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Papers by alaa ibrahim

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Al-Azhar Journal of Dental Science

Objectives: In primary teeth, the clinical success of pulpectomy depends on the eradication of pa... more Objectives: In primary teeth, the clinical success of pulpectomy depends on the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms from the infected canals. Thus, this study was directed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of citric acid and chitosan in comparison with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on E. faecalis. Subjects and Methods: A total of 30 children aged between 4-7 years were included in the present study. The enrolled children had primary carious teeth that were indicated for pulpectomy treatment. The involved teeth were categorized into three main groups according to the type of irrigant solution; 6% citric acid (A), 6% chitosan (B), and 1% NaOCl (C). Then each main group was further subdivided into non-activated (A1, B1, and C1) or ultrasonic activated (A2, B2, and C2). E. faecalis count was carried out using a colony-forming unit (CFU). Results: All tested irrigants with and without activation showed a significant reduction in E. faecalis count. The ultrasonic activation significantly improves the antibacterial effect of the tested irrigant. In comparison between the tested irrigants, there was a significant difference. The higher reduction in E. faecalis count was recorded with 1% NaOCl followed by 6% chitosan. The use of 6% citric acid has a lower effect among the tested irrigants. Conclusion: Activation of irrigant solution significantly improves their antibacterial effect. chitosan has a significant effect on the reduction of E. faecalis count. Citric acid cannot be used alone as an irrigant solution.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Autism Research, 2022

Prevalence estimates of autism are essential for informing public policy, raising awareness, and ... more Prevalence estimates of autism are essential for informing public policy, raising awareness, and developing research priorities. Using a systematic review, we synthesized estimates of the prevalence of autism worldwide. We examined factors accounting for variability in estimates and critically reviewed evidence relevant for hypotheses about biological or social determinants (viz., biological sex, sociodemographic status, ethnicity/race, and nativity) potentially modifying prevalence estimates of autism. We performed the search in November 2021 within Medline for studies estimating autism prevalence, published since our last systematic review in 2012. Data were extracted by two independent researchers. Since 2012, 99 estimates from 71 studies were published indicating a global autism prevalence that ranges within and across regions, with a median prevalence of 100/10,000 (range: 1.09/10,000 to 436.0/10,000). The median male-to-female ratio was 4.2. The median percentage of autism cases with co-occurring intellectual disability was 33.0%. Estimates varied, likely reflecting complex and dynamic interactions between patterns of community awareness, service capacity, help seeking, and sociodemographic factors. A limitation of this review is that synthesizing methodological features precludes a quality appraisal of studies. Our findings reveal an increase in measured autism prevalence globally, reflecting the combined effects of multiple factors including the increase in community awareness and public health response globally, progress in case identification and definition, and an increase in community capacity. Hypotheses linking factors that increase the likelihood of developing autism with variations in prevalence will require research with large, representative samples and comparable autism diagnostic criteria and case-finding methods in diverse world regions over time. Lay Summary We reviewed studies of the prevalence of autism worldwide, considering the impact of geographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors on prevalence estimates. Approximately 1/100 children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder around the world. Prevalence estimates increased over time and varied greatly within and across sociodemographic groups. These findings reflect changes in the definition of autism and differences in the methodology and contexts of prevalence studies.

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2021

Introduction: Asymptomatic individuals could be a source of spreading the infection, especially i... more Introduction: Asymptomatic individuals could be a source of spreading the infection, especially in their households. Triaging and testing an individual for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection rely on the criteria included in the adopted triaging instrument, and adopted case definition of a suspected case. They both may need to be reviewed and modified to make them more effective in making the right decision. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to find out the effectiveness of triaging instrument and the case definition used in the fever clinic (FC) in one of our primary care centers. The data of 630 randomly selected participants who were tested in our center between April 12 and August 12 2020 were analyzed. Results: About 36.8% of the 630 tested participants were positive for COVID-19. Symptomatic patients were 3.93 (95% CI; 2.58, 5.98; P < 0.001) times more likely to test positive than asymptomatic ones. The participants with a history of contact with a COVID-19 confirmed case were 1.47 (95% CI; 1.03, 2.10; P = 0.032) times more likely to test positive compared to those without such history. Symptomatic with and without history of contact were 8.40 (95% CI; 3.23, 21.86; P < 0.001) and 4.91 (95% CI; 1.84, 13.09; P < 0.001) times more likely to test positive compared to asymptomatic contact, respectively. Moreover, patients with comorbidity were also 1.85 (95% CI; 1.31, 2.60; P < 0.001) times more likely to test positive than healthy ones. The mean of the number of the households, and the mean of the number of households tested positive significantly exceeded the means of those tested negative by 1.03 (95% CI; 0.48, 1.57; P < 0.001), and 0.98 (95% CI; 0.68, 1.28; P < 0.001), respectively. From the studied triaging items only symptoms, comorbidities, and the number of households tested positive were independently associated with testing positive. Moreover, from studied symptoms, only fever, cough, myalgia, and loss of taste and smell were independently associated with testing positive. Finally, from the studied comorbidities, only diabetes mellitus was independently associated with testing positive. Conclusion: At the time of outbreak and pandemic, people get worried and need to be reassured, and contacts would then seek testing. However, resources including manpower, material, and money need to be protected and used wisely. Thus, the adoption of an evidence-based updated testing policy is crucially needed. Furthermore, early identification of the potential sources of the infection is also crucially needed to control the spreading of the infection.

Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2021

Soil structure which refers to aggregates and pore characteristics, reflects the spatial arrangem... more Soil structure which refers to aggregates and pore characteristics, reflects the spatial arrangement of soil particles and is a key component for crop yield and soil health. Wellformed soil structure has favorable pore size distribution, which supports soil water flow and retention and healthy plant growth. Compost and biochar, important organic amendments, have a potential to influence soil structure, but their effects on specific soil types and soil properties have not been fully investigated. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the additions of compost and/or date palm biochar on selected soil water indicators and pore size distribution of a loamy sand soil using disturbed soil samples. Statistical parameters of pore size distribution properties such as, standard deviation (SD), kurtosis and skewness, modal diameter (d mode), median diameter (d median), and mean diameter (d mean) as well as plant available water capacity (PAWC), available soil water capacity (ASWC), saturated soil water content (θ vs) and measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat) were measured and evaluated. The results showed that the d mode , d median , d mean , SD, skewness and kurtosis values for untreated soil (control) were 31.6 μm, 25.8 μm, 23.5 μm, 3.3,-0.16 and 1.14, respectively. Biochar, compost and a mixture of biocharcompost additions to a loamy sand soil significantly reduced d mode , d median and d mean values in comparison with non-amended soil. Application of these amendments increased PAWC and ASWC and reduced K sat of the loamy sand soil, significantly. Biochar-compost mixture has the most significant effect on improving soil water retention and PAWC.

Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2020

Original Research Article Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the standard tool for the imaging o... more Original Research Article Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the standard tool for the imaging of pituitary gland. The aim of the study was to characterize the shape of the pituitary gland in relation to age and sex. Methodology: A cross sectional prospective analytical study of the pituitary glands of Sudanese people, the data was collected from 301 Sudanese subjects (123 males' percent 40.9% and 178 females' percent 59.1%) who underwent MRI examination for brain. Results the females gender are the big frequency distribution than males among study sample. The convex shape appear in females more than males in the age group 20-29 years old the concave shape appear in age group between 40-49 and 50-60, the flat appear in age group 20-29, partial empty in age group 30-39, the only one empty case appear in female in age group 40-49.Concolusion the pituitary gland can be accurately determined by using MRI and should be correlated with the patient's age and sex for further correlation.

Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 2020

Following the extraction of juice from lime fruits, the peels are dried and utilized in the produ... more Following the extraction of juice from lime fruits, the peels are dried and utilized in the production of pectin. Different dehydration methods are used to dry lime peels. These methods have great impact on the yield and the quality of the resultant pectin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drying methods (hot air oven, microwave and Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) on the chemical composition of lime peels, and the extracted pectin. The results showed that DIC dried lime peels had the highest moisture content (12.80%), ash content (4.58%) and fiber content (26.83%). The highest pectin yield (25.77%) was obtained from the DIC dehydrated lime peels. The ash content of pectin samples ranged from 2.61% to 3.0%. Pectin extracted from DIC dried peels (DP) had the highest galactuornic acid content (86.82%). Degree of esterification of extracted pectin was 69.18%, 67.90% and 68.50% for oven dried lime peels (OP), microwave dried lime peels (MP) and DIC dried lime peels (DP), respectively. Therefore, all pectin samples were classified as high ester pectin. The extracted pectin samples were used to make strawberry jam and compared to commercial pectin. The results showed also that viscosity values of jam made by extracted pectin were higher than jam made by commercial pectin. The highest value of viscosity was found in jam made with oven pectin (OP) being 480 cp, then jam with DIC pectin (DP) being 472 cp, and then jam with microwave pectin (MP) being 450 cp. Sensory evaluation of jam samples showed that jam made with (DP) had the highest score in respect to colour and texture. Strawberry jams made with OP and DP were characterized by the highest score in respect to odour, taste and over all acceptability.

Zagazig University Medical Journal, 2020

Background: Nitric Oxide (NO), Xanthine Oxidase (XOD), and Malonylaldehyde (MAD) are likely impli... more Background: Nitric Oxide (NO), Xanthine Oxidase (XOD), and Malonylaldehyde (MAD) are likely implicated in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. The high lipid content of the brain makes it prone to oxidative stress. Aim of the study: Evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers in children experiencing febrile convulsions and idiopathic epilepsy. Methods: This is a case-control study that enrolled 99 children of ages ranging from 0.5 to 6 years, conducted at Zagazig University Pediatric Hospital from April 2016 to March 2019. These children were divided into 3 groups: group I included 33 children with a history of febrile convulsions, group II included 33 children diagnosed with new idiopathic epilepsy & a control group III included 33 healthy children of similar age & gender. NO, XOD and MAD levels were measured in fasting blood serum samples of the patients and controls. Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the studied groups as regards the demographic data. Neurological deficit and abnormal EEG pattern were observed only among group II. The levels of NO and XOD were significantly increased in the febrile and idiopathic groups compared to the control group. There was no significant statistical difference between the studied groups as regards MAD levels. Conclusions: The neurological deficit and the abnormal EEG pattern were observed only among children with idiopathic epilepsy. Although NO and XOD levels were increased in children experiencing febrile convulsions and idiopathic epilepsy, there was no difference in MAD levels among the three groups.

The Journal of the University of Duhok, 2019

In this paper, we suggested a modified conjugate gradient method for training neural network whic... more In this paper, we suggested a modified conjugate gradient method for training neural network which assurance the descent and the sufficient descent conditions. The global convergence of our proposed method has been studied. Finally, the test results present that, in general, the modified method is more superior and efficient when compared to other standard conjugate gradient methods.

Canadian Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2019

Scientific Journal of October 6 University, 2017

Diazinon and Malathion are organophosphorus insecticides, widely used in some countries, for exam... more Diazinon and Malathion are organophosphorus insecticides, widely used in some countries, for example Egypt. Suicidal death due to swallowing of any of them could occur. In our study, thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography/mass detection (GC/MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were used to detect Diazinon and Malathion in the stomach content, stomach wall, blood and the internal wash of the bottle that the victim drank from.

Zagazig University Medical Journal, 2019

Introduction: Attention deficit hyper activity disorder (ADHD), is the most prevalent neurodevelo... more Introduction: Attention deficit hyper activity disorder (ADHD), is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood, which is characterized by the presence of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity, EEG is the substrate of brain activity underlying cognition and behavior. Objective: To detect the abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in patients with ADHD also to find the relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom severity and results of EEG. Method: sixty patients of ADHD and 60 age and sex matched control were evaluated with EEG to detect abnormal waves. Results: Patients with ADHD show abnormal EEG results in the form of background slowing in3 patients (5%) and epileptiform discharge in 19 patients (32%) frontal slowing in 13 patients(22%) normal EEG in 25 patients (42%). Conclusion: There is increased low frequency activity and decreased high frequency activity in children with ADHD, this may aid as an

The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society, Jan 21, 2018

Distal limb fracture is the most common cause of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), thus the ... more Distal limb fracture is the most common cause of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), thus the rodent tibia fracture model (TFM) was developed to study CRPS pathogenesis. This comprehensive review summarizes the published TFM research and compares these experimental results with the CRPS literature. The TFM generated spontaneous and evoked pain behaviors, inflammatory symptoms (edema, warmth), and trophic changes (skin thickening, osteoporosis) resembling symptoms in early CRPS. Neuropeptides, inflammatory cytokines, and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been linked to pain behaviors, inflammation, and trophic changes in the TFM model and proliferating keratinocytes were identified as the primary source of cutaneous cytokines and NGF. Tibia fracture also activated spinal glia and upregulated spinal neuropeptide, cytokine, and NGF expression, and in the brain it changed dendritic architecture. B cell-expressed immunoglobulin M antibodies also contributed to pain behavior, indicating a...

Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2016

In this paper, a new formula of is suggested for conjugate gradient method of solving unconstrain... more In this paper, a new formula of is suggested for conjugate gradient method of solving unconstrained optimization problems based on step size of Barzilai and Borwein. Our new proposed CG-method has descent condition, sufficient descent condition and global convergence properties. Numerical comparisons with a standard conjugate gradient algorithm show that this algorithm very effective depending on the number of iterations and the number of functions evaluation.

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 2017

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a commonly encountered problem in patients with cancer. In recent... more Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a commonly encountered problem in patients with cancer. In recent years, cancer treatment paradigm has shifted with most therapy offered in ambulatory outpatient settings. Excess of half VTEs in patients with cancer occur in outpatient settings without prior hospitalization, where current practice guidelines do not recommend routine prophylaxis. Risk assessment models (RAMs) for VTE in such patients were recently introduced. This study aims to assess the practical application of one of these models in clinical practice. Medical records and hospital electronic database were searched for patients with cancer having VTE. Known risk factors were collected, and risk assessment was done using the Khorana RAM. Over a 10-year period, 346 patients developed VTE in ambulatory settings. Median age was 57 and 59.0% were females. Lower extremities were involved in 196 (56.6%), while 96 (27.7%) had pulmonary embolism. Most (76.6%) patients had stage IV disease, onl...

Indian Heart Journal, 2015

Proceedings 12th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering

Abstract Verification and validation (V&amp;amp;V) tasks, as applied to software specific... more Abstract Verification and validation (V&amp;amp;V) tasks, as applied to software specifications, enable early detection of analysis and design flaws prior to implementation. Several fault injection techniques for software V&amp;amp;V are proposed at the code level. In this paper, we address V&amp;amp;V analysis methods based on fault injection at the software specification level. We present a fault model and a fault injection process for UML dynamic specifications. We use a case study based on a cardiac pacemaker for illustrating the developed approach.

Fourth Huntsville gamma-ray burst symposium, 1998