Xiao-ping Chen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Xiao-ping Chen

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

COVID-19 has prompted diverse responses from governments and created an extreme context for organ... more COVID-19 has prompted diverse responses from governments and created an extreme context for organizations to operate. In this context, company leaders face fluctuated macrolevel policies, endure physical separation from their members, and must rely on virtual communication to conduct teamwork. Yet little is known about what and how leader communication can be effective in inducing team creativity to survive the extreme context. Building on the affective events theory and the literature on media richness, we develop a theoretical model explicating how leaders' rich (as opposed to lean) virtual communication can mitigate the negative impact of stringent government responses to COVID-19 on work team creativity via a sequential mediation process: first by inhibiting team anxiety and then by facilitating team information elaboration. Data from a three-stage eight-day longitudinal field experiment, in combination with an experience sampling method with 251 employees, on a chain preschool in eight Chinese cities, provide strong support for the hypothesized model.

Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2004

Guanxi (personal connection) has been identified as a necessary condition to do business successf... more Guanxi (personal connection) has been identified as a necessary condition to do business successfully in China. In this paper, we seek a clear conceptual understanding of this prevalent construct and propose a three-stage model of guanxi development so as to stimulate systematic research in this area. Our conceptual and theoretical discussion of guanxi bases, guanxi objectives, and the operating principles at different stages of guanxi development will also help practitioners to use guanxi more effectively.

Academy of Management Journal, 2002

The relationship between perceived participative decision making and employee performance was exa... more The relationship between perceived participative decision making and employee performance was examined in matched samples of employees from the Hong Kong and U.S. branches of one organization. Self-efficacy in regard to participating in decisions and idiocentrism moderated the relationship between perceived participative decision-making opportunity and individual performance. Perceptions of the participation efficacy of a work unit and allocentrism moderated the relationship between participative decision-making opportunity cuid group performance. Idiocentrism and allocentrism appeared to explain regional differences in how participative decision making and efficacy perceptions interacted to predict performance.

Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2010

This editorial essay addresses the importance of independent thinking in the process of developin... more This editorial essay addresses the importance of independent thinking in the process of developing outstanding scholarship. Through analysing the difficulties of maintaining independent thinking in the Chinese culture, the paper proposes four approaches: understanding the power of the minority; transforming outside pressure into intrinsic motivation; listening with an open mind; and developing a passion for research.

Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2008

In this conceptual article we present a critical analysis of close guanxi, i.e., close personal c... more In this conceptual article we present a critical analysis of close guanxi, i.e., close personal connections, in terms of their negative externalities on organizations. We adopt a social dilemma perspective and examine how close guanxi parties, while cooperative toward each other, may nevertheless defect against the organization, causing negative externalities. We contend that relationalism exacerbates such negative effects of close guanxi and propose various institutional mechanisms and individual variables that can reduce them. Finally, we discuss research and practical implications of solving social dilemmas of close guanxi in Chinese organizations and strong ties in Western organizations.

The Academy of Management Review, 2003

We propose a social dilemma approach to cooperation induction in multiparty alliances. We first e... more We propose a social dilemma approach to cooperation induction in multiparty alliances. We first establish that managing the inherent tension between cooperation and competition in alliances is essentially a social dilemma, where an individually rational but socially defecting choice may lead to a higher payoff for an individual partner but where, once all partners adopt such a strategy, the alliance will fail. We then develop propositions on how partners can improve their chances for cooperation, and we discuss the limitations of the social dilemma approach and its implications for future research.

International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2007

In this study we examined how perceived group norm and group identity influence individual cooper... more In this study we examined how perceived group norm and group identity influence individual cooperative behavior in a public goods dilemma across cultural settings. Six hundred and eight students in the United States and People's Republic of China participated in a laboratory experiment in which group norm and group identity were manipulated and the individual cultural orientations of idiocentrism and allocentrism were measured. We found that idiocentrism and allocentrism moderated the relationship between perceived group norm and cooperation but not between group identity and cooperation. In particular, members who endorsed allocentrism to a greater extent cooperated more when they perceived a more cooperative group norm than did members who endorsed lower levels of allocentrism. On the other hand, people scored high on idiocentrism cooperated less when perceiving a more cooperative norm than did people scored low on idiocentrism. The results suggest that allocentrics are not cooperative in every context but are rather highly sensitive to social cues whereas idiocentrics, while tending to behave in a way that maximizes personal outcomes at the expense of the group, are also somewhat aloof to the situation.

Adopting the theoretical framework of social exchange, the authors used the two dominant Confucia... more Adopting the theoretical framework of social exchange, the authors used the two dominant Confucian values-hierarchy and relationalism-to theorize the mediating role of affective trust in the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employee in-role and extra-role performance in the Chinese organizational context. Data from 601 supervisor-subordinate dyads of 27 companies in a Taiwanese conglomerate revealed that while the benevolence and morality dimensions of paternalistic leadership are positively associated with both in-role and extra-role performance, the authoritarian paternalistic leadership dimension is negatively related to subordinate performance. Furthermore, affective trust mediated the relationship between benevolent and moral paternalistic leadership and employee performance but 1 Acknowledgements: We thank Bruce Avolio for his constructive comments on an earlier draft of this article. We also thank Action Editor Mark Griffin and the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback on this article.

The Journal of social psychology, Jan 27, 2017

In this research we examine the phenomenon of egocentric reciprocity, where individuals protect s... more In this research we examine the phenomenon of egocentric reciprocity, where individuals protect self-interest by adopting an eye-for-an-eye strategy in negatively imbalanced exchanges, and by taking advantage of overly generous treatment in positively imbalanced exchanges. We conducted two experiments using a modified ultimatum game examining attitudinal and behavioral responses to imbalanced exchanges. The experiments allowed us to explore the moderating role of relational closeness (i.e., whether the game partner was a friend or a stranger) and the mediating role of anger and indebtedness in these moderated relationships. Our results consistently demonstrate the phenomenon of egocentric reciprocity. Most importantly, this research reveals that friendship places a boundary on this egocentric tendency, and that the effects may partially be explained by anger experienced in response to exchange.

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2001

This article investigates the relationship between culture, personality, and deception in a simul... more This article investigates the relationship between culture, personality, and deception in a simulated international management negotiation at multiple levels of analysis. `Deception' was operationalized here as the propensity to lie and bribe. As predicted, at the cultural level the results from a scenario study with 1583 participants from eight cultures suggested that cultural collectivism was positively related to reported use of deception in negotiations, and to greater emotional reactions (i.e. guilt, shame, and disgust) after the use of deception. At the individual level, however, the personality variable of allocentrism (consisting of behaviors found in collectivist cultures) was negatively related to the use of deception. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1994

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1999

Drawing from research on social norms, we proposed and tested the hypothesis that people behave m... more Drawing from research on social norms, we proposed and tested the hypothesis that people behave more competitively in social dilemmas involving economic decisions compared to those involving noneconomic decisions. We also proposed that people would compete more if they see that others have unexpectedly competed in a prior situation and cooperate more when others have unexpectedly cooperated in a previous situation. Further, we hypothesized that if others behave consistently with expectations, such behaviors (either cooperative or competitive) would not affect subsequent behavior. One hundred ninety-five undergraduate students participated in an experiment in which they made choices in two different social dilemma games. Results support the hypotheses, and the discussion addresses the implications of the study for research on social norms and decision making.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2003

... between the choices of COP, COM, and IND participants in the Prisoner&#x27;s Dilemma,... more ... between the choices of COP, COM, and IND participants in the Prisoner&#x27;s Dilemma, Chicken, Trust ... it was found that compared to the position assignment of participants in a sequential socialdilemma ... their levels of tolerance for free-riding in a public goods dilemma, our second ...

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014

Management and Organization Review, 2008

Adopting a dynamic view ofguanxi,we investigated how the closeness in Chinese coworker relationsh... more Adopting a dynamic view ofguanxi,we investigated how the closeness in Chinese coworker relationship changes as a function of interpersonal incidents, exploring factors such as the prior closeness level as well as the valence and job relevance of the incident. Two studies of PRC managers probed the content and dynamics of their coworker relationships. Results indicate that such relationships mix affective and instrumental ties. A key finding about changes is that the increase in closeness created by positive incidents was greater when the prior relationship was distant, and the decrease created by negative incidents was greater when the prior relationship was close. The implications of these findings for theory development and futureguanxiresearch are discussed.

Management and Organization Review, 2011

Chinese people are known to be strong in dialectical thinking – a cognitive tendency toward the a... more Chinese people are known to be strong in dialectical thinking – a cognitive tendency toward the acceptance of contradiction. Based on this finding, we conceptualized cooperative and competitive orientation as two distinct constructs that represent individual beliefs about and attitudes toward the nature of their relationship with others. We hypothesized that as stable individual differences, cooperative and competitive orientation would have differential effects on people's cognition and behaviour. Adopting a contextualization approach to Chinese management research, we developed a seven-item cooperative orientation scale and a six-item competitive orientation scale that demonstrated high reliabilities and validities. A laboratory experiment using the response latency method showed that people scoring higher on cooperative orientation responded significantly faster toward words of a cooperative nature, whereas people scoring higher on competitive orientation responded significan...

Management and Organization Review, 2009

Social exchange theory has provided the dominant basis for understanding exchange relationships i... more Social exchange theory has provided the dominant basis for understanding exchange relationships in organizational settings. Despite its predominance within the management field, there are a number of unaddressed issues. This special issue seeks to further social exchange research in work settings. We differentiate social from economic exchange and highlight the moderating role of cultural and individual differences in explaining the outcomes associated with social exchange relationships. We introduce the ideas of content, process, and mixed models of exchange to reflect the different emphases given to the amount and type of resources exchanged, the quality of the relationship, and a combination of both. The five papers in this special issue illustrate these models. We discuss the applicability of social exchange theory across cultural contexts and present suggestions for future research.

Management and Organization Review, 2013

In this article we review research on Chineseguanxiand social networking in the past twenty years... more In this article we review research on Chineseguanxiand social networking in the past twenty years and identify the major perspectives, theories, and methodologies used inguanxiresearch at micro and macro levels. We summarize the main findings of over 200 journal articles onguanxiresearch in terms of its conceptual definitions and measurements, its antecedents and consequences, and its dynamics and processes. Furthermore, we identify the gaps between different levels ofguanxiresearch and discuss future directions to advance our understanding of the complex and intricateguanxiphenomenon.

Journal of International Business Studies, 2005

Journal of Applied Psychology, 2012