anu gopal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by anu gopal

International Journal of Livestock Research, 2012

Timely diagnosis is a major hurdle in infectious diseases. Diagnosis cannot be awaited for satisf... more Timely diagnosis is a major hurdle in infectious diseases. Diagnosis cannot be awaited for satisfying Koch postulates, there comes the importance of DNA technologies. These methods can also be used for diagnosis of unculturable and non viable organisms rapidly. These methods are easy to be done and automation reduces labor.Applications of DNA technologies for diagnosis of several bacterial diseases are explained in this article

International Journal of Livestock Research, 2014

Johne's disease is chronic progressive enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobac... more Johne's disease is chronic progressive enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Organism is very sturdy in environment and young animals are more susceptible to the disease from infected carriers via contaminated milk, feed and colostrums. For the dairy industry, economic losses from Johne's disease are primarily due to premature disposal of animals and reduced milk production. Therefore, a vaccine that prevents animals from becoming infected would be an ideal goal and there is no proper test for the diagnosis, it is prudent to control the disease by immunization. There are mainly three types of vaccine, which are killed, modified live and subunit vaccine. Current vaccines could reduce the severity of infections but they are all failing to give sterile and long lasting immunity. So it is imperative that experimental studies should be conducted to produce an ideal vaccine candidate against MAP.

Journal of Surgical Research, 2017

Background: Our earlier studies demonstrated that topically applied substance P (SP) or curcumin ... more Background: Our earlier studies demonstrated that topically applied substance P (SP) or curcumin on excision skin wound accelerated the wound healing in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the wound healing potential of combination of SP and curcumin in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Open cutaneous excision wound was created on the back of each of the sixty diabetic rats. Wound inflicted rats were equally divided into three groups namely, control, gel-treated and SP + curcumin-treated. Normal saline, pluronic gel and SP (0.5 x 10-6 M) + curcumin (0.15%) were topically applied once daily for 19 days to these control, gel-treated and SP + curcumin groups, respectively. Results: SP + curcumin combination significantly accelerated wound closure and decreased mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and matrix metalloproteinase-9, whereas the combination markedly increased the expressions of interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, stromal cell-derived factors-1alpha, heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in granulation/healing tissue, as compared to control and gel-treated groups. In combination group, granulation tissue was better, as was evidenced by improved fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, microvessel density, growth associated protein-43 positive nerve fibers and thick regenerated epithelial layer.

Diabetes Technology &amp Therapeutics

Ricin is one of the most known toxic materials of plant origin. The 2007 Guinness World Records B... more Ricin is one of the most known toxic materials of plant origin. The 2007 Guinness World Records Book considers ricin the world's most potent plant toxin. It also possesses wide-ranging biological effects on higher organisms and it is a powerful inhibitor of cellular protein synthesis. Ricin is frequently therapeutically used in the construction of immunotoxins designed to kill specific target cells such as cancer cells. Some alkaloids such as nicotine, atropine and ergots have also shown various toxicities and side effects associated with their use. Instead of the various toxicities and side effects, these alkaloids have wide therapeutic potentials for various diseases. These have shown very good therapeutic potentials for the treating nicotine dependence, acetylcholinestrase poisoning, cardiac, respiratory and urinary affections, hyperhydrosis, pain, termination of labour, migraine, postural hypertension etc.

Cytokine, 2015

Substance P (SP) is known to stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblasts proliferation and expressions of... more Substance P (SP) is known to stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblasts proliferation and expressions of cytokines and growth factors involved in wound healing. However, SP level reduces in dermis in diabetics and, hence, it was hypothesized that exogenously applied SP could be helpful in improving wound healing in diabetic rats. Excision skin wound was created on the back of diabetic rats and rats were divided into three groups i.e. (i) saline-, (ii) gel-and (iii) SP-treated. Normal saline, pluronic gel and SP (10 À6 M) in gel were topically applied once daily for 19 days. SP treatment significantly increased the wound closure, levels of interleukin-10, and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, whereas it significantly decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and matrix metalloproteinases-9 in the granulation/healing tissue. The inflammatory cells were present for long time in normal saline-treated group. Histological evaluation revealed better extracellular matrix formation with marked fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in SP-treated group. Early epithelial layer formation, increased microvessel density and greater growth associated protein-43 positive nerve fibers were also evidenced in SP-treated group. In conclusion, SP treatment markedly accelerated cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

Science International, 2013

International wound journal, Jan 20, 2014

Bilirubin, a by-product of heme degradation, has an important role in cellular protection. Theref... more Bilirubin, a by-product of heme degradation, has an important role in cellular protection. Therefore, we speculated that bilirubin could be of potential therapeutic value in wound healing. To validate the hypothesis, we used a full-thickness cutaneous wound model in rats. Bilirubin (30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally every day for 9 days. The surface area of the wound was measured on days 0, 2, 4, 7 and 10 after the creation of the wound. The granulation tissue was collected on day 10 post-wounding for analysing various parameters of wound healing. Bilirubin treatment accelerated wound contraction and increased hydroxyproline and glucosamine contents. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were down-regulated and that of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) was up-regulated. The findings suggest that bilirubin could be a new agent for enhancing cutaneous wound hea...

Journal of Surgical Research, 2015

Neovasculogenesis, vital for wound healing, gets compromised in diabetics patients, which consequ... more Neovasculogenesis, vital for wound healing, gets compromised in diabetics patients, which consequently delayed wound healing. Previous studies have shown curcumin as both a stimulatory and an inhibitory agent in the neovasculogenesis process. So, present study was aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on wound healing in diabetic rats and to explore the expressions of the various factors involved in neovasculogenesis. Open excisional diabetic wound was created in sixty rats and divided into three groups viz. i) control, ii) pluronic gel-treated, and iii) curcumin-treated. The pluronic F-127 gel (25%) and curcumin (0.3%) in the pluronic gel were topically applied once daily for 19 d. The wound healing and neovasculogenesis among these groups were evaluated by gross appearance of wounds and microscopically by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry for CD31, messenger RNA expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1 alpha, stromal cell-derived growth factor-1 alpha, and heme oxygenase-1, and Western blotting studies of VEGF and TGF-β1 in granulation and/or healing tissue on days 3, 7, 14, and 19. Curcumin application caused markedly fast wound closure with well-formed granulation tissue dominated by fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and complete early regenerated epithelial layer. Immunohistochemistry for CD31 revealed well-formed blood vessels with increased microvessel density on days 3, 7, and 14 in the curcumin-treated group. Expressions of VEGF and TGF-β1 on days 3, 7, and 14, hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1 alpha, stromal cell-derived growth factor-1 alpha, and heme oxygenase-1 on days 3 and 7 were increased in curcumin-treated diabetic rats, as compared with other groups. Curcumin enhanced the neovasculogenesis and accelerated the wound healing in diabetic rats by increased expressions of various factors.

European Journal of Pharmacology, 2014

Copper possesses efficacy in wound healing which is a complex phenomenon involving various cells,... more Copper possesses efficacy in wound healing which is a complex phenomenon involving various cells, cytokines and growth factors. Copper nanoparticles modulate cells, cytokines and growth factors involved in wound healing in a better way than copper ions. Chitosan has been shown to be beneficial in healing because of its antibacterial, antifungal, biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric nature. In the present study, chitosan-based copper nanocomposite (CCNC) was prepared by mixing chitosan and copper nanoparticles. CCNC was applied topically to evaluate its wound healing potential and to study its effects on some important components of healing process in open excision wound model in adult Wistar rats. Significant increase in wound contraction was observed in the CCNC-treated rats. The up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1(TGF-β 1) by CCNCtreatment revealed its role in facilitating angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in CCNC-treated rats. Histological evaluation showed more fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition and intact re-epithelialization in CCNC-treated rats. Immunohistochemistry of CD31 revealed marked increase in angiogenesis. Thus, we concluded that chitosan-based copper nanocomposite efficiently enhanced cutaneous wound healing by modulation of various cells, cytokines and growth factors during different phases of healing process. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. body functions are compromised. To tide over such situations, a treatment modality is desired that speeds up the healing by actively regenerating the skin (dermis and epidermis). A recent study suggests that chitosan and its nanoparticles can inhibit skin aging and facilitates the extracellular matrix (ECM) in remodeling phase of wound healing (Leonida et al., 2011). The composites prepared using metal nanoparticles and polymers could find better utilization due to the enhanced antimicrobial Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

European Journal of Pharmacology, 2013

Significant social and financial burden due to wounds need newer drugs/formulations to speed up t... more Significant social and financial burden due to wounds need newer drugs/formulations to speed up the healing process. Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, is associated with release of various cytokines and growth factors from inflammatory, epithelial and endothelial cells. In the present study, temporal effects of topically applied SP (10 −7 M in normal saline) were evaluated in the modulation of various cytokines and growth factors that participate in cutaneous wound healing. Gross examination of full thickness open excision wound in rats revealed that once daily topical application of SP significantly increased the wound closure, as compared to control group. SP treatment significantly increased tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) and decreased interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels on day 3. On the contrary, on day 7 level of TNF-α decreased and that of IL-10 increased. The mRNA and protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1) increased on days 3 and 7, and decreased on day 14 in SP-treated wounds. Histopathological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin stained wound sections showed that SP treatment produced increased early leukocytes infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. Results of the present study demonstrate that topical application of SP enhanced wound healing by modulating cytokines, growth factors and cells. Based on the results, it is suggested that SP could be of beneficial use in diabetic wounds where levels of VEGF, TGF-β 1 and SP decrease along with impairment of inflammatory reaction.

Acta Histochemica, 2014

Pluronic F-127 gel is used as vehicle for various topical applications. In the present study, eff... more Pluronic F-127 gel is used as vehicle for various topical applications. In the present study, effects of topical application of pluronic F-127 gel were evaluated in cutaneous wound healing in Wistar rats. Normal saline solution and pluronic F-127 gel (25%) were applied topically on open excision wounds for 14 days. Photography, determination of percentage wound contraction, and collection of granulation tissue were done on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 post-wounding. Topical application of gel (once daily) significantly increased the wound closure on days 11 and 14. The gel application increased the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-␤ 1) on days 3 and 7. Histopathologically, more leukocyte infiltration followed by well formed granulation tissue with marked fibroblast proliferation was evident in the gel-treated group, as compared to the saline-treated control group. Immunohistochemistry of CD31 on day 7 revealed significant higher microvessel density in gel-treated wounds. Picrosirius staining demonstrated higher collagen fraction in gel-treated wounds. Thus, from the results, it could be concluded that pluronic F-127 gel has a mild inflammatory nature and enhanced the healing by stimulating expression of VEGF and TGF-␤ 1 .