Walid Fayad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Walid Fayad
A series of 1''-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-... more A series of 1''-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-piperidine]-2,4''-diones 6a‒o has been synthesized through regioselective multi-component azomethine dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 1-(alkylsulfonyl)-3,5-bis(ylidene)-piperidin-4-ones 3a‒h. X-ray diffraction studies (6b‒d,h) confirmed the structures. The majority of the synthesized analogs reveal promising antiproliferation properties against a variety of human cancer cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, A431 and PaCa2) with good selectivity index towards normal cell (RPE1). Some of the synthesized agents exhibit potent inhibitory properties against the tested cell lines with higher efficacies than the standard references (sunitinib and 5-fluorouracil). Compound 6m is the most potent. Multi-targeted inhibitory properties against EGFR and VEGFR-2 have been observed for the synthesized agents. Flow cytometry supports the antiproliferation properties and shows the tested agents as apoptosis...
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
New functionalized acrylamide derivatives bearing sulfisoxazole moiety were designed to target ba... more New functionalized acrylamide derivatives bearing sulfisoxazole moiety were designed to target bacterial dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). The in vitro antimicrobial activities of these compounds were assessed. The E-configuration of compound 5b was proved by single crystal X-ray analysis. Compounds 5g and 5h displayed double the activity of ampicillin against B. subtilis. Also, 5h was two times more active than gentamycin against E. coli. Interestingly, compounds 5f-g, 7c, 8a, 8c exhibited two folds the potency of amphotericin B against S. racemosum while 5h displayed three folds the activity of amphotericin B against S. racemosum. Most of the synthesized compounds showed superior activities to the parent sulfisoxazole and were non-toxic to normal cells. DHPS is confirmed to be a putative target for our compounds via antagonizing their antibacterial activity by the folate precursor (p-aminobenzoic acid) and product (methionine) on E. coli ATCC 25922. Docking experiments against DHPS rationalized the observed antibacterial activity. Additionally, compound 5g was evaluated as a selective targeting vector for 99mTc that showed a remarkable uptake and targeting ability towards the infection site that was induced in mice.
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
Abstract Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy drugs is a challenge because of drug resistance an... more Abstract Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy drugs is a challenge because of drug resistance and severe side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of levan as a natural biopolymer alone and in combination with cisplatin. Consequently, honey isolate NRCA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, recorded promising levansucrase activity and levan yield. Crude levan (CL) was dialyzed to dialyze levan (DL). Crude levan showed cytotoxicity effect by 69.5%, 74% on MCF-7 at 500 and 1000 μg/ml, respectively while it has a safe effect on normal cells. Dialyzed levan increased cancer cell viability. Combination treatment of CL and cisplatin significantly reduced the IC50 of cisplatin (9.4 μM) to 5.8 μM and 3.8 μM when combined with Levan 500 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml, respectively. Crude levan cytotoxicity is a dose-independent with IC50 447 μg/ml. Levan did not cause DNA fragmentation in treated cells. Accordingly, treatment design to treat spheroids with a combination of both CL and cisplatin at different time intervals was suggested. This design was found to increase the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 spheroids and reduce the cytotoxicity of cisplatin on spheroids of normal cell line. It can be concluded that combination treatment of cisplatin and levan might decrease the IC50 of cisplatin and overcome side effects problems.
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
There is a large medical need for the development of effective anticancer agents with minimal sid... more There is a large medical need for the development of effective anticancer agents with minimal side effects. The present thesis represents an attempt to identify potent drugs for treatment of solid tumors. We used a strategy where 3-D multicellular tumor spheroids (cancer cells grown in three dimensional culture) were utilized as in vitro models for solid tumors. Drug libraries were screened using spheroids as targets and using apoptosis induction and loss of cell viability as endpoints. The hanging drop method for production of spheroids was modified to allow spheroid generation in the 96-well format. Initial studies showed that the screening of multicellular spheroids resulted in the identification of different hit compounds compared to screening of monolayer cultures. Interestingly, we found that spheroid screening enriched for hydrophobic compounds (XlogP >4), a finding of considerable interest for chemical library design and lead optimization in the field of anticancer drug d...
Objective: Various approaches are used for discovering cytotoxic anticancer therapeutics from pla... more Objective: Various approaches are used for discovering cytotoxic anticancer therapeutics from plants. In this study 75 extracts representing 47 plant species belonging to families Euphorbiaceae and Myrtaceae were screened by three in-vitro bioassays, to detect extracts with possible antitumor activity. Methods: The methanol plant extracts were screened over three bioassays viz., cytotoxicity on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line assessed by MTT method, pro-apoptotic activity on HCT116 human colon carcinoma cell line measured by the increase of M30 neo-epitope apoptosis biomarker through sandwich ELISA, as well as brine shrimp lethality (BSL) bioassay. Results: 54 extracts were active in at least one bioassay. 43 extracts (57%) scored cytotoxic on HepG2, compared to 32 (43%) pro-apoptotic extracts in HCT116-M30 assay and 18 (24%) lethal extracts in BSL test. Out of the 43 cytotoxic extracts 15 (20%) possessed pro-apoptotic activity, which may be considered the ideal candi...
Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2019
Background and objective Medicinal mushrooms are mines of various biologically active compounds. ... more Background and objective Medicinal mushrooms are mines of various biologically active compounds. Therefore, chemical analysis and in-vitro evaluation of some biological activities of the Japanese originated mushroom Ganoderma spp. were conducted. Materials and methods Extraction of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma spp. was accomplished using 80% methanol. This extract was investigated for its in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity, anti-rotavirus effect, and anti-human colon cancer influence. Moreover, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for this extract was performed. Results and conclusion The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the detection of 39 compounds, which were generally saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and alkenes. The crude extract exhibited a promising in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (100±0%) after 96 h of incubation at room temperature. The same crude extract showed a moderate anti-rotavirus SA-11 strain effect with a the...
Most of the currently used cancer therapeutics are natural products. These agents were generally ... more Most of the currently used cancer therapeutics are natural products. These agents were generally discovered based on their toxicity to tumour cells using various bioassays. Although the exact mechanisms of action of the most commonly used cancer therapeutics such as anthracyclins, podophyllotoxins and camptothecin are incompletely understood, it is becoming increasingly clear that these agents often show complex modes of action at the cellular level, interacting with numerous targets. Such complex modes of action may be the very reason for clinical efficacy. For discovering new cytotoxic anticancer drugs sophisticated screening methods were used. The principles of such screening projects conducted, using collections of purified natural products or extracts from plants have been described. By performing simple but robust prescreening tests such as the brine shrimp assay, bioactive extracts can be identified. Extracts (65) prepared from a collection of Egyptian plants were identified ...
Medicinal Chemistry
Background: Bacterial infections are considered as one of the major global health threats, so it ... more Background: Bacterial infections are considered as one of the major global health threats, so it is very essential to design and develop new antibacterial agents to overcome the drawbacks of existing antibacterial agents. Method: The aim of this work is to synthesize a series of new fluoroquinolone-3-carboxamide amino acid conjugates by molecular hybridization. We utilized benzotriazole chemistry to synthesize the desired hybrid conjugates. Result: All the conjugates were synthesized in good yields, characterized, evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity using methods adapted from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Synthesized conjugates were tested for activity against medically relevant pathogens; Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27856) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). Conclusion: The observed antibacterial experimental data indicates t...
Background: Natural product structures have high chemical diversity and are attractive as lead st... more Background: Natural product structures have high chemical diversity and are attractive as lead structures for discovery of new drugs. One of the disease areas where natural products are most frequently used as therapeutics is oncology. Method and Findings: A library of natural products (NCI Natural Product set) was screened for compounds that induce apoptosis of HCT116 colon carcinoma cells using an assay that measures an endogenous caspase-cleavage product. One of the apoptosis-inducing compounds identified in the screen was thaspine (taspine), an alkaloid from the South American tree Croton lechleri. The cortex of this tree is used for medicinal purposes by tribes in the Amazonas basin. Thaspine was found to induce conformational activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in HCT116 cells. Analysis of the gene expression signature of thaspine-treated cells suggested that thaspine is a topoisom...
Bioorganic Chemistry
Sets of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles (6,10,13) were synthesized in a facile synthetic pathway through ac... more Sets of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles (6,10,13) were synthesized in a facile synthetic pathway through acid dehydration (EtOH/HCl) of the corresponding 3-hydroxy-2-oxoindolines (5,9,12). Single crystal (10a,c) and powder (12a,26f) X-ray studies supported the structures. Compounds 6c and 10b are the most effective agents synthesized (about 3.4, 3.3 folds, respectively) against PaCa2 (pancreatic) cancer cell line relative to the standard reference used (Sunitinib). Additionally, compound 10b reveals antiproliferative properties against MCF7 (breast) cancer cell with IC50 close to that of Sunitinib. CAM testing reveals that compounds 6 and 10 demonstrated qualitative and quantitative decreases in blood vessel count and diameter with efficacy comparable to that of Sunitinib, supporting their anti-angiogenic properties. Kinase inhibitory properties support their multi-targeted inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 and c-kit in similar behavior to that of Sunitinib. Cell cycle analysis studies utilizing MCF7 exhibit that compound 6b arrests the cell cycle at G1/S phase while, 10b reveals accumulation of the tested cell at S phase. Compounds 6a and 10b reveal potent antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 with high selectivity index relative to the standards (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine). Safe profile of the potent synthesized agents, against normal cells (VERO-E6, RPE1), support the possible development of better hits based on the attained observations.
The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Evaluating in vitro biological activities of the medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus, Metacord... more Evaluating in vitro biological activities of the medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus, Metacordyceps neogunnii, and Dictyophora indusiata n-hexane extracts revealed their capabilities as promising therapeutic sources. By assessing their DPPH radical scavenging activities, D. indusiata extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (87.8±1.2%) followed by H. erinaceus, then M. neogunnii 84.9±1.6%, and 77.3±1.3%, respectively. On the other hand, M. neogunnii extract exerted promising anticolon cancer (68.6±3.6% cytotoxicity) against HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines at concentration 100 μg/mL, whereas H. erinaceus and D. indusiata extracts exhibited weaker cytotoxic effects (18.3±1.7%, and 19.3±3.2%, respectively) using the same concentration. Investigating cholesterol reduction activities (CRA%) of the extracts revealed that activity depends on both extract concentration and incubation period. After 96 h of incubation at room temperature, all extracts exerted potent in vitro hypocholesterolemic activities (100±0% reduction in cholesterol concentration). Performing GC-Ms analyses on the extracts revealed presence of 22 compounds in D. indusiata extract, while 29 compounds were detected in M. neogunnii extract, and 33 in H. erinaceus extract. Most of compounds were esters of fatty acids. Results in this study encourage using these mushrooms as functional foods, and highlight the need for conducting further in vivo studies to support their use in pharmaceutical industry.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
![Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis and molecular modeling studies of cholinesterase inhibitor dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73076821/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](RSC Advances
Dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] were regioselectively synthesized revealin... more Dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] were regioselectively synthesized revealing cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) inhibitory properties.
A series of 1''-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-... more A series of 1''-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-piperidine]-2,4''-diones 6a‒o has been synthesized through regioselective multi-component azomethine dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 1-(alkylsulfonyl)-3,5-bis(ylidene)-piperidin-4-ones 3a‒h. X-ray diffraction studies (6b‒d,h) confirmed the structures. The majority of the synthesized analogs reveal promising antiproliferation properties against a variety of human cancer cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, A431 and PaCa2) with good selectivity index towards normal cell (RPE1). Some of the synthesized agents exhibit potent inhibitory properties against the tested cell lines with higher efficacies than the standard references (sunitinib and 5-fluorouracil). Compound 6m is the most potent. Multi-targeted inhibitory properties against EGFR and VEGFR-2 have been observed for the synthesized agents. Flow cytometry supports the antiproliferation properties and shows the tested agents as apoptosis...
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
New functionalized acrylamide derivatives bearing sulfisoxazole moiety were designed to target ba... more New functionalized acrylamide derivatives bearing sulfisoxazole moiety were designed to target bacterial dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). The in vitro antimicrobial activities of these compounds were assessed. The E-configuration of compound 5b was proved by single crystal X-ray analysis. Compounds 5g and 5h displayed double the activity of ampicillin against B. subtilis. Also, 5h was two times more active than gentamycin against E. coli. Interestingly, compounds 5f-g, 7c, 8a, 8c exhibited two folds the potency of amphotericin B against S. racemosum while 5h displayed three folds the activity of amphotericin B against S. racemosum. Most of the synthesized compounds showed superior activities to the parent sulfisoxazole and were non-toxic to normal cells. DHPS is confirmed to be a putative target for our compounds via antagonizing their antibacterial activity by the folate precursor (p-aminobenzoic acid) and product (methionine) on E. coli ATCC 25922. Docking experiments against DHPS rationalized the observed antibacterial activity. Additionally, compound 5g was evaluated as a selective targeting vector for 99mTc that showed a remarkable uptake and targeting ability towards the infection site that was induced in mice.
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
Abstract Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy drugs is a challenge because of drug resistance an... more Abstract Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy drugs is a challenge because of drug resistance and severe side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of levan as a natural biopolymer alone and in combination with cisplatin. Consequently, honey isolate NRCA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, recorded promising levansucrase activity and levan yield. Crude levan (CL) was dialyzed to dialyze levan (DL). Crude levan showed cytotoxicity effect by 69.5%, 74% on MCF-7 at 500 and 1000 μg/ml, respectively while it has a safe effect on normal cells. Dialyzed levan increased cancer cell viability. Combination treatment of CL and cisplatin significantly reduced the IC50 of cisplatin (9.4 μM) to 5.8 μM and 3.8 μM when combined with Levan 500 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml, respectively. Crude levan cytotoxicity is a dose-independent with IC50 447 μg/ml. Levan did not cause DNA fragmentation in treated cells. Accordingly, treatment design to treat spheroids with a combination of both CL and cisplatin at different time intervals was suggested. This design was found to increase the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 spheroids and reduce the cytotoxicity of cisplatin on spheroids of normal cell line. It can be concluded that combination treatment of cisplatin and levan might decrease the IC50 of cisplatin and overcome side effects problems.
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
There is a large medical need for the development of effective anticancer agents with minimal sid... more There is a large medical need for the development of effective anticancer agents with minimal side effects. The present thesis represents an attempt to identify potent drugs for treatment of solid tumors. We used a strategy where 3-D multicellular tumor spheroids (cancer cells grown in three dimensional culture) were utilized as in vitro models for solid tumors. Drug libraries were screened using spheroids as targets and using apoptosis induction and loss of cell viability as endpoints. The hanging drop method for production of spheroids was modified to allow spheroid generation in the 96-well format. Initial studies showed that the screening of multicellular spheroids resulted in the identification of different hit compounds compared to screening of monolayer cultures. Interestingly, we found that spheroid screening enriched for hydrophobic compounds (XlogP >4), a finding of considerable interest for chemical library design and lead optimization in the field of anticancer drug d...
Objective: Various approaches are used for discovering cytotoxic anticancer therapeutics from pla... more Objective: Various approaches are used for discovering cytotoxic anticancer therapeutics from plants. In this study 75 extracts representing 47 plant species belonging to families Euphorbiaceae and Myrtaceae were screened by three in-vitro bioassays, to detect extracts with possible antitumor activity. Methods: The methanol plant extracts were screened over three bioassays viz., cytotoxicity on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line assessed by MTT method, pro-apoptotic activity on HCT116 human colon carcinoma cell line measured by the increase of M30 neo-epitope apoptosis biomarker through sandwich ELISA, as well as brine shrimp lethality (BSL) bioassay. Results: 54 extracts were active in at least one bioassay. 43 extracts (57%) scored cytotoxic on HepG2, compared to 32 (43%) pro-apoptotic extracts in HCT116-M30 assay and 18 (24%) lethal extracts in BSL test. Out of the 43 cytotoxic extracts 15 (20%) possessed pro-apoptotic activity, which may be considered the ideal candi...
Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2019
Background and objective Medicinal mushrooms are mines of various biologically active compounds. ... more Background and objective Medicinal mushrooms are mines of various biologically active compounds. Therefore, chemical analysis and in-vitro evaluation of some biological activities of the Japanese originated mushroom Ganoderma spp. were conducted. Materials and methods Extraction of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma spp. was accomplished using 80% methanol. This extract was investigated for its in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity, anti-rotavirus effect, and anti-human colon cancer influence. Moreover, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for this extract was performed. Results and conclusion The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the detection of 39 compounds, which were generally saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and alkenes. The crude extract exhibited a promising in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (100±0%) after 96 h of incubation at room temperature. The same crude extract showed a moderate anti-rotavirus SA-11 strain effect with a the...
Most of the currently used cancer therapeutics are natural products. These agents were generally ... more Most of the currently used cancer therapeutics are natural products. These agents were generally discovered based on their toxicity to tumour cells using various bioassays. Although the exact mechanisms of action of the most commonly used cancer therapeutics such as anthracyclins, podophyllotoxins and camptothecin are incompletely understood, it is becoming increasingly clear that these agents often show complex modes of action at the cellular level, interacting with numerous targets. Such complex modes of action may be the very reason for clinical efficacy. For discovering new cytotoxic anticancer drugs sophisticated screening methods were used. The principles of such screening projects conducted, using collections of purified natural products or extracts from plants have been described. By performing simple but robust prescreening tests such as the brine shrimp assay, bioactive extracts can be identified. Extracts (65) prepared from a collection of Egyptian plants were identified ...
Medicinal Chemistry
Background: Bacterial infections are considered as one of the major global health threats, so it ... more Background: Bacterial infections are considered as one of the major global health threats, so it is very essential to design and develop new antibacterial agents to overcome the drawbacks of existing antibacterial agents. Method: The aim of this work is to synthesize a series of new fluoroquinolone-3-carboxamide amino acid conjugates by molecular hybridization. We utilized benzotriazole chemistry to synthesize the desired hybrid conjugates. Result: All the conjugates were synthesized in good yields, characterized, evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity using methods adapted from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Synthesized conjugates were tested for activity against medically relevant pathogens; Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27856) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). Conclusion: The observed antibacterial experimental data indicates t...
Background: Natural product structures have high chemical diversity and are attractive as lead st... more Background: Natural product structures have high chemical diversity and are attractive as lead structures for discovery of new drugs. One of the disease areas where natural products are most frequently used as therapeutics is oncology. Method and Findings: A library of natural products (NCI Natural Product set) was screened for compounds that induce apoptosis of HCT116 colon carcinoma cells using an assay that measures an endogenous caspase-cleavage product. One of the apoptosis-inducing compounds identified in the screen was thaspine (taspine), an alkaloid from the South American tree Croton lechleri. The cortex of this tree is used for medicinal purposes by tribes in the Amazonas basin. Thaspine was found to induce conformational activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in HCT116 cells. Analysis of the gene expression signature of thaspine-treated cells suggested that thaspine is a topoisom...
Bioorganic Chemistry
Sets of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles (6,10,13) were synthesized in a facile synthetic pathway through ac... more Sets of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles (6,10,13) were synthesized in a facile synthetic pathway through acid dehydration (EtOH/HCl) of the corresponding 3-hydroxy-2-oxoindolines (5,9,12). Single crystal (10a,c) and powder (12a,26f) X-ray studies supported the structures. Compounds 6c and 10b are the most effective agents synthesized (about 3.4, 3.3 folds, respectively) against PaCa2 (pancreatic) cancer cell line relative to the standard reference used (Sunitinib). Additionally, compound 10b reveals antiproliferative properties against MCF7 (breast) cancer cell with IC50 close to that of Sunitinib. CAM testing reveals that compounds 6 and 10 demonstrated qualitative and quantitative decreases in blood vessel count and diameter with efficacy comparable to that of Sunitinib, supporting their anti-angiogenic properties. Kinase inhibitory properties support their multi-targeted inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 and c-kit in similar behavior to that of Sunitinib. Cell cycle analysis studies utilizing MCF7 exhibit that compound 6b arrests the cell cycle at G1/S phase while, 10b reveals accumulation of the tested cell at S phase. Compounds 6a and 10b reveal potent antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 with high selectivity index relative to the standards (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine). Safe profile of the potent synthesized agents, against normal cells (VERO-E6, RPE1), support the possible development of better hits based on the attained observations.
The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Evaluating in vitro biological activities of the medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus, Metacord... more Evaluating in vitro biological activities of the medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus, Metacordyceps neogunnii, and Dictyophora indusiata n-hexane extracts revealed their capabilities as promising therapeutic sources. By assessing their DPPH radical scavenging activities, D. indusiata extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (87.8±1.2%) followed by H. erinaceus, then M. neogunnii 84.9±1.6%, and 77.3±1.3%, respectively. On the other hand, M. neogunnii extract exerted promising anticolon cancer (68.6±3.6% cytotoxicity) against HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines at concentration 100 μg/mL, whereas H. erinaceus and D. indusiata extracts exhibited weaker cytotoxic effects (18.3±1.7%, and 19.3±3.2%, respectively) using the same concentration. Investigating cholesterol reduction activities (CRA%) of the extracts revealed that activity depends on both extract concentration and incubation period. After 96 h of incubation at room temperature, all extracts exerted potent in vitro hypocholesterolemic activities (100±0% reduction in cholesterol concentration). Performing GC-Ms analyses on the extracts revealed presence of 22 compounds in D. indusiata extract, while 29 compounds were detected in M. neogunnii extract, and 33 in H. erinaceus extract. Most of compounds were esters of fatty acids. Results in this study encourage using these mushrooms as functional foods, and highlight the need for conducting further in vivo studies to support their use in pharmaceutical industry.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
RSC Advances
Dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] were regioselectively synthesized revealin... more Dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] were regioselectively synthesized revealing cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) inhibitory properties.