Ali A . Al-allaq - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ali A . Al-allaq

Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 2024

Purpose Bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by infection, tumors... more Purpose
Bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by infection, tumors, and trauma. Recently, tissue engineering has been experimenting with some alternatives to existing conventional scaffold materials, with metal as an important example. As a part of developing clinically relevant in vivo testing models to evaluate metal biomaterials to be used for bone defect repair, it is essential to establish clinically relevant in vivo testing models to determine their degradation, interaction, and biocompatibility with host tissue.

Methods
Providing a comprehensive review of the capabilities of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) as suitable bone replacement biomaterials, this study conducted a systematic search in order to develop a new method of bone regeneration based on the analysis of in vivo findings.

Results
For this study, 67 references were analyzed, which included studies that examined the biological activity and corrosion resistance of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys. In some studies, functional coatings with bioactive materials were shown to facilitate bone formation when compared to implants that were not coated. Additionally, other studies indicate that alloys can be modified or synthesized with other composite materials to produce biodegradable, bioactive, and biocompatible scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties.

Conclusion
Based on the findings of this review, titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility, osteocompatibility, and corrosion resistance, making them potentially suitable for use in bone tissue engineering.

Future Works
It is possible that other types of metals and improved scaffold compositions may be used in future studies to improve osseointegration with natural bone, to provide a potential load-bearing implant, and to control degradation more effectively.

Lay Summary
Animal models were used in this review investigation to evaluate metal implants used for bone tissue engineering, considering interactions with biological tissue, osteoconductivity, and degradation abilities. As a result of the many studies discussed in this review, several methods have been explored for improving the properties of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys. The coating of alloy surfaces with bioactive materials (such as calcium and phosphorus) may enhance their biological properties effectively. Additionally, titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys have the potential to be utilized as biodegradable, bioactive, and biocompatible scaffolds thereby making them potentially useful in bone tissue engineering application

POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS , 2024

In a common scenario, bone fractures have a self-healing function with free-surgical intervention... more In a common scenario, bone fractures have a self-healing function with free-surgical intervention.
However, some fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave behind remnant deformation that
requires biomaterials for replacement. The aim of this study is to develop a new composite 3D
scaffold for bone regeneration and replacement composed of calcium zirconate (CaZrO3), hydro
xyapatite (HA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer. Different 3D scaffolds were fabri
cated by mixing 90, 80, 70, and 60 wt. % PMMA with HA and CaZrO3 nanoparticles in different
concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were applied to characterize the 3D composite scaffold
properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds were investigated
using Brazilian diametral fracture test. It was found that incorporating a uniform distribution of HA
nanoparticles significantly increased the surface roughness of the composite scaffold.
Furthermore, the fracture strength of the fabricated 3D scaffolds showed a remarkable improve
ment of 86% in the sample containing 90% PMMA, 7% HA, and 3% CaZrO3 compared to the sample
devoid of CaZrO3. Our findings strongly indicate that integrating hybrid CaZrO3-HA nanoparticles
into PMMA polymer for the production of 3D composite scaffolds holds significant promise for
bone tissue applications, potentially enhancing their efficacy and performance.

InternatIonal Journal of PolymerIc materIals and PolymerIc BIomaterIals, 2024

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are integrated into a poly (methyl methac... more In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are integrated into a poly (methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) biocomposite, stabilized with calcium oxide (CaO).
This research aims to pave the way for further optimization of the biocomposite for targeted
applications in bone tissue engineering. The incorporation of MWCNTs is intended to enhance the
mechanical properties and bioactivity of the composite, making it a suitable candidate for bone
reconstruction. Comprehensive analyses were conducted using field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize the structural
and chemical changes in the biocomposite during immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). These
analyses revealed a significant formation of a robust apatite layer on the composite surface after
three days of immersion. Notably, the rate of apatite formation accelerated with the incorporation
of MWCNTs, indicating an enhancement in the bioactivity of the composite. The study findings
demonstrate that an MWCNT-reinforced PMMA/ZrO2–CaO composite exhibits excellent
biocompatibility, as well as accelerated bioactivity. These properties are crucial for bone tissue
engineering applications, where materials must integrate seamlessly with natural bone and support
new bone formation. The results confirm the potential of this advanced biocomposite as a promising
biomaterial for bone replacement procedures, offering improved performance over traditional
materials.

International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials , 2024

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve ... more Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve the clinical practice of repairing large bone defects associated with surgical resections, congenital malformations, and trauma. The scaffolds are designed to stimulate a biological response, including cell interactions, and guide tissue regeneration by functioning as artificial biomimetic extracellular matrixes. Polymeric biomaterials are suitable for bone tissue engineering since they possess both chemical and physical properties, enabling the control of shape, morphology, and biodegradability, which makes them suitable for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. In vivo animal models were studied for collagen, chitosan, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), the four most common polymers employed in bone tissue engineering. Through analysis of the results of this review, the in vivo studies can provide a large-scale evaluation of the possibility of achieving optimal bone-forming capabilities and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, the review will serve as an essential reference for bone tissue engineering applications as well as contribute to the development of novel in vivo investigations

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.

Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. ... more Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. There is a developing requirement for synthesizing biomaterials for bone repair or substitute due to the predominance of bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis. In this study, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) of (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) wt.% and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt.% were incorporated into hydroxyapatite (40) wt.% to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. These samples were characterized by XRD, Field Emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical properties with tensile strength and hardness test. Homogeneous, better distribution of the fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through XRD, FESEM, and AFM examinations. The result showed improved approximately (3.1 times) compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNT) in the tensile test. Also, the microhardness improves approximate 24% compared to pure samples HA/ HDPE. Based on the experimental results, the synthesis HA/ HDPE/MWCNT bio-composites prepared to have excellent characteristics that make them suitable application as a substitute material for bone repair.

Science of Advanced Materials

After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requ... more After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requiring surgical correction associated with additive risks, such as deep infection and double fracture. The development of synthesized biomaterials for bone replacement or repair, as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis, bone fracture, and bone cancer, is therefore of significant importance. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) to the (PMMA/ZrO2–CaO) bio-composites to fabricate a new hybrid biocomposite system for bone recovery and replacement applications. Four groups of composite samples were produced PMMA/(0, 5, 10, 15, 20)% weights of ZrO2–CaO and adding (0, .1, 0.25, 0.5, 1)% weights of (MWCNTs) to each group. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fracture strength tests were performed to evaluate the samples’ properties. A number of the most significant char...

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 2013

The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to determine the characteristics of synovial... more The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to determine the characteristics of synovial fluid film region by modeling the human ankle joint to obtain an analytical expression for the pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, coefficient of friction and reduction of synovial film thickness with time of approach. Thus in order to reach a comprehensive analysis of the human ankle joint lubrication, variable behavior of synovial fluid during different time of joint activities and the influences of articular cartilage has to be taken into account. The behavior of the synovial fluid has been assumed to be isothermal, shear thinning and non-Newtonian couple stress fluid. The model of ankle joint has been taken geometrically and kinematically as a partial porous journal bearing under the action of hydrodynamic squeeze film lubrication. Typical geometrical and physical values of the ankle joint were acquired from measured values reported in literature. The problem of ankle joint lubrication has been solved numerically for various couple stress fluid parameters together with effect of varying the porosity of the articular cartilage. It has been shown , in the presence of porous articular cartilage, and by assuming the synovial fluid to be a non-Newtonian shear thinning couple stress fluid that the , pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, synovial film thickness with time of approach increased and a reduction coefficient of friction in the hydrodynamic squeeze action in the ankle joint resulted.

Science of Advanced Materials, 2023

After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requ... more After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requiring surgical correction associated with additive risks, such as deep infection and double fracture. The development of synthesized biomaterials for bone replacement or repair, as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis, bone fracture, and bone cancer, is therefore of significant importance. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) to the (PMMA/ZrO2–CaO) bio-composites to fabricate a new hybrid biocomposite system for bone recovery and replacement applications. Four groups of composite samples were produced PMMA/(0, 5, 10, 15, 20)% weights of ZrO2–CaO and adding (0, .1, 0.25, 0.5, 1)% weights of (MWCNTs) to each group. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fracture strength tests were performed to evaluate the samples’ properties. A number of the most significant char...

Nano Select, 2023

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usual... more The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone-forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large-scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.

Nano Select, 2022

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usual... more The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone-forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large-scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.

Engineering and Technology Journal

The heart is the most important muscular organ in human's body, which pumps blood through the art... more The heart is the most important muscular organ in human's body, which pumps blood through the arteries to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients. The heart is supplied by the coronary blood vessel; therefore, the effect of aneurysm and stenosis in left coronary artery on the velocity of blood, wall shear stress of artery and mass flow rate of blood have been investigated in this study. The simulation program (ANSYS Fluent) was used to execute the numerical study. Typical geometry of left coronary artery and physiological parameters of human blood values were obtained from measured values reported in literature. The problem of the effect of the aneurysm and stenosis on the human blood stream has been solved numerically under three conditions, healthy artery and two infected cases (30%, 50%) percentage of aneurysm in left main stem (LMS) and stenosis in left anterior descending (LAD). It has been shown, in stenosis region that the velocity of blood will suffer fast flowing and an increase in the shear stress on the artery wall, in contrast with the aneurysm case, blood velocity becomes slow and low wall shear stress. Also irregularity was shown in mass flow rate of blood in the left coronary artery which suffers from aneurysm and stenosis compared with healthy artery.

Materiale Plastice, 2022

The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotu... more The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles to the (Hydroxyapatite /High-density polyethylene) bio-composites. In this investigation, the samples with various percentages of (MWCNTs) were fabricated by a hot-press technique. The morphological characteristics, roughness of the surface and thermal properties of the bio-composite samples (HA/HDPE/MWCNTs) were investigated. The excellent homo-geneous distribution of the internal fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through FE-SEM and AFM examinations. The degree of crystallinity showed that the (MWCNTs) additives enhance by an increase of approximately (35%), compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNTs). Based on the experimental results obtained, the fabrication of the presented bio-composites sample exhibited the excellent characteristics that make them promising material for biomedic...

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 2017

The diabetic foot is considered one of the long term diabetes complications caused by nerve syste... more The diabetic foot is considered one of the long term diabetes complications caused by nerve system. This requires dealing with diabetic foot in advanced stages which could end to gangrene and amputation of the foot. follow-up of twelve patients with diabetes and the them was chosen for investigation, this patient has stenosis in popliteal artery and presence multiple stenosis in superficial femoral artery. This study based on analysis present case of p superficial femoral artery till arrive semi total occlusion of lower limb. The geometrical values of the artery and stenosis were acquired measured di angiography device. The disease of gangrene and artery stenosis in diabetic foot has been investigated by using simulation program (ANSYS Fluent CFD). The results of original artery diameter in the healthy patient case are presented and compared with present and healthy case (without stenosis). It has been appeared, with presence assuming the blood to be a Newtonian fluid, a significant increase in the blood velocity and wall shear stress in the area of stenosis compared with non stenosis region. The blood flow rate was decreased constrained as the degree of increased and vice versa. Peak blood velocity is about (0.88) m/sec for healthy stenosis (current case).The maximum velocity values were (10.36 The maximum wall shear stress at the stenosis region varies from (1094) pa in the 75% stenosis to (15916) pa in the 90% stenosis against a values of (6.36, 380.5) pa in the healthy arter

Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 2021

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.

Materiali in tehnologije, 2021

In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with various percentages (0.6%, 1%, 1.... more In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with various percentages (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) were combined into ​and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt. % and hydroxyapatite (40) wt. % to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. The surface topography by AFM images illustrates differences in the roughness of the sample's surface with different adding percentages of MWCNT. The DSC technique exhibits the effect of adding MWCNT in different percentages with the degree of crystallinity, which its effect on mechanical properties for samples. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by immersion the samples in Ringer's solution as simulated body fluid (SBF) at (0, 3, 6, 9, 12) days (after immersing). The FE-SEM and EDx image explained the apatite layers formation on the sample's surface after 3 days immersed in Ringer solution. Based on XRD Technique, after immersion days in the Ringer solution, the crystallographic structure of hydroxyapatite is formed...

Materiali in tehnologije /, 2021

In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various percentages including 0.... more In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various percentages including 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 2 % were combined into high-density polyethylene (HDPE 60 w/%) and hydroxyapatite (HA 40 w/%) to form a biocomposite, using hot-press techniques. The surface topography shown by AFM images illustrates the differences in the roughness of the samples' surfaces with different percentages of added MWCNTs. The DSC technique exhibits the effect of adding MWCNTs in different percentages, creating a degree of crystallinity that affects the mechanical properties of the samples. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by immersing the samples in Ringer's solution acting as simulated body fluid (SBF) for (0, 3, 6, 9, 12) d. The FE-SEM and EDX image explained the HA layers formed on a sample's surface after 3 d in Ringer's solution. Based on the XRD technique, after being immersed in Ringer's solution, the HA crystallographic structure forms monetite. The enhancement of bioactivity was shown during the incorporation of MWCNTs into the HA/HDPE composite. These results exhibited excellent indications of biocompatibility properties with a possibility of making promising biomaterials for making bone-substitute applications. Keywords: bone-tissue engineering, biomaterials, bone scaffold V pri~ujo~em~lanku avtorji opisujejo izdelavo biokompozita s tehniko vro~ega stiskanja. Kompozit je bil izdelan z matrico iz 60 w/% visoko gostega polietilena (HDPE) in 40 w/% hidroksiapatita (HA; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). Kot oja~itvena faza je bila uporabljena razli~na vsebnost (0,6, 1, 1,4 in 2 w/%) ve~-stenskih ogljikovih nano-cev~ic (MWCNT). Slike povr{inske topografije kompozita dobljene s pomo~jo mikroskopije na atomsko silo (AFM; Atom force Microscopy), ka`ejo razlike v hrapavosti povr{ine glede na vsebnost dodanih MWCNT. Diferencialna vrsti~na kalorimetrija (DSC) je pokazala vpliv dodatka MWCNT na stopnjo kristalini~nosti kompozita, kar vpliva na njegove mehanske lastnosti. Avtorji~lanka so dolo~evali bioaktivnost kompozita in vitro s postopkom potapljanja vzorcev za 3, 6, 9 in 12 dni v Ringerjevo raztopino, ki simulira telesno teko~ino (SBF; angl.: simulated body fluid). S pomo~jo vrsti~ne elektronske mikroskopije (FE-SEM) in rentgenske energijske disperzijske spektroskopije (EDX) so pojasnili plasti HA, ki so nastale na povr{ini vzorcev po tri dnevnem zadr`evanju vzorcev kompozita v Ringerjevi raztopini. Po potapljanju vzorcev v Ringerjevo raztopino so s pomo~jo XRD tehnike ugotovili, da ima HA kristalografsko strukturo monetita. Z dodatkom MWCNT v HA/HDPE biokompozit se je pove~ala njegova bioaktivnost. To ka`e na odli~no biokompatibilnost tega kompozita in mo`nost njegove uporabe kot kostnega nadomestka. Klju~ne besede: in`eniring kostnih tkiv, biomateriali, kostni gradnik

MATERIALE PLASTICE, 2022

The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotu... more The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles to the (Hydroxyapatite /High-density polyethylene) biocomposites. In this investigation, the samples with various percentages of (MWCNTs) were fabricated by a hot-press technique. The morphological characteristics, roughness of the surface and thermal properties of the bio-composite samples (HA/HDPE/MWCNTs) were investigated. The excellent homogeneous distribution of the internal fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through FE-SEM and AFM examinations. The degree of crystallinity showed that the (MWCNTs) additives enhance by an increase of approximately (35%), compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNTs). Based on the experimental results obtained, the fabrication of the presented bio-composites sample exhibited the excellent characteristics that make them promising material for biomedical application as a substitute material for hard tissue likes bone reconstruction.

Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2021

Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. ... more Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. There is a developing requirement for synthesizing biomaterials for bone repair or substitute due to the predominance of bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis. In this study, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) of (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) wt.% and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt.% were incorporated into hydroxyapatite (40) wt.% to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. These samples were characterized by XRD, Field Emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical properties with tensile strength and hardness test. Homogeneous, better distribution of the fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through XRD, FESEM, and AFM examinations. The result showed improved approximately (3.1 times) compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNT) in the tensile test. Also, the microhardness improves approximate 24% compared to pure samples HA/ HDPE. Based on the experimental results, the synthesis HA/ HDPE/MWCNT bio-composites prepared to have excellent characteristics that make them suitable application as a substitute material for bone repair.

Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2021

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.

Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 2024

Purpose Bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by infection, tumors... more Purpose
Bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by infection, tumors, and trauma. Recently, tissue engineering has been experimenting with some alternatives to existing conventional scaffold materials, with metal as an important example. As a part of developing clinically relevant in vivo testing models to evaluate metal biomaterials to be used for bone defect repair, it is essential to establish clinically relevant in vivo testing models to determine their degradation, interaction, and biocompatibility with host tissue.

Methods
Providing a comprehensive review of the capabilities of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) as suitable bone replacement biomaterials, this study conducted a systematic search in order to develop a new method of bone regeneration based on the analysis of in vivo findings.

Results
For this study, 67 references were analyzed, which included studies that examined the biological activity and corrosion resistance of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys. In some studies, functional coatings with bioactive materials were shown to facilitate bone formation when compared to implants that were not coated. Additionally, other studies indicate that alloys can be modified or synthesized with other composite materials to produce biodegradable, bioactive, and biocompatible scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties.

Conclusion
Based on the findings of this review, titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility, osteocompatibility, and corrosion resistance, making them potentially suitable for use in bone tissue engineering.

Future Works
It is possible that other types of metals and improved scaffold compositions may be used in future studies to improve osseointegration with natural bone, to provide a potential load-bearing implant, and to control degradation more effectively.

Lay Summary
Animal models were used in this review investigation to evaluate metal implants used for bone tissue engineering, considering interactions with biological tissue, osteoconductivity, and degradation abilities. As a result of the many studies discussed in this review, several methods have been explored for improving the properties of titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys. The coating of alloy surfaces with bioactive materials (such as calcium and phosphorus) may enhance their biological properties effectively. Additionally, titanium (Ti) and magnesium (Mg) alloys have the potential to be utilized as biodegradable, bioactive, and biocompatible scaffolds thereby making them potentially useful in bone tissue engineering application

POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS , 2024

In a common scenario, bone fractures have a self-healing function with free-surgical intervention... more In a common scenario, bone fractures have a self-healing function with free-surgical intervention.
However, some fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave behind remnant deformation that
requires biomaterials for replacement. The aim of this study is to develop a new composite 3D
scaffold for bone regeneration and replacement composed of calcium zirconate (CaZrO3), hydro
xyapatite (HA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer. Different 3D scaffolds were fabri
cated by mixing 90, 80, 70, and 60 wt. % PMMA with HA and CaZrO3 nanoparticles in different
concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were applied to characterize the 3D composite scaffold
properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds were investigated
using Brazilian diametral fracture test. It was found that incorporating a uniform distribution of HA
nanoparticles significantly increased the surface roughness of the composite scaffold.
Furthermore, the fracture strength of the fabricated 3D scaffolds showed a remarkable improve
ment of 86% in the sample containing 90% PMMA, 7% HA, and 3% CaZrO3 compared to the sample
devoid of CaZrO3. Our findings strongly indicate that integrating hybrid CaZrO3-HA nanoparticles
into PMMA polymer for the production of 3D composite scaffolds holds significant promise for
bone tissue applications, potentially enhancing their efficacy and performance.

InternatIonal Journal of PolymerIc materIals and PolymerIc BIomaterIals, 2024

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are integrated into a poly (methyl methac... more In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are integrated into a poly (methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) biocomposite, stabilized with calcium oxide (CaO).
This research aims to pave the way for further optimization of the biocomposite for targeted
applications in bone tissue engineering. The incorporation of MWCNTs is intended to enhance the
mechanical properties and bioactivity of the composite, making it a suitable candidate for bone
reconstruction. Comprehensive analyses were conducted using field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize the structural
and chemical changes in the biocomposite during immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). These
analyses revealed a significant formation of a robust apatite layer on the composite surface after
three days of immersion. Notably, the rate of apatite formation accelerated with the incorporation
of MWCNTs, indicating an enhancement in the bioactivity of the composite. The study findings
demonstrate that an MWCNT-reinforced PMMA/ZrO2–CaO composite exhibits excellent
biocompatibility, as well as accelerated bioactivity. These properties are crucial for bone tissue
engineering applications, where materials must integrate seamlessly with natural bone and support
new bone formation. The results confirm the potential of this advanced biocomposite as a promising
biomaterial for bone replacement procedures, offering improved performance over traditional
materials.

International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials , 2024

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve ... more Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve the clinical practice of repairing large bone defects associated with surgical resections, congenital malformations, and trauma. The scaffolds are designed to stimulate a biological response, including cell interactions, and guide tissue regeneration by functioning as artificial biomimetic extracellular matrixes. Polymeric biomaterials are suitable for bone tissue engineering since they possess both chemical and physical properties, enabling the control of shape, morphology, and biodegradability, which makes them suitable for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. In vivo animal models were studied for collagen, chitosan, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), the four most common polymers employed in bone tissue engineering. Through analysis of the results of this review, the in vivo studies can provide a large-scale evaluation of the possibility of achieving optimal bone-forming capabilities and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, the review will serve as an essential reference for bone tissue engineering applications as well as contribute to the development of novel in vivo investigations

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.

Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. ... more Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. There is a developing requirement for synthesizing biomaterials for bone repair or substitute due to the predominance of bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis. In this study, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) of (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) wt.% and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt.% were incorporated into hydroxyapatite (40) wt.% to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. These samples were characterized by XRD, Field Emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical properties with tensile strength and hardness test. Homogeneous, better distribution of the fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through XRD, FESEM, and AFM examinations. The result showed improved approximately (3.1 times) compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNT) in the tensile test. Also, the microhardness improves approximate 24% compared to pure samples HA/ HDPE. Based on the experimental results, the synthesis HA/ HDPE/MWCNT bio-composites prepared to have excellent characteristics that make them suitable application as a substitute material for bone repair.

Science of Advanced Materials

After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requ... more After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requiring surgical correction associated with additive risks, such as deep infection and double fracture. The development of synthesized biomaterials for bone replacement or repair, as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis, bone fracture, and bone cancer, is therefore of significant importance. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) to the (PMMA/ZrO2–CaO) bio-composites to fabricate a new hybrid biocomposite system for bone recovery and replacement applications. Four groups of composite samples were produced PMMA/(0, 5, 10, 15, 20)% weights of ZrO2–CaO and adding (0, .1, 0.25, 0.5, 1)% weights of (MWCNTs) to each group. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fracture strength tests were performed to evaluate the samples’ properties. A number of the most significant char...

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 2013

The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to determine the characteristics of synovial... more The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to determine the characteristics of synovial fluid film region by modeling the human ankle joint to obtain an analytical expression for the pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, coefficient of friction and reduction of synovial film thickness with time of approach. Thus in order to reach a comprehensive analysis of the human ankle joint lubrication, variable behavior of synovial fluid during different time of joint activities and the influences of articular cartilage has to be taken into account. The behavior of the synovial fluid has been assumed to be isothermal, shear thinning and non-Newtonian couple stress fluid. The model of ankle joint has been taken geometrically and kinematically as a partial porous journal bearing under the action of hydrodynamic squeeze film lubrication. Typical geometrical and physical values of the ankle joint were acquired from measured values reported in literature. The problem of ankle joint lubrication has been solved numerically for various couple stress fluid parameters together with effect of varying the porosity of the articular cartilage. It has been shown , in the presence of porous articular cartilage, and by assuming the synovial fluid to be a non-Newtonian shear thinning couple stress fluid that the , pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, synovial film thickness with time of approach increased and a reduction coefficient of friction in the hydrodynamic squeeze action in the ankle joint resulted.

Science of Advanced Materials, 2023

After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requ... more After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requiring surgical correction associated with additive risks, such as deep infection and double fracture. The development of synthesized biomaterials for bone replacement or repair, as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis, bone fracture, and bone cancer, is therefore of significant importance. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) to the (PMMA/ZrO2–CaO) bio-composites to fabricate a new hybrid biocomposite system for bone recovery and replacement applications. Four groups of composite samples were produced PMMA/(0, 5, 10, 15, 20)% weights of ZrO2–CaO and adding (0, .1, 0.25, 0.5, 1)% weights of (MWCNTs) to each group. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fracture strength tests were performed to evaluate the samples’ properties. A number of the most significant char...

Nano Select, 2023

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usual... more The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone-forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large-scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.

Nano Select, 2022

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usual... more The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone-forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large-scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.

Engineering and Technology Journal

The heart is the most important muscular organ in human's body, which pumps blood through the art... more The heart is the most important muscular organ in human's body, which pumps blood through the arteries to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients. The heart is supplied by the coronary blood vessel; therefore, the effect of aneurysm and stenosis in left coronary artery on the velocity of blood, wall shear stress of artery and mass flow rate of blood have been investigated in this study. The simulation program (ANSYS Fluent) was used to execute the numerical study. Typical geometry of left coronary artery and physiological parameters of human blood values were obtained from measured values reported in literature. The problem of the effect of the aneurysm and stenosis on the human blood stream has been solved numerically under three conditions, healthy artery and two infected cases (30%, 50%) percentage of aneurysm in left main stem (LMS) and stenosis in left anterior descending (LAD). It has been shown, in stenosis region that the velocity of blood will suffer fast flowing and an increase in the shear stress on the artery wall, in contrast with the aneurysm case, blood velocity becomes slow and low wall shear stress. Also irregularity was shown in mass flow rate of blood in the left coronary artery which suffers from aneurysm and stenosis compared with healthy artery.

Materiale Plastice, 2022

The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotu... more The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles to the (Hydroxyapatite /High-density polyethylene) bio-composites. In this investigation, the samples with various percentages of (MWCNTs) were fabricated by a hot-press technique. The morphological characteristics, roughness of the surface and thermal properties of the bio-composite samples (HA/HDPE/MWCNTs) were investigated. The excellent homo-geneous distribution of the internal fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through FE-SEM and AFM examinations. The degree of crystallinity showed that the (MWCNTs) additives enhance by an increase of approximately (35%), compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNTs). Based on the experimental results obtained, the fabrication of the presented bio-composites sample exhibited the excellent characteristics that make them promising material for biomedic...

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 2017

The diabetic foot is considered one of the long term diabetes complications caused by nerve syste... more The diabetic foot is considered one of the long term diabetes complications caused by nerve system. This requires dealing with diabetic foot in advanced stages which could end to gangrene and amputation of the foot. follow-up of twelve patients with diabetes and the them was chosen for investigation, this patient has stenosis in popliteal artery and presence multiple stenosis in superficial femoral artery. This study based on analysis present case of p superficial femoral artery till arrive semi total occlusion of lower limb. The geometrical values of the artery and stenosis were acquired measured di angiography device. The disease of gangrene and artery stenosis in diabetic foot has been investigated by using simulation program (ANSYS Fluent CFD). The results of original artery diameter in the healthy patient case are presented and compared with present and healthy case (without stenosis). It has been appeared, with presence assuming the blood to be a Newtonian fluid, a significant increase in the blood velocity and wall shear stress in the area of stenosis compared with non stenosis region. The blood flow rate was decreased constrained as the degree of increased and vice versa. Peak blood velocity is about (0.88) m/sec for healthy stenosis (current case).The maximum velocity values were (10.36 The maximum wall shear stress at the stenosis region varies from (1094) pa in the 75% stenosis to (15916) pa in the 90% stenosis against a values of (6.36, 380.5) pa in the healthy arter

Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 2021

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.

Materiali in tehnologije, 2021

In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with various percentages (0.6%, 1%, 1.... more In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with various percentages (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) were combined into ​and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt. % and hydroxyapatite (40) wt. % to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. The surface topography by AFM images illustrates differences in the roughness of the sample's surface with different adding percentages of MWCNT. The DSC technique exhibits the effect of adding MWCNT in different percentages with the degree of crystallinity, which its effect on mechanical properties for samples. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by immersion the samples in Ringer's solution as simulated body fluid (SBF) at (0, 3, 6, 9, 12) days (after immersing). The FE-SEM and EDx image explained the apatite layers formation on the sample's surface after 3 days immersed in Ringer solution. Based on XRD Technique, after immersion days in the Ringer solution, the crystallographic structure of hydroxyapatite is formed...

Materiali in tehnologije /, 2021

In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various percentages including 0.... more In this investigation, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various percentages including 0.6, 1, 1.4 and 2 % were combined into high-density polyethylene (HDPE 60 w/%) and hydroxyapatite (HA 40 w/%) to form a biocomposite, using hot-press techniques. The surface topography shown by AFM images illustrates the differences in the roughness of the samples' surfaces with different percentages of added MWCNTs. The DSC technique exhibits the effect of adding MWCNTs in different percentages, creating a degree of crystallinity that affects the mechanical properties of the samples. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by immersing the samples in Ringer's solution acting as simulated body fluid (SBF) for (0, 3, 6, 9, 12) d. The FE-SEM and EDX image explained the HA layers formed on a sample's surface after 3 d in Ringer's solution. Based on the XRD technique, after being immersed in Ringer's solution, the HA crystallographic structure forms monetite. The enhancement of bioactivity was shown during the incorporation of MWCNTs into the HA/HDPE composite. These results exhibited excellent indications of biocompatibility properties with a possibility of making promising biomaterials for making bone-substitute applications. Keywords: bone-tissue engineering, biomaterials, bone scaffold V pri~ujo~em~lanku avtorji opisujejo izdelavo biokompozita s tehniko vro~ega stiskanja. Kompozit je bil izdelan z matrico iz 60 w/% visoko gostega polietilena (HDPE) in 40 w/% hidroksiapatita (HA; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). Kot oja~itvena faza je bila uporabljena razli~na vsebnost (0,6, 1, 1,4 in 2 w/%) ve~-stenskih ogljikovih nano-cev~ic (MWCNT). Slike povr{inske topografije kompozita dobljene s pomo~jo mikroskopije na atomsko silo (AFM; Atom force Microscopy), ka`ejo razlike v hrapavosti povr{ine glede na vsebnost dodanih MWCNT. Diferencialna vrsti~na kalorimetrija (DSC) je pokazala vpliv dodatka MWCNT na stopnjo kristalini~nosti kompozita, kar vpliva na njegove mehanske lastnosti. Avtorji~lanka so dolo~evali bioaktivnost kompozita in vitro s postopkom potapljanja vzorcev za 3, 6, 9 in 12 dni v Ringerjevo raztopino, ki simulira telesno teko~ino (SBF; angl.: simulated body fluid). S pomo~jo vrsti~ne elektronske mikroskopije (FE-SEM) in rentgenske energijske disperzijske spektroskopije (EDX) so pojasnili plasti HA, ki so nastale na povr{ini vzorcev po tri dnevnem zadr`evanju vzorcev kompozita v Ringerjevi raztopini. Po potapljanju vzorcev v Ringerjevo raztopino so s pomo~jo XRD tehnike ugotovili, da ima HA kristalografsko strukturo monetita. Z dodatkom MWCNT v HA/HDPE biokompozit se je pove~ala njegova bioaktivnost. To ka`e na odli~no biokompatibilnost tega kompozita in mo`nost njegove uporabe kot kostnega nadomestka. Klju~ne besede: in`eniring kostnih tkiv, biomateriali, kostni gradnik

MATERIALE PLASTICE, 2022

The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotu... more The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles to the (Hydroxyapatite /High-density polyethylene) biocomposites. In this investigation, the samples with various percentages of (MWCNTs) were fabricated by a hot-press technique. The morphological characteristics, roughness of the surface and thermal properties of the bio-composite samples (HA/HDPE/MWCNTs) were investigated. The excellent homogeneous distribution of the internal fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through FE-SEM and AFM examinations. The degree of crystallinity showed that the (MWCNTs) additives enhance by an increase of approximately (35%), compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNTs). Based on the experimental results obtained, the fabrication of the presented bio-composites sample exhibited the excellent characteristics that make them promising material for biomedical application as a substitute material for hard tissue likes bone reconstruction.

Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2021

Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. ... more Due to the predominance diseases such as bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis Worldwide. There is a developing requirement for synthesizing biomaterials for bone repair or substitute due to the predominance of bone fracture, bone cancer, and osteoporosis. In this study, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) of (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%, 2%) wt.% and High-density polyethylene HDPE (60) wt.% were incorporated into hydroxyapatite (40) wt.% to form biocomposite using hot-press techniques. These samples were characterized by XRD, Field Emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical properties with tensile strength and hardness test. Homogeneous, better distribution of the fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through XRD, FESEM, and AFM examinations. The result showed improved approximately (3.1 times) compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNT) in the tensile test. Also, the microhardness improves approximate 24% compared to pure samples HA/ HDPE. Based on the experimental results, the synthesis HA/ HDPE/MWCNT bio-composites prepared to have excellent characteristics that make them suitable application as a substitute material for bone repair.

Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2021

The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fra... more The healing of bone fractures naturally occurs without surgical intervention. Some damage and fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave remnant deformation, and this requires the use of bone replacement material. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main element of the bone mineral form and consider as a bioactive material which supports bone growth. Nevertheless, the HA has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength. Thus the applications in bone replacement have been limited, especially in high load-bearing applications. A Carbone nanotube has newly obtained considerable concern because of their mechanical properties, potentially enhancing the bone implant's clinical efficiency. This study attempted to explain the effect of adding Multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT Nanoparticles to the HDPE/HA bio-composites. Two groups of the composites samples were produced 20HA/80 HDPE and 40 HA/ 60 HDPE with adding (0.6, 1, 1.4, 2) % weights of (MWCNT) to each group. The composites were fabricated using a hot pressing technique with various pressing pressures (29, 57, 86, and 114 Mpa) at a compounding temperature of 150 C° and a holding time of 15 minutes. To evaluate samples' characteristics and performance, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), tensile strength and, microhardness test were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid bio-composites demonstrated excellent structural integrity, homogeneous with the fibrous structure, and improved mechanical properties. When increasing in MWNT additions and increasing hot-press pressure, enhancing the composites' fracture strength and microhardness is beneficial. The excellent properties of hybrids bio-composite (HA/HDPE/MWCNT) samples for homogeneous fibrous structure and high mechanical properties could be applied in bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction.