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1.1 Nonverbal behavior as nonverbal communication Much of what social psychologists think about n... more 1.1 Nonverbal behavior as nonverbal communication Much of what social psychologists think about nonverbal behavior derives from a proposal made more than a century ago by Charles Darwin. In The expression of the emotions in man and animals (Darwin,1872), he posed the question: Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do? Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted, bare our teeth and narrow our eyes when enraged, and stare wide-eyed when we are transfixed by fear? Darwin's answer was that we do these things primarily because they are vestiges of serviceable associated habits — behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions. For a species that attacked by biting, baring the teeth was a necessary prelude to an assault; wrinkling the nose reduced the inhalation of foul odors; and so forth. But if facial expressions reflect formerly functional behaviors, why have they persisted when they no longer serve thei...
Psychological Review, 1972
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1995
Psychological Science, 1996
In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficul... more In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficulty of lexical access, speakers were videotaped as they described animated action cartoons to a listener When speakers were permitted to gesture, they gestured more often during phrases with spatial content than during phrases with other content Speech with spatial content was less fluent when speakers could not gesture than when they could gesture, speech with nonspatial content was not affected by gesture condition Preventing gesturing increased the relative frequency of nonjuncture filled pauses in speech with spatial content, but not in speech with other content Overall, the effects of preventing speakers from gesturing resembled those of increasing the difficulty of lexical access by other means, except that the effects of gesture restriction were specific to speech with spatial content The findings support the hypothesis that gestural accompaniments to spontaneous speech can facilit...
Language and Gesture
Observers of human behavior have long been fascinated by the gestures that accompany speech, and ... more Observers of human behavior have long been fascinated by the gestures that accompany speech, and by the contributions to communication they purportedly make. 1 Yet, despite this long-standing fascination, remarkably little about such gestures is well understood. The list of things we don't understand is long, but some of the most important open questions concern their form and function: why do different gestures take the particular form they do, and what it is that these ubiquitous behaviors accomplish? Traditionally, answers to the function question have focused on the communicative value of gesture, and that view is at least implicit in most contemporary
Abstract—In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the... more Abstract—In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficulty of lexical access, speakers were videotaped as they described animated action cartoons to a listener. When speakers were permitted to gesture, they gestured more often during phrases with spatial content than during phrases with other content. Speech with spatial content was less fluent when speakers could not gesture than when they couid gesture; speech with nonspatial content was nol affected by gesture condition. Preventing gesturing increased the relative frequency of nonjuncture filled pauses in speech with spatial content, but not in speech with other content. Overall, the effects of preventing speakers from gesturing resembled those of increasing the difficulty of lexical access by other means, except that the effects of gesture restriction were specific to speech with spatial content. The findings support the hypothesis that gestural accompaniments to spontaneous spee...
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of Chinese CHI, 2015
1.1 Nonverbal behavior as nonverbal communication Much of what social psychologists think about n... more 1.1 Nonverbal behavior as nonverbal communication Much of what social psychologists think about nonverbal behavior derives from a proposal made more than a century ago by Charles Darwin. In The expression of the emotions in man and animals (Darwin,1872), he posed the question: Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do? Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted, bare our teeth and narrow our eyes when enraged, and stare wide-eyed when we are transfixed by fear? Darwin's answer was that we do these things primarily because they are vestiges of serviceable associated habits — behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions. For a species that attacked by biting, baring the teeth was a necessary prelude to an assault; wrinkling the nose reduced the inhalation of foul odors; and so forth. But if facial expressions reflect formerly functional behaviors, why have they persisted when they no longer serve thei...
Psychological Review, 1972
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1995
Psychological Science, 1996
In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficul... more In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficulty of lexical access, speakers were videotaped as they described animated action cartoons to a listener When speakers were permitted to gesture, they gestured more often during phrases with spatial content than during phrases with other content Speech with spatial content was less fluent when speakers could not gesture than when they could gesture, speech with nonspatial content was not affected by gesture condition Preventing gesturing increased the relative frequency of nonjuncture filled pauses in speech with spatial content, but not in speech with other content Overall, the effects of preventing speakers from gesturing resembled those of increasing the difficulty of lexical access by other means, except that the effects of gesture restriction were specific to speech with spatial content The findings support the hypothesis that gestural accompaniments to spontaneous speech can facilit...
Language and Gesture
Observers of human behavior have long been fascinated by the gestures that accompany speech, and ... more Observers of human behavior have long been fascinated by the gestures that accompany speech, and by the contributions to communication they purportedly make. 1 Yet, despite this long-standing fascination, remarkably little about such gestures is well understood. The list of things we don't understand is long, but some of the most important open questions concern their form and function: why do different gestures take the particular form they do, and what it is that these ubiquitous behaviors accomplish? Traditionally, answers to the function question have focused on the communicative value of gesture, and that view is at least implicit in most contemporary
Abstract—In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the... more Abstract—In a within-subjects design that varied whether speakers were allowed to gesture and the difficulty of lexical access, speakers were videotaped as they described animated action cartoons to a listener. When speakers were permitted to gesture, they gestured more often during phrases with spatial content than during phrases with other content. Speech with spatial content was less fluent when speakers could not gesture than when they couid gesture; speech with nonspatial content was nol affected by gesture condition. Preventing gesturing increased the relative frequency of nonjuncture filled pauses in speech with spatial content, but not in speech with other content. Overall, the effects of preventing speakers from gesturing resembled those of increasing the difficulty of lexical access by other means, except that the effects of gesture restriction were specific to speech with spatial content. The findings support the hypothesis that gestural accompaniments to spontaneous spee...
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of Chinese CHI, 2015