years with 6 to 20 years of experience, who achieved a national or international sports level. Their aerobic endurance was determined by means of a direct method involving an incremental exercise test on the treadmill. The participants performed three tests walking each time with one of the three speeds according to the same protocol: an 8-minute walk with at steady speed was followed by a recovery phase until the oxygen debt was repaid. To measure exercise energy cost, an indirect method based on the volume of oxygen uptake was employed. The gait of the participants was recorded using the 3D Vicon opto-electronic motion capture syste...
Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood mor... more Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood morphological and biochemical indicators in men in the winter swimming mid-season. Methods There were 3 groups of participants, 10 amateur males each: running + winter swimming (RUN + WS), WS, and control. The blood morphological and biochemical indicators were measured in all groups after adaptation to cold in winter. Results In the RUN + WS group compared with WS, a signi cant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration by 102.12% (within standard limits) and in platelet distribution width by 303.14% was observed, with a signi cant increase in red blood cell distribution width by 84.54% (within standard limits). Renal function expressed by estimated glomerular ltration rate was higher in the RUN + WS group by 91.11% (within standard limits) compared with WS and uric acid concentration was reduced by 124.9%. In the RUN + WS group compared with control, a signi cant decrease in leukocyte count by 150.12% (within standard limits), in monocyte count by 121.95% (within standard limits), and in platelet distribution width by 288.22% was reported. The remaining indicators presented p > 0.05. Conclusions The investigated forms of physical activity had no negative effect on blood morphological or biochemical indicators in male amateurs in the winter swimming mid-season.
Kinesiology, 2016
Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the ju... more Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the judge's requirements. Thus, maintaining continuous foot contact with the ground and keeping the supporting leg straight may put specific demands on muscle activation patterns. The objective of this research was to identify the changes in the lower limb muscle activity when the walker increased the speed of walking. Basic procedures: The study was carried out at the indoor running track of the University of Physical Education in Krakow in 2015. The task of the subject was to walk a 60 m distance at different speeds. The subject walked with wearing shoes. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles was recorded using the telemetric EMG system. Raw signals of all the muscles were recorded simultaneously with foot-floor contact signals from foot switches fixed to the plantar surface of the foot. Main findings: The study revealed that muscle leg activity had similar patterns at all speeds, however, a higher speed of walking put higher demands on the muscles. Due to that, we observed increased activity of the muscles when the subject walked faster. In general, the muscles were more active at the time of foot contact. In terms of kinematic data, we found that the number of steps for the chosen unit of time (10 s) increased from 13 strides at 9 km/h to 16 strides at 15.5 km/h. At the same time, the stride was lenghtened from 1.9 to 2.7 m. Conclusions: The presence of an ‚atypical' burst of activity in the proximal muscles in late stance during racewalking requires special attention from the coaches during the training process of athletes.
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences
Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on t... more Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on the economics of running at a speed corresponding to the lactate threshold of an athlete from the track-and-field section of AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków. In addition, the objective was to determine the average heart rate and speed during a 10-km during in relation to threshold values for these parameters. Materials and methods: In the study, heart rate and speed at lactate threshold were determined using the pitch test. The indirect calorimetry method was applied to assess energy expenditure of the run. The training work carried out by the study participant was subject to registration and quantitative as well as qualitative analysis. Results: Observations indicated that the implemented training programme resulted in a reduction of energy expenditure by 6.32% when running at threshold speed. During the 10-km competitive run, the studied athlete obtained an average hea...
Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, Aug 1, 2009
Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the P... more Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.'s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.'s in 20 km). Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading. The extensive growth of the training loading of the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000 km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative infl uence on his sport level.
Педагогика Психология И Медико Биологические Проблемы Физического Воспитания И Спорта, 2009
Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the P... more Annotation. To test the dependence between the progression of the sport results (ended with the Polish records in the junior category in 10 and 20 km)and the training loading complied in the beginning years of the training of two Polish Olympic contestants in the sport walking (G.S.'s 7th place in 50 km and B.K.'s in 20 km). Is any directly proportional dependence between the result pace of the sport walking in 10 and 20 km ended with the polish records in the junior category in both distances and the training structure and quantity and intensity of the training loading. The extensive growth of the training loading of the sport walker is not the only way to reach the mastery level in the sport walking for junior. The training quantity which does not exceed 3000 km a year where the superiority would be all of the oxygen agents with direct disposition of the oxygen-non-oxygen and non-oxygen-oxygen agents can be claimed as the enough stimulus for any sport walker. Too extended run training quantity complied by the sport walker in the junior category can have the negative infl uence on his sport level.
Antropomotoryka, Mar 31, 2016
Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the ju... more Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the judge's requirements. Thus, maintaining continuous foot contact with the ground and keeping the supporting leg straight may put specific demands on muscle activation patterns. The objective of this research was to identify the changes in the lower limb muscle activity when the walker increased the speed of walking. Basic procedures: The study was carried out at the indoor running track of the University of Physical Education in Krakow in 2015. The task of the subject was to walk a 60 m distance at different speeds. The subject walked with wearing shoes. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles was recorded using the telemetric EMG system. Raw signals of all the muscles were recorded simultaneously with foot-floor contact signals from foot switches fixed to the plantar surface of the foot. Main findings: The study revealed that muscle leg activity had similar patterns at all speeds, however, a higher speed of walking put higher demands on the muscles. Due to that, we observed increased activity of the muscles when the subject walked faster. In general, the muscles were more active at the time of foot contact. In terms of kinematic data, we found that the number of steps for the chosen unit of time (10 s) increased from 13 strides at 9 km/h to 16 strides at 15.5 km/h. At the same time, the stride was lenghtened from 1.9 to 2.7 m. Conclusions: The presence of an ‚atypical' burst of activity in the proximal muscles in late stance during racewalking requires special attention from the coaches during the training process of athletes.
Research Square (Research Square), Apr 28, 2023
Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood mor... more Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood morphological and biochemical indicators in men in the winter swimming mid-season. Methods There were 3 groups of participants, 10 amateur males each: running + winter swimming (RUN + WS), WS, and control. The blood morphological and biochemical indicators were measured in all groups after adaptation to cold in winter. Results In the RUN + WS group compared with WS, a signi cant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration by 102.12% (within standard limits) and in platelet distribution width by 303.14% was observed, with a signi cant increase in red blood cell distribution width by 84.54% (within standard limits). Renal function expressed by estimated glomerular ltration rate was higher in the RUN + WS group by 91.11% (within standard limits) compared with WS and uric acid concentration was reduced by 124.9%. In the RUN + WS group compared with control, a signi cant decrease in leukocyte count by 150.12% (within standard limits), in monocyte count by 121.95% (within standard limits), and in platelet distribution width by 288.22% was reported. The remaining indicators presented p > 0.05. Conclusions The investigated forms of physical activity had no negative effect on blood morphological or biochemical indicators in male amateurs in the winter swimming mid-season.
Antropomotoryka, Sep 30, 2018
Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the l... more Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the lower limb joints in the sagittal plane and spatial pelvic movements while running in minimalist and neutral footwear. Materials and methods. Research was carried out among a group of 13 participants (6 men and 7 women), highly qualified male and female athletes from the AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków club. Registration of the run and analysis of the results was performed using spatial motion analysis via the Vicon system with speeds at 3.94±0.45 m/s for men and 3.97±0.32 m/s for women, and 3.91±057 m/s and 4.1±0.36 m/s for men and women, respectively, in the group of highly qualified athletes. Results. At the initial point of foot contact with the ground, the minimalist footwear run was characterised by greater plantar flexion totalling about 5º compared to the run in neutral footwear. There was also a 8º higher value of dorsiflexion during the amortisation phase and a lower value by approx. 5º during the swing phase in this joint when running in minimalist footwear. In the knee joint, a value of about 6º higher flexion was observed during the amortisation phase when running in minimalist footwear. Differences in hip joint angle of approximately 6-8º were found during maximal extension of the joint during the final rebound phase. Spatial pelvic movements were similar during runs in both types of footwear. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that some of the amortisation and driving force tasks are taken over by the sports footwear. During the run in minimalist footwear, a key role in the field of body amortisation is played by the increased range of knee flexion, while during the rebound phase, the increased range of hip joint extension predominates.
Antropomotoryka, Sep 30, 2018
Aim. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the training loads of a competitive marathoner,... more Aim. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the training loads of a competitive marathoner, the Polish marathon record holder. The analysis is based on 2 mesocycles with a duration of 8 weeks of the preparatory phase, guided by two different coaches. Moreover, another crucial issue included in the study is the comparison of the training framework and training loads during particular weeks. Materials and methods. The practical implementation of the theory is provided with the use of research material from an Olympian, who is also the Polish marathon record holder, in the form of his workout logs. The content of the workout logs includes 2 marathon mesocycles, each with a duration of 8-week preparatory phases. Results. Analysis of the volume of training loads in the 8-week mesocycle shows diversity between the two studied marathon preparatory phases. Considering the efficacy based on the race results, it should be said that the workout plan by the first coach turned out to be more beneficial for the marathoner. Conclusions. It should be state that it is the general running endurance which should be the main workout element of every elite runner. An increased number of kilometres definitely conduces the achievement of satisfactory marathon results. Moreover, one should bear in mind that most of the marathon work should be done regarding oxygen balance.
Antropomotoryka, Mar 31, 2020
Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on t... more Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on the economics of running at a speed corresponding to the lactate threshold of an athlete from the track-and-field section of AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków. In addition, the objective was to determine the average heart rate and speed during a 10-km during in relation to threshold values for these parameters. Materials and methods: In the study, heart rate and speed at lactate threshold were determined using the pitch test. The indirect calorimetry method was applied to assess energy expenditure of the run. The training work carried out by the study participant was subject to registration and quantitative as well as qualitative analysis. Results: Observations indicated that the implemented training programme resulted in a reduction of energy expenditure by 6.32% when running at threshold speed. During the 10-km competitive run, the studied athlete obtained an average heart rate and running speed at a level corresponding to 109% and 108% (respectively) of the threshold values for the specified parameters. Conclusions: The proposed training programme had a positive effect on running economics at threshold speed. It was shown that the average heart rate and speed obtained during the competition over a distance of 10 km exceeded the threshold values of the mentioned parameters by 9 and 8%, respectively.
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2019
Research problem: In the narrative review in the introductory chapter of this study, it was shown... more Research problem: In the narrative review in the introductory chapter of this study, it was shown that there are no scientific methods or tools for researching the Functional Overreaching (FOR) state limit, which determines the occurrence of the phenomenon of Non-functional Overreaching (NFOR) and the overtraining syndrome - OTS. Research objective: In principle, this research was conducted to provide evidence of the possibility of developing, implementing and controlling such a programme for preparation to participate in the Olympic Games of champions among athletes in race walking, which will guarantee that the applied training load does not cause a state of non-functional overload. Material and methods: Six walkers took part in the research, presenting the level of the international and national master class at 20 and 50 km. They were all medallists of the Polish championship. Three of them have already participated in the Olympic Games, one was a medallist at the European and Wo...
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2021
Aim. In the research, we looked for the relationship between the level of training activity and a... more Aim. In the research, we looked for the relationship between the level of training activity and aerobic capacity as well as the result in the marathon run by an amateur aged 42-51. Materials and Methods. A progressive test was used to determine the threshold speed and load of the training activity. A 10- year period was analysed among amateur runners between the age of 42 and 51. The annual and DSP (Direct Start Preparation) training activity loads were determined. The strength of the relationship between the applied load of training activity and the result in the marathon was assessed, as well as the effectiveness of forecasting the result in the marathon. Results. An average annual volume over 2,500 km (194 hours) was found. During the DSP period, there was definitely an increase in workload. On average, in the DSP, the sub-threshold, threshold and supra-threshold measures constituted 65.7%- 19.4%-14.9%, respectively. A strong correlation was found between the result in the marath...
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2018
Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the l... more Aim. The aim of the study is to characterise and compare the values of angle changes within the lower limb joints in the sagittal plane and spatial pelvic movements while running in minimalist and neutral footwear. Materials and methods. Research was carried out among a group of 13 participants (6 men and 7 women), highly qualified male and female athletes from the AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków club. Registration of the run and analysis of the results was performed using spatial motion analysis via the Vicon system with speeds at 3.94±0.45 m/s for men and 3.97±0.32 m/s for women, and 3.91±057 m/s and 4.1±0.36 m/s for men and women, respectively, in the group of highly qualified athletes. Results. At the initial point of foot contact with the ground, the minimalist footwear run was characterised by greater plantar flexion totalling about 5º compared to the run in neutral footwear. There was also a 8º higher value of dorsiflexion during the amortisation phase and a...
Journal of Human Kinetics, 2014
The aim of the study was to assess energy cost and total external work (total energy) depending o... more The aim of the study was to assess energy cost and total external work (total energy) depending on the speed of race walking. Another objective was to determine the contribution of external work to total energy cost of walking at technical, threshold and racing speed in elite competitive race walkers. The study involved 12 competitive race walkers aged years with 6 to 20 years of experience, who achieved a national or international sports level. Their aerobic endurance was determined by means of a direct method involving an incremental exercise test on the treadmill. The participants performed three tests walking each time with one of the three speeds according to the same protocol: an 8-minute walk with at steady speed was followed by a recovery phase until the oxygen debt was repaid. To measure exercise energy cost, an indirect method based on the volume of oxygen uptake was employed. The gait of the participants was recorded using the 3D Vicon opto-electronic motion capture syste...
Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood mor... more Background The study determined whether winter swimming (WS) and running (RUN) affected blood morphological and biochemical indicators in men in the winter swimming mid-season. Methods There were 3 groups of participants, 10 amateur males each: running + winter swimming (RUN + WS), WS, and control. The blood morphological and biochemical indicators were measured in all groups after adaptation to cold in winter. Results In the RUN + WS group compared with WS, a signi cant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration by 102.12% (within standard limits) and in platelet distribution width by 303.14% was observed, with a signi cant increase in red blood cell distribution width by 84.54% (within standard limits). Renal function expressed by estimated glomerular ltration rate was higher in the RUN + WS group by 91.11% (within standard limits) compared with WS and uric acid concentration was reduced by 124.9%. In the RUN + WS group compared with control, a signi cant decrease in leukocyte count by 150.12% (within standard limits), in monocyte count by 121.95% (within standard limits), and in platelet distribution width by 288.22% was reported. The remaining indicators presented p > 0.05. Conclusions The investigated forms of physical activity had no negative effect on blood morphological or biochemical indicators in male amateurs in the winter swimming mid-season.
Kinesiology, 2016
Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the ju... more Study aim: During race walking, the athlete executes specific patterns of movement to meet the judge's requirements. Thus, maintaining continuous foot contact with the ground and keeping the supporting leg straight may put specific demands on muscle activation patterns. The objective of this research was to identify the changes in the lower limb muscle activity when the walker increased the speed of walking. Basic procedures: The study was carried out at the indoor running track of the University of Physical Education in Krakow in 2015. The task of the subject was to walk a 60 m distance at different speeds. The subject walked with wearing shoes. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles was recorded using the telemetric EMG system. Raw signals of all the muscles were recorded simultaneously with foot-floor contact signals from foot switches fixed to the plantar surface of the foot. Main findings: The study revealed that muscle leg activity had similar patterns at all speeds, however, a higher speed of walking put higher demands on the muscles. Due to that, we observed increased activity of the muscles when the subject walked faster. In general, the muscles were more active at the time of foot contact. In terms of kinematic data, we found that the number of steps for the chosen unit of time (10 s) increased from 13 strides at 9 km/h to 16 strides at 15.5 km/h. At the same time, the stride was lenghtened from 1.9 to 2.7 m. Conclusions: The presence of an ‚atypical' burst of activity in the proximal muscles in late stance during racewalking requires special attention from the coaches during the training process of athletes.
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences
Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on t... more Study aim: The aim of the work was to determine the effects of an 18-week training programme on the economics of running at a speed corresponding to the lactate threshold of an athlete from the track-and-field section of AZS AWF (University of Physical Education) Kraków. In addition, the objective was to determine the average heart rate and speed during a 10-km during in relation to threshold values for these parameters. Materials and methods: In the study, heart rate and speed at lactate threshold were determined using the pitch test. The indirect calorimetry method was applied to assess energy expenditure of the run. The training work carried out by the study participant was subject to registration and quantitative as well as qualitative analysis. Results: Observations indicated that the implemented training programme resulted in a reduction of energy expenditure by 6.32% when running at threshold speed. During the 10-km competitive run, the studied athlete obtained an average hea...