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Papers by aung hein

Cureus

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-system necrotising vasculitis, particularly aff... more Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-system necrotising vasculitis, particularly affecting small vessels. Upper respiratory tracts, lungs and kidneys are common target organs, while cardiac involvement would also be the first and rare manifestation of the disease. In GPA with cardiac involvement, structures such as the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and conduction system could be involved. In the literature, there are reports of an association between autoimmune diseases and silica exposure. In our case, a 73-year-old sculptor with regular exposure to silica presented with pericarditis and was later diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This report provides additional evidence of an association between silica exposure and autoimmune vasculitis.

Cureus

Subacute cardiac tamponade is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians because the symptoms would be... more Subacute cardiac tamponade is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians because the symptoms would be nonspecific upon presentation. The onset of cardiac tamponade may vary depending on the rate of accumulation and compensatory mechanism of the fibroelastic pericardial sac. In the case of subacute tamponade with effusion without cardiac arrest, it is usually challenging for the clinician to make the decision for urgent drainage. Usually, cardiac tamponade is treated as a medical emergency, and it occurs when fluid accumulated in the pericardial sac compresses the heart causing haemodynamic compromise and cardiac arrest. In our case, a 40-year-old man presented with a seven-day history of significant shortness of breath. He presented to the emergency department and the chest X-ray showed a large cardiac silhouette, which suggested a large pericardial effusion. ECG revealed minor changes in the heights of QRS complexes. Point-of-care echocardiography showed a large pericardial effusion, and he was immediately admitted to the cardiac unit. Urgent departmental echocardiography confirmed massive pericardial effusion with features of subacute tamponade. The patient was sent to the cardiac catheterisation lab and a total of approximately 4.2 litres of pericardial effusion was drained, while he was closely monitored for the risk of rapid physiologic decompensation after drainage. Pericardial fluid culture did not show any evidence of microorganism growth. The connective tissue disease screen was negative. CT scan did not show any stigmata of occult malignancy or features of infection. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) polymerase chain reaction test was negative. He had rapid symptomatic improvement after the effusion was drained and recovery was uneventful. He was discharged from the hospital with a follow-up plan. We concluded that it was a case of subacute cardiac tamponade due to a massive pericardial effusion of idiopathic or subclinical viral causes. Clinical presentation of subacute cardiac tamponade could be easily missed, and a detailed assessment of the effusion with echocardiography was very helpful in making decisions for the management.

International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry

ORIGINAL RESEARCH some developing countries. The majority of dental schools in North America and ... more ORIGINAL RESEARCH some developing countries. The majority of dental schools in North America and Europe started offering predoctoral implant dentistry courses before 2000. 7,8 The purpose of this preliminary study is to assess the knowledge and perceptions of clinical year dental students attending at University of Dental Medicine, Yangon, Myanmar, toward dental implants and its treatment. Materials a n d Methods This study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the University of Dental Medicine, Yangon (ERC/UDMY/2019/007). In Myanmar, only two national dental universities under the Ministry introduction The dental implant has become a widely accepted treatment modality in the field of dentistry to rehabilitate patients with single, multiple, and/or complete edentulous sites. With an ever-increasing public awareness of the benefits of dental implantology, the popularity of dental implant rehabilitation will continue to increase in the future. 1 Consequently, implant treatments are increasingly involved in general dental practice. Although there remains a range of implant procedures that are provided by specialists, it is clear that implant dentistry will occupy a significant part of modern general dental practice. 2 Dentists are the primary source of patient information about dental implants, followed by friends and acquaintances, printed media, and health television channels. More patients look forward to their dentists providing them with sound information regarding implant treatment. 3,4 Dental implant treatment has become highly popular among patients, but patients' knowledge of implants does not reflect academic and evidence-based information. Faramarzi et al. 5 concluded that an acceptable number of patients had heard of dental implants as a treatment option for replacing missing teeth, with dentists being the main source of information. Every patient has the right to know complete information, including benefits, drawbacks, possible risks and complications, financial cost, longevity, and other alternatives to the treatment. Fresh dentists graduating from various dental schools should have a sound knowledge and comprehensive understanding of the implant treatment protocol so that they can appropriately guide their patients. 6 Predoctoral dental implant education is included in the curricula of dental schools in most of the developed and

The purpose of this policy brief is to provide national and state-level policymakers, private sec... more The purpose of this policy brief is to provide national and state-level policymakers, private sector investors, civil society and donors with an analysis of the rural economy of Mon State and pathways to improved prosperity for its population. The analysis is based on a representative survey (the Mon State Rural Household Survey 2015) of 1680 rural households, which comprise 73% of Mon State's 2 million residents, and extensive interviews with farmers, traders, processors, local leaders and government officials.

As it emerges from decades of military rule and international economic sanctions, the country of ... more As it emerges from decades of military rule and international economic sanctions, the country of Myanmar ranks among the least advanced economies on the South-East Asian peninsula. Low wages and lack of prospects have long prompted the Burmese to seek income opportunities in neighboring countries, but this outflow of labor force has greatly intensified over the past decade. In the migrant-sending economy, this can result in significant labormarket pressures which raise wages and erode farmer profits. Using primary household data from Mon State, a southern state neighboring Thailand, we provide insights into these phenomena. We document the extent of migration flows, finding that almost a third of the labor force of Mon State is currently away (mostly in Thailand). Regression estimates reveal a significant relationship between migration and wage levels. We use past propensity to migrate as an instrument for current migration to demonstrate that the relationship between migration and ...

Abstracts of the Annual Meetings, Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2013

To examine the association between consuming internet pornography and sexual attitude and percept... more To examine the association between consuming internet pornography and sexual attitude and perception of young urbanized Myanmar people from MMTCP facebook group. The cross sectional study was conducted from 23 February to 15 March, 2013. The systematic sampling method was applied in 312 respondents for quantitative research. The data was collected through online structured survey system by using SurveyMonkey. The data were clarified by applying descriptive statistics for interpretation of data and inferential statistic to exmine the association between independent variables and sexual attitude and perception scale by using Chi-square, T- test and ANOVA test. The result showed that the prevalence of sex related chat on social network was 27.2% among 283 respondents. There were 69 male and 8 female in this 27.2%. The prevalence of pornographic related pages on social networking channels was 87.3% .97.6% of male respondents and 58.7% of female respondents being exposed to these pages. ...

International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2022

Objectives: Following the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, our hospital... more Objectives: Following the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, our hospital experienced a Delta-linked ward cluster. In this study, we review the enhanced strategies in preventing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 following widespread community transmission of the Delta variant. Methods: We conducted a cohort study on exposures to unexpected COVID-19 cases for which contact tracing was initiated from June 2021 to October 2021. Strategies evaluated included upgraded personal protective equipment (PPE) and rostered routine testing (RRT) for staff and patients, surveillance of staff with acute respiratory illness (ARI), and expanded quarantining and testing for contacts of identified cases. Results: From 193 unexpected COVID-19 exposures, 2,573 staff, 542 patients, and 128 visitor contacts were traced. Four staff contacts subsequently had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Two were likely from exposure in community settings, whereas 2 had exposure to the same COVID-19 positive staff in the hospital, forming the only hospital cluster. One inpatient had a nosocomial infection, possibly from visitors. The SARS-CoV-2 detection rate among staff was 0.3% (of 11,200 staff) from biweekly RRT and 2.5% (of 3,675 staff) from ARI surveillance. Conclusion: Enhanced hospital measures, including upgraded PPE and RRT for staff and patients, staff sickness surveillance, and more rigorous management of contacts of COVID-19 cases, were likely to have reduced nosocomial transmission amid the Delta variant.

Residual ridge resorption is physiologically an inevitable consequence of tooth loss and denture ... more Residual ridge resorption is physiologically an inevitable consequence of tooth loss and denture wearing. The commonest problem of long term denture wearers is looseness or poor fitting of the dentures due to continuous alveolar resorption. Insufficient retention of prostheses may lead to poor masticatory efficiency and reduced patient satisfaction. In this study, the effectiveness of soft liner in 22 patients wearing poor fitting complete dentures was determined and soft lined dentures were compared with new dentures in retention, maximal biting force and patient satisfaction. Retention of all study dentures was evaluated by Kapur’s method, the maximal biting force was measured by using Unipulse Digital Bite Force Indicator and the patient satisfaction was assessed by modified Smith’s method. The differences in retention scores of old dentures and soft lined dentures, and old dentures and new dentures, were statistically significant (p 0.05). The maximal biting force was significan...

Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal, 2017

The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis to government, civil society, a... more The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis to government, civil society, and donors interested in improving the well-being of the rural population of Mon State, Myanmar. Specifically, the report analyzes the different sources of income for rural households, as well as their socioeconomic characteristics, with a view to helping identify constraints on growth and potential pathways to improving incomes. The overall picture that emerges is one of a struggling agricultural sector and an economy heavily dependent on services for local employment and on international migration for income. The analysis is based on a sample of 1,632 rural households, designed to be representative of rural households in Mon State as a whole. The survey included a household questionnaire and a community survey, and gathered information on demographics, all economic aspects of the household, and access to infrastructure and services at the community level.

Southeast Asia and the ASEAN Economic Community, 2019

After decades as pariah state, Myanmar embarked on a transition toward democracy in 2010 which cu... more After decades as pariah state, Myanmar embarked on a transition toward democracy in 2010 which culminated in the first free elections in 25 years in 2015. In parallel to political liberalization, the country also opened up and reformed economically. Foreign capital started flowing in, trade increased enormously, the financial sector expanded, private business began to flourish, and rapid economic growth ensued. Lately, however, the road of transition has become bumpier. Peace negotiations and national reconciliation are moving only slowly and the economic reform momentum has slowed. Myanmar’s economy continues to suffer from limited diversification, low productivity, and poor infrastructure. Regional and global economic integration has progressed but remained fairly shallow. This chapter notes various social indicators that have improved as well as shortcomings that persist.

Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, 2015

Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transfor... more Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transforming quickly. This brief presents findings from a new field survey of the farmed fish value chain that is more detailed and broader than any previous study conducted in Myanmar. Many of our findings are at odds with what we perceive as conventional wisdom about fish farming in Myanmar. The findings have important policy implications to unlock the sector’s full growth potential and food security contributions.

Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transfor... more Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transforming quickly. This study presents findings from a new field survey of the farmed fish value chain that is more detailed and broader than any previous study conducted in Myanmar. Many of our findings are at odds with what we perceive as conventional wisdom about fish farming in Myanmar. The findings have important policy implications to unlock the sector’s full growth potential and food security contributions.

Introduction: Lack of adequate sealing of the lateral canals can cause secondary infection lead t... more Introduction: Lack of adequate sealing of the lateral canals can cause secondary infection lead to root canal treatment failure. Root canal can be filled three dimensionally with heat-softened gutta-percha (GP) during obturation. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of heat only and heat with vibration obturation techniques, by measuring the percentage of GP penetration length inside at the three levels of simulated lateral canals within a root canal system. Methods: A quantity of 70 mandibular second premolar teeth was used in this experiment. Three simulated lateral canals with the diameter of 0.15mm at coronal, middle and apical third on the distal root surfaces were created. All created teeth were randomly divided into two groups as Group G1 and G2 (n=35). Main canal of teeth in both groups were prepared with K3 rotary file in crown-down technique. Irrigation was performed alternate use of 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA in both groups during canal shaping. G1 was obturated under heat only continuous wave of condensation technique using system B heat source. G2 was obturated with under heat and vibration technique using DownPak device. Filled teeth were radiographed at the bucco-lingual direction and all images were transformed into a digital format. Length of the simulated lateral canals and GP penetration inside the lateral canals (coronal, middle and apical thirds) were measured by VixWin Pro 2000 software and the GP percentages inside the canals were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. Results: Mean percentage length of GP revealed significantly higher at the apical third level of lateral canals (p<0.05) by the using of heat associated with vibration technique. Conclusions: Heat with vibration technique was found to be superior to heat only technique for obturation especially at the apical third level of root canal.

Technology is, now, looking for distributed applications to develop and increase its domains. Web... more Technology is, now, looking for distributed applications to develop and increase its domains. Web services are distributed components that provide functionality applications through network. They can be used by applications written in different languages, and performed in different platforms on different systems. The concept of Web services is essentially based on standard internet protocols, such as UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration), WSDL (Web Service Description Language) and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) which offer solutions for description, publication, discovery, and interoperability of Web services. However, the complex composition of Web services is not guaranteed by them, therefore, different approaches have been proposed to solve this problem. Current Web services composition approaches range from practical languages aspiring to become standard like Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) to theoretical model like Petri nets. In this paper, ...

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2020

Fig. 1. Staff acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters (primary axis) and staff absenteeism fro... more Fig. 1. Staff acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters (primary axis) and staff absenteeism from ARI (secondary axis) Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) and National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID) (epidemiological week 1 in 2019 to epidemiological week 27 in 2020).

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 2019

Web query classification is emphasized by various search engines nowadays due to the increase in ... more Web query classification is emphasized by various search engines nowadays due to the increase in the size of the web as millions of web pages are added to it every day. Web query classification is to classify a user query Q i into a list of n categories c i1 , c i2 , c in. Search result pages can be grouped according to the categories predicted by query classification method. Providing query classification can help the information providers to understand users' needs based on the categories searched by the users. To build the domain corpus, most of the query classification system use ontology, Wikipedia category source, graph database etc. In this system, graph database and ontology are built as domain corpus for query classification process by using Neo4j and Web Ontology Language (OWL). Web Query Classification Algorithm (WQCA) with five steps is implemented as a web service by using XML web service technology. Proposed system classifies each domain term of user query into their relevant categories according to this WQCA algorithm by using different domain corpus. Finally, this system compares the performance between Neo4j-based and OWL-based WQCA to show the effectiveness of using graph database in the query classification process.

Cureus

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-system necrotising vasculitis, particularly aff... more Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-system necrotising vasculitis, particularly affecting small vessels. Upper respiratory tracts, lungs and kidneys are common target organs, while cardiac involvement would also be the first and rare manifestation of the disease. In GPA with cardiac involvement, structures such as the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and conduction system could be involved. In the literature, there are reports of an association between autoimmune diseases and silica exposure. In our case, a 73-year-old sculptor with regular exposure to silica presented with pericarditis and was later diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This report provides additional evidence of an association between silica exposure and autoimmune vasculitis.

Cureus

Subacute cardiac tamponade is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians because the symptoms would be... more Subacute cardiac tamponade is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians because the symptoms would be nonspecific upon presentation. The onset of cardiac tamponade may vary depending on the rate of accumulation and compensatory mechanism of the fibroelastic pericardial sac. In the case of subacute tamponade with effusion without cardiac arrest, it is usually challenging for the clinician to make the decision for urgent drainage. Usually, cardiac tamponade is treated as a medical emergency, and it occurs when fluid accumulated in the pericardial sac compresses the heart causing haemodynamic compromise and cardiac arrest. In our case, a 40-year-old man presented with a seven-day history of significant shortness of breath. He presented to the emergency department and the chest X-ray showed a large cardiac silhouette, which suggested a large pericardial effusion. ECG revealed minor changes in the heights of QRS complexes. Point-of-care echocardiography showed a large pericardial effusion, and he was immediately admitted to the cardiac unit. Urgent departmental echocardiography confirmed massive pericardial effusion with features of subacute tamponade. The patient was sent to the cardiac catheterisation lab and a total of approximately 4.2 litres of pericardial effusion was drained, while he was closely monitored for the risk of rapid physiologic decompensation after drainage. Pericardial fluid culture did not show any evidence of microorganism growth. The connective tissue disease screen was negative. CT scan did not show any stigmata of occult malignancy or features of infection. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) polymerase chain reaction test was negative. He had rapid symptomatic improvement after the effusion was drained and recovery was uneventful. He was discharged from the hospital with a follow-up plan. We concluded that it was a case of subacute cardiac tamponade due to a massive pericardial effusion of idiopathic or subclinical viral causes. Clinical presentation of subacute cardiac tamponade could be easily missed, and a detailed assessment of the effusion with echocardiography was very helpful in making decisions for the management.

International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry

ORIGINAL RESEARCH some developing countries. The majority of dental schools in North America and ... more ORIGINAL RESEARCH some developing countries. The majority of dental schools in North America and Europe started offering predoctoral implant dentistry courses before 2000. 7,8 The purpose of this preliminary study is to assess the knowledge and perceptions of clinical year dental students attending at University of Dental Medicine, Yangon, Myanmar, toward dental implants and its treatment. Materials a n d Methods This study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the University of Dental Medicine, Yangon (ERC/UDMY/2019/007). In Myanmar, only two national dental universities under the Ministry introduction The dental implant has become a widely accepted treatment modality in the field of dentistry to rehabilitate patients with single, multiple, and/or complete edentulous sites. With an ever-increasing public awareness of the benefits of dental implantology, the popularity of dental implant rehabilitation will continue to increase in the future. 1 Consequently, implant treatments are increasingly involved in general dental practice. Although there remains a range of implant procedures that are provided by specialists, it is clear that implant dentistry will occupy a significant part of modern general dental practice. 2 Dentists are the primary source of patient information about dental implants, followed by friends and acquaintances, printed media, and health television channels. More patients look forward to their dentists providing them with sound information regarding implant treatment. 3,4 Dental implant treatment has become highly popular among patients, but patients' knowledge of implants does not reflect academic and evidence-based information. Faramarzi et al. 5 concluded that an acceptable number of patients had heard of dental implants as a treatment option for replacing missing teeth, with dentists being the main source of information. Every patient has the right to know complete information, including benefits, drawbacks, possible risks and complications, financial cost, longevity, and other alternatives to the treatment. Fresh dentists graduating from various dental schools should have a sound knowledge and comprehensive understanding of the implant treatment protocol so that they can appropriately guide their patients. 6 Predoctoral dental implant education is included in the curricula of dental schools in most of the developed and

The purpose of this policy brief is to provide national and state-level policymakers, private sec... more The purpose of this policy brief is to provide national and state-level policymakers, private sector investors, civil society and donors with an analysis of the rural economy of Mon State and pathways to improved prosperity for its population. The analysis is based on a representative survey (the Mon State Rural Household Survey 2015) of 1680 rural households, which comprise 73% of Mon State's 2 million residents, and extensive interviews with farmers, traders, processors, local leaders and government officials.

As it emerges from decades of military rule and international economic sanctions, the country of ... more As it emerges from decades of military rule and international economic sanctions, the country of Myanmar ranks among the least advanced economies on the South-East Asian peninsula. Low wages and lack of prospects have long prompted the Burmese to seek income opportunities in neighboring countries, but this outflow of labor force has greatly intensified over the past decade. In the migrant-sending economy, this can result in significant labormarket pressures which raise wages and erode farmer profits. Using primary household data from Mon State, a southern state neighboring Thailand, we provide insights into these phenomena. We document the extent of migration flows, finding that almost a third of the labor force of Mon State is currently away (mostly in Thailand). Regression estimates reveal a significant relationship between migration and wage levels. We use past propensity to migrate as an instrument for current migration to demonstrate that the relationship between migration and ...

Abstracts of the Annual Meetings, Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2013

To examine the association between consuming internet pornography and sexual attitude and percept... more To examine the association between consuming internet pornography and sexual attitude and perception of young urbanized Myanmar people from MMTCP facebook group. The cross sectional study was conducted from 23 February to 15 March, 2013. The systematic sampling method was applied in 312 respondents for quantitative research. The data was collected through online structured survey system by using SurveyMonkey. The data were clarified by applying descriptive statistics for interpretation of data and inferential statistic to exmine the association between independent variables and sexual attitude and perception scale by using Chi-square, T- test and ANOVA test. The result showed that the prevalence of sex related chat on social network was 27.2% among 283 respondents. There were 69 male and 8 female in this 27.2%. The prevalence of pornographic related pages on social networking channels was 87.3% .97.6% of male respondents and 58.7% of female respondents being exposed to these pages. ...

International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2022

Objectives: Following the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, our hospital... more Objectives: Following the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, our hospital experienced a Delta-linked ward cluster. In this study, we review the enhanced strategies in preventing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 following widespread community transmission of the Delta variant. Methods: We conducted a cohort study on exposures to unexpected COVID-19 cases for which contact tracing was initiated from June 2021 to October 2021. Strategies evaluated included upgraded personal protective equipment (PPE) and rostered routine testing (RRT) for staff and patients, surveillance of staff with acute respiratory illness (ARI), and expanded quarantining and testing for contacts of identified cases. Results: From 193 unexpected COVID-19 exposures, 2,573 staff, 542 patients, and 128 visitor contacts were traced. Four staff contacts subsequently had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Two were likely from exposure in community settings, whereas 2 had exposure to the same COVID-19 positive staff in the hospital, forming the only hospital cluster. One inpatient had a nosocomial infection, possibly from visitors. The SARS-CoV-2 detection rate among staff was 0.3% (of 11,200 staff) from biweekly RRT and 2.5% (of 3,675 staff) from ARI surveillance. Conclusion: Enhanced hospital measures, including upgraded PPE and RRT for staff and patients, staff sickness surveillance, and more rigorous management of contacts of COVID-19 cases, were likely to have reduced nosocomial transmission amid the Delta variant.

Residual ridge resorption is physiologically an inevitable consequence of tooth loss and denture ... more Residual ridge resorption is physiologically an inevitable consequence of tooth loss and denture wearing. The commonest problem of long term denture wearers is looseness or poor fitting of the dentures due to continuous alveolar resorption. Insufficient retention of prostheses may lead to poor masticatory efficiency and reduced patient satisfaction. In this study, the effectiveness of soft liner in 22 patients wearing poor fitting complete dentures was determined and soft lined dentures were compared with new dentures in retention, maximal biting force and patient satisfaction. Retention of all study dentures was evaluated by Kapur’s method, the maximal biting force was measured by using Unipulse Digital Bite Force Indicator and the patient satisfaction was assessed by modified Smith’s method. The differences in retention scores of old dentures and soft lined dentures, and old dentures and new dentures, were statistically significant (p 0.05). The maximal biting force was significan...

Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal, 2017

The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis to government, civil society, a... more The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis to government, civil society, and donors interested in improving the well-being of the rural population of Mon State, Myanmar. Specifically, the report analyzes the different sources of income for rural households, as well as their socioeconomic characteristics, with a view to helping identify constraints on growth and potential pathways to improving incomes. The overall picture that emerges is one of a struggling agricultural sector and an economy heavily dependent on services for local employment and on international migration for income. The analysis is based on a sample of 1,632 rural households, designed to be representative of rural households in Mon State as a whole. The survey included a household questionnaire and a community survey, and gathered information on demographics, all economic aspects of the household, and access to infrastructure and services at the community level.

Southeast Asia and the ASEAN Economic Community, 2019

After decades as pariah state, Myanmar embarked on a transition toward democracy in 2010 which cu... more After decades as pariah state, Myanmar embarked on a transition toward democracy in 2010 which culminated in the first free elections in 25 years in 2015. In parallel to political liberalization, the country also opened up and reformed economically. Foreign capital started flowing in, trade increased enormously, the financial sector expanded, private business began to flourish, and rapid economic growth ensued. Lately, however, the road of transition has become bumpier. Peace negotiations and national reconciliation are moving only slowly and the economic reform momentum has slowed. Myanmar’s economy continues to suffer from limited diversification, low productivity, and poor infrastructure. Regional and global economic integration has progressed but remained fairly shallow. This chapter notes various social indicators that have improved as well as shortcomings that persist.

Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, 2015

Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transfor... more Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transforming quickly. This brief presents findings from a new field survey of the farmed fish value chain that is more detailed and broader than any previous study conducted in Myanmar. Many of our findings are at odds with what we perceive as conventional wisdom about fish farming in Myanmar. The findings have important policy implications to unlock the sector’s full growth potential and food security contributions.

Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transfor... more Fish farming (aquaculture) is important to Myanmar’s food security and is developing and transforming quickly. This study presents findings from a new field survey of the farmed fish value chain that is more detailed and broader than any previous study conducted in Myanmar. Many of our findings are at odds with what we perceive as conventional wisdom about fish farming in Myanmar. The findings have important policy implications to unlock the sector’s full growth potential and food security contributions.

Introduction: Lack of adequate sealing of the lateral canals can cause secondary infection lead t... more Introduction: Lack of adequate sealing of the lateral canals can cause secondary infection lead to root canal treatment failure. Root canal can be filled three dimensionally with heat-softened gutta-percha (GP) during obturation. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of heat only and heat with vibration obturation techniques, by measuring the percentage of GP penetration length inside at the three levels of simulated lateral canals within a root canal system. Methods: A quantity of 70 mandibular second premolar teeth was used in this experiment. Three simulated lateral canals with the diameter of 0.15mm at coronal, middle and apical third on the distal root surfaces were created. All created teeth were randomly divided into two groups as Group G1 and G2 (n=35). Main canal of teeth in both groups were prepared with K3 rotary file in crown-down technique. Irrigation was performed alternate use of 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA in both groups during canal shaping. G1 was obturated under heat only continuous wave of condensation technique using system B heat source. G2 was obturated with under heat and vibration technique using DownPak device. Filled teeth were radiographed at the bucco-lingual direction and all images were transformed into a digital format. Length of the simulated lateral canals and GP penetration inside the lateral canals (coronal, middle and apical thirds) were measured by VixWin Pro 2000 software and the GP percentages inside the canals were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. Results: Mean percentage length of GP revealed significantly higher at the apical third level of lateral canals (p<0.05) by the using of heat associated with vibration technique. Conclusions: Heat with vibration technique was found to be superior to heat only technique for obturation especially at the apical third level of root canal.

Technology is, now, looking for distributed applications to develop and increase its domains. Web... more Technology is, now, looking for distributed applications to develop and increase its domains. Web services are distributed components that provide functionality applications through network. They can be used by applications written in different languages, and performed in different platforms on different systems. The concept of Web services is essentially based on standard internet protocols, such as UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration), WSDL (Web Service Description Language) and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) which offer solutions for description, publication, discovery, and interoperability of Web services. However, the complex composition of Web services is not guaranteed by them, therefore, different approaches have been proposed to solve this problem. Current Web services composition approaches range from practical languages aspiring to become standard like Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) to theoretical model like Petri nets. In this paper, ...

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2020

Fig. 1. Staff acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters (primary axis) and staff absenteeism fro... more Fig. 1. Staff acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters (primary axis) and staff absenteeism from ARI (secondary axis) Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) and National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID) (epidemiological week 1 in 2019 to epidemiological week 27 in 2020).

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 2019

Web query classification is emphasized by various search engines nowadays due to the increase in ... more Web query classification is emphasized by various search engines nowadays due to the increase in the size of the web as millions of web pages are added to it every day. Web query classification is to classify a user query Q i into a list of n categories c i1 , c i2 , c in. Search result pages can be grouped according to the categories predicted by query classification method. Providing query classification can help the information providers to understand users' needs based on the categories searched by the users. To build the domain corpus, most of the query classification system use ontology, Wikipedia category source, graph database etc. In this system, graph database and ontology are built as domain corpus for query classification process by using Neo4j and Web Ontology Language (OWL). Web Query Classification Algorithm (WQCA) with five steps is implemented as a web service by using XML web service technology. Proposed system classifies each domain term of user query into their relevant categories according to this WQCA algorithm by using different domain corpus. Finally, this system compares the performance between Neo4j-based and OWL-based WQCA to show the effectiveness of using graph database in the query classification process.