azat azat - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by azat azat

Comparisons of routing protocols for child tracking in Wireless Sensor Network

One of the widespread types of crime is child kidnapping where the number of cases is increasing ... more One of the widespread types of crime is child kidnapping where the number of cases is increasing each year. With the modern telecommunication technology, the child protection should be better now than before. This paper presents a preliminary study on routing protocol for child tracking using combined infrastructure of Wireless Sensor Network and Cellular Network. The real-time application in these networks would help the related parties to track the location of the missing child. From proactive point of view, the application would act as a preventive tool for child kidnapping. When the sensors in a Wireless Sensor Network detect child's presence, they have to transmit the data to an Access Point or the sink node in the network. Many routing protocols have been developed in the past, and all of them have their advantages and disadvantages. This paper shows the selection of a few routing protocols that are suitable for child tracking in Wireless Sensor Network, which will be improved and suggested for the use in the application.

Acta Crystallographica Section F-structural Biology and Crystallization Communications, 2004

PDB References: mistletoe lectin I±galactose complex, 1pum, r1pumsf; mistletoe lectin I± lactose ... more PDB References: mistletoe lectin I±galactose complex, 1pum, r1pumsf; mistletoe lectin I± lactose complex, 1puu, r1puusf.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2004

The inhibition of phospholipase A 2 s (PLA 2 s) is of pharmacological and therapeutic interest be... more The inhibition of phospholipase A 2 s (PLA 2 s) is of pharmacological and therapeutic interest because these enzymes are involved in several inflammatory diseases. Elaidoylamide is a powerful inhibitor of a neurotoxic PLA 2 from the Vipera ammodytes meridionalis venom. The X-ray structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex reveals a new mode of Asp49 PLA 2 inhibition by a fatty acid hydrocarbon chain. The structure contains two identical homodimers in the asymmetric unit. In each dimer one subunit is rotated by 180°with respect to the other and the two molecules are oriented head-to-tail. One molecule of elaidoylamide is bound simultaneously to the substrate binding sites of two associated neurotoxic phospholipase A 2 molecules. The inhibitor binds symmetrically to the hydrophobic channels of the two monomers. The structure can be used to design anti-inflammatory drugs.

Folding and Design, 1997

The problem of how a protein chain can find its most stable structure without exhaustive sorting ... more The problem of how a protein chain can find its most stable structure without exhaustive sorting of all its possible conformations is known as the 'Levinthal paradox'. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate this problem and to estimate the rate of folding to the most stable structure near the point of thermodynamic equilibrium between this structure and the coil.

Proteins-structure Function and Bioinformatics, 1995

We have investigated the influence of the “noise” of inevitable errors in energetic parameters on... more We have investigated the influence of the “noise” of inevitable errors in energetic parameters on-protein structure prediction. Because of this noise, only a part of all the interactions operating in a protein chain can be taken into account, and therefore a search for the energy minimum becomes inadequate for protein structure prediction. One can rather rely on statistical mechanics: a calculation carried out at a temperature T* somewhat below that of protein melting gives the best possible, though always approximate prediction. The early stages of protein folding also “take into account” only a part of all the interactions; consequently, the same temperature T* is favorable for the self-organization of native-like intermediates in protein folding. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006

Laccases are members of the blue multi-copper oxidase family. These enzymes oxidize substrate mol... more Laccases are members of the blue multi-copper oxidase family. These enzymes oxidize substrate molecules by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear centre. Dioxygen binds to the trinuclear centre and following the transfer of four electrons is reduced to two molecules of water. The X-ray structure of a laccase from Cerrena maxima has been elucidated at 1.9 Å resolution using synchrotron data and the molecular replacement technique. The final refinement coefficients are R cryst = 16.8% and R free = 23.0%, with root mean square deviations on bond lengths and bond angles of 0.015 Å and 1.51°, respectively. The type 1 copper centre has an isoleucine residue at the axial position and the “resting” state of the trinuclear centre comprises a single oxygen (OH) moiety asymmetrically disposed between the two type 3 copper ions and a water molecule attached to the type 2 ion. Several carbohydrate binding sites have been identified and the glycan chains appear to promote the formation of well-ordered crystals. Two tyrosine residues near the protein surface have been found in a nitrated state.

Diversity and Distributions, 2010

Aim Amphibian chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batr... more Aim Amphibian chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is associated with global amphibian population declines and species extinctions. Current evidence indicates that the pathogen has recently spread globally from an enzootic focus, with Xenopus spp. (family Pipidae) in South Africa having been identified as a likely source. The aim of this study was to investigate further the likelihood of African Xenopus spp. as the original source of Bd.Location We examined 665 museum specimens of 20 species of African and South American pipid frogs collected between 1844 and 1994 and held in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.Methods Skin brushings taken from adult amphibians and brushings from the mouthparts, lips and developing hind limbs of larval pipid frogs were examined for the presence of Bd using real-time PCR.Results We found six cases of Bd infection in three Xenopus spp. (from Africa), but none of the South American pipids was positive, although only 45 South American frogs were available for examination. The earliest case of Bd infection was in a specimen of Xenopus fraseri collected from Cameroon in 1933. A consistently low prevalence of infection over time indicates that a historical equilibrium existed between Xenopus spp. and Bd infection in Africa.Main conclusions Our results suggest that Bd infection was present in Xenopus spp. across sub-Saharan Africa by the 1930s, providing additional support for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis. If this hypothesis is correct, it strengthens the argument for stringent control of human-assisted movements of amphibians and other wildlife world-wide to minimize the likelihood of pathogen introduction and disease emergence that can threaten species globally. Our findings help inform species selection for conservation in the face of the current Bd pandemic and also guide future research directions for selecting Bd isolates for sequencing and virulence testing.