alfi inayati - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by alfi inayati
IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2021
Cowpea is considered as one of the underutilized legumes which is rich in secondary metabolites. ... more Cowpea is considered as one of the underutilized legumes which is rich in secondary metabolites. These metabolites can be detected during the plant growth and the contents increase especially after the plants are stressed both abiotic and biotic. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity in seeds of eight cowpea genotypes. Two extraction solvents (70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone) were used to extract the secondary metabolites in those cowpea genotypes. Total flavonoid contents of those genotypes extracted in 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone were in the range from 7.28 to 10.90 mg CE/g and 7.84 to 11.58 mg CE/g, whereas total phenolic contents were from 15.20 to 19.99 mg GAE/g and 15.03 to 21.15 mg GAE/g. Inhibition percentages of antioxidant activity were in the range from 46.90 % to 59.46 % and 50.71 % to 63.81 % for 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone, respectively. Both solvents were effective to extract those secondary metabolites. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of MLGU 0239 were the highest among other genotypes, which were 11.58 mg CE/g and 21.15 GAE/g and antioxidant activity was 63.81 % inhibition after being extracted with 70% acidified acetone. This study observed the variation of the secondary metabolites among eight cowpea genotypes with different seed coat colours.
IOP conference series, Jul 1, 2021
Trichoderma virens has great potency as promising biocontrol agents. As many as seven of T. viren... more Trichoderma virens has great potency as promising biocontrol agents. As many as seven of T. virens strains which are effective to control soil borne pathogens are evaluated in this study for its capability to promote mungbean growth. In vitro evaluation showed that all strains were able to produce relatively high Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and performed effective phosphate solubilizing activity. IAA produced in Czapek dox agar varied from 5.2 μg mL −1 to 71.5 μg mL −1. Phosphate solubilizing activity showed after 2 days of incubation and the highest activity in plate assay was detected after 6 days after incubation. Phosphate solubilizing activity varied from 0.82 μg mL −1 to 4.69 μg mL −1. In planta study showed that T. virens Tv3 and Tv4 triggered the increase of IAA synthase in mungbean seedling as well as plant height and root length. A positive correlation was observed between IAA synthase of roots and several growth parameters (root fresh weight, plant height, and root length). Therefore, these two strains of T. virens could be suggested as plant growth promoters on mungbean.
Iptek Tanaman Pangan, Feb 8, 2017
Legumes have an important role especially as a source of nutrition, important in maintaining soil... more Legumes have an important role especially as a source of nutrition, important in maintaining soil quality, and as animal feed. Although the production and the needs for legumes continues to rise, the productivity especially at the farm level is still low. This is mainly due to pests and diseases infections and also the soil infertility effects. Yield losses due to pests and diseases is quite high up to 80%. Induced resistance is one effort to control the disease and improve the growth quality of legumes. Various elicitors (biotic and abiotic) and induced mechanisms have been tested and reported to give promising results. Induced resistance was reported to increase the resistance of leguminous plants against pathogen infection such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses that are transmitted through soil, seed-borne, and from the surface of the leaves, such as: Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Cercosporidium personatum, Xanthomonas axonopodis, peanut mottle virus, and soybeant stunt virus. Recently, the use of induced resistance in Indonesia is very limited. The use of Trichoderma sp, non-pathogenic Fusarium, and Pseudomonas fluoroscent as biocontrol agents has been started although in a limited numbers. In the future, induced resistance will become one component that is important in controlling the disease in an integrated pest management.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Dec 1, 2000
Penyakit bercak daun dan karat merupakan penyakit penting pada kacang tanah yang mengganggu pertu... more Penyakit bercak daun dan karat merupakan penyakit penting pada kacang tanah yang mengganggu pertumbuhan dan mengurangi hasil kacang tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi ketahanan 13 genotipe kacang tanah terhadap penyakit bercak daun dan karat. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan split plot dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama adalah inokulasi propagul penyakit dan tanpa inokulasi, dan anak petak adalah genotipe kacang tanah. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah pustul karat per daun, jumlah bercak per daun, intensitas penyakit karat, intensitas penyakit bercak daun untuk menentukan tingkat ketahanan genotipe, dan indeks luas daun. Peubah komponen hasil meliputi bobot brangkasan basah, jumlah polong isi per tanaman, jumlah polong hampa, dan bobot polong per tanaman. Penyakit bercak daun muncul lebih awal dibandingkan dengan karat. Semua genotipe kacang tanah yang diuji termasuk sangat rentan penyakit bercak daun dan hanya 1 genotipe termasuk rentan. Intensitas penyakit bercak daun dan karat berkorelasi negatif dengan hasil kacang tanah (r =-0.1-(-0.4)). Penyakit bercak daun dan karat menyebabkan berkurangnya komponen hasil, antara lain bobot brangkasan basah (73.2 %), jumlah polong isi (68%), dan bobot polong (72.5%). Jumlah polong hampa dan polong chipo meningkat masing-masing sampai 81 dan 56.4%.
Biodiversitas, May 12, 2020
Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defenserelated enzymes of mungbean (Vig... more Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defenserelated enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Biodiversitas 21: 2410-2419. Trichoderma virens has been studied for its ability to control various soil-borne pathogens as well as to induce plant resistance. The ability of T. virens control R. solani and its capability to induce resistance was evaluated in two different genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Plant growth-promoting capability and production of plant defense-related enzymes during plant-pathogen-Trichoderma interaction were investigated. Pathogen infection caused the morphological and biochemical changes as well as increased plant defense enzymes activity such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, PAL, phenolics, and flavonoid compared to control uninoculated plants. T. virens improved mungbean seedling growth in terms of increased total biomass, root weight, and root length as well as improved chlorophyll content and IAA-synthase from leaves and roots. T. virens treatment alone or in the presence of pathogeninduced mungbean defense-related enzymes indicated by the increasing of PO and PPO activity, and higher accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Although most of plant induced resistance parameters showed low and non-significant in direct singlefactor comparison, Pearson's correlation showed there was a positive correlation between plant growth promoter compounds (IAA and chlorophyll) with plant defense-related enzymes (total phenol, and flavonoid content). T. virens treatment can induce systemic defense response of mungbean seedling directly by increasing the activity of some defense-related enzymes, and indirectly by improving plant health, and promoting plant growth. In conclusion, T. virens-Tv4 has potential to be developed as bio-control agents to control R. solani as well as to induce mungbean resistance.
Nusantara bioscience, 1970
Yusnawan E, Inayati A. 2016. Methanolic extracts of three weeds as botanical fungicides to contro... more Yusnawan E, Inayati A. 2016. Methanolic extracts of three weeds as botanical fungicides to control peanut rust disease. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 117-122. Rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis is one of the most important diseases on peanuts. Ageratum (Ageratum conyzoides L.), spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.), and coco-grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) had the ability to inhibit plant pathogens. The aim of the research was to obtain the weed extracts effective to control peanut rust disease. The three weeds were ground to obtain fine particles, macerated in methanol for 18 h and evaporated the solvent using vacuum rotary evaporator. Methanolic crude extracts obtained from ageratum, coco-grass, and spiny amaranth at concentrations of 0.1%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% were applied to the uredospores and peanut plants infected with the pathogen. Applications of 5% ageratum and 5% coco-grass extracts suppressed the spore germinations by 78 to 80% and 76 to 80%, respectively. Disease intensities on Kancil cultivar treated with 5% crude extract of ageratum were 18 to 22% and 29 to 31% after three and four times of extract applications. Disease intensities on untreated plants were 30 to 32% and 43 to 46%, whereas the chemical application suppressed the disease intensities up to 16 to 18% and 15 to 17% at the same time of observation. Preliminary phytochemical screenings showed that the methanolic extract of ageratum contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Crude extract of 5% ageratum was effective to control rust disease on peanuts, therefore, could be used as an alternative control agent to suppress the disease.
Buletin Palawija, Dec 16, 2016
Bemisia tabaci Genn. pada Tanaman Kedelai. Salah satu gangguan dalam meningkatkan produksi kedela... more Bemisia tabaci Genn. pada Tanaman Kedelai. Salah satu gangguan dalam meningkatkan produksi kedelai adalah serangan hama kutu kebul Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Kehilangan hasil akibat serangan hama kutu kebul ini dapat mencapai 80%, bahkan pada serangan berat dapat menyebabkan puso (gagal panen). Sebagian besar pengendalian hama kutu kebul pada tanaman kedelai di tingkat petani sampai kini masih mengandalkan insektisida, namun demikian masih sering gagal karena tidak atau kurang efektif. Pengendalian hama kutu kebul dapat dilakukan dengan penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT). Prinsip operasional yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan PHT salah satunya adalah: Budidaya tanaman sehat. Tanaman yang sehat mempunyai ketahanan ekologi yang tinggi terhadap gangguan hama. Pengendalian kultur teknis merupakan tindakan preventif, dilakukan sebelum serangan hama terjadi dengan sasaran agar populasi tidak meningkat sampai melebihi ambang kendalinya. Pengendalian hama kutu kebul secara kultur teknis dapat dilakukan dengan cara: (a) penanaman kedelai lebih awal, (b) penanaman varietas toleran, (c) penanaman tanaman penghalang, misalnya jagung di antara kedelai, (d) sistem pengairan yang teratur misalnya pengairan curah (springkler), (e) pergiliran tanaman bukan inang, dan (f) sanitasi. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi pengendalian secara bercocok tanam perlu dipadukan dengan teknik-teknik pengendalian hama lainnya sesuai dengan prinsipprinsip PHT.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2019
Trichoderma species have been widely used as biofungicides and biofertilizers to control many pla... more Trichoderma species have been widely used as biofungicides and biofertilizers to control many plant pathogens and to enhance plant growth and its resistance. The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the modes of actions of Trichoderma sp. to directly inhibit pathogenic fungi/bacteria and to induce systemic resistance of plants. Forty-three VOCs were identified from seven stains of T. virens which were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was performed prior to sample injection. Most of the compounds were sesquiterpenes known as antifungal chemicals (i.e aromanderen, element, cadinene, and 2-Octanone), monoterpene (limonene and bisnorhopane), and fatty acids (oleic acid, and monopalmtin). Other VOCs were identified having antifungal activity and plant growth promoters such as caryophyllene and thojupsene. In vitro assay of antifungal activity showed that VOCs produced by T.virens inhibited the growth of R.solani up to 59.4% at 5 days after inoculation and influenced the morphological abnormalities of R. solani hypae. T. virens strain V3 (T.v3) and V4 (T.v4) showed the ability to reduce more than 50% of R.solani growth and were potential to be used as biocontrol agents.
Biodiversitas, Jul 26, 2016
Inayati A, Yusnawan E. 2016. Characterization of soybean genotypes for Asian soybean rust reactio... more Inayati A, Yusnawan E. 2016. Characterization of soybean genotypes for Asian soybean rust reaction under screen house condition. Biodiversitas 17: 609-613. Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the major diseases limiting soybean yield. This disease has widely spread on soybean crops in Indonesia. The use of resistant cultivars is one of the economical approaches to control ASR. The objectives of this study were to assess the resistance of soybean lines derived from crossing two largeseeded cultivars (Baluran and Grobogan) with a broad adaptive cultivar (Kaba) and to identify resistant genotype characteristics under screen house conditions. All genotypes were artificially inoculated with P. pachyrhizi uredospores. Number of pustules per leaf, the development of ASR, and yield components including number of intact pods per plant, number of empty pods, and weight of pods per plant were observed. Thirteen lines of Baluran pedigrees had higher resistant response to ASR compared to Grobogan pedigrees. Fewer numbers of pustules (8 pustules cm-2), lower value of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and redish brown (RB) lesion type were observed in resistant lines. In contrast, susceptible lines had more pustules (> 21 pustules cm-2), higher AUDPC value, and had mixed lesion type (RB and Tan). ASR reduced seed size and yield. The average weight of 100 seeds of resistant lines was 10.2 g while on susceptible lines, the 100-seed weight ranged from 8.7 to 12.6 g. The average yield per plant varied from 2.7 to 6.1 g. Baluran/Grobogan pedigrees were more susceptible to ASR than Baluran/Kaba pedigrees, however, those pedigrees showed better yield per plant and were supposedly more tolerant to ASR.
Agrivita : Journal of Agricultural Science, Oct 1, 2018
Puccinia arachidis is an obligate pathogen which infects peanut leaves and causes rust disease. A... more Puccinia arachidis is an obligate pathogen which infects peanut leaves and causes rust disease. Alternative controls of this disease, particularly to limit the frequent use of synthetic fungicide, have been conducted. One of which is by applying botanical fungicides. Crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus spinosus, and Cyperus rotundus were used to suppress the rust disease intensity on Bima peanut cultivar. A. conyzoides extracts at 2.5% and 5.0% concentrations were the most effective biofungicide to reduce the disease. The disease intensity (29.8 % and 30.2 %) recorded at 10 weeks after planting (WAP) was significantly lower than the untreated crops (41.4 %). Both weed extract applications reduced about 50 % of pustule number compared to untreated crops at 10 WAP. Applications of 2.5 % and 5.0 % of ageratum extracts saved yield loss of 67.5 % and 63.5 %. Caryophyllene was observed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of ageratum extracts in considerable amounts based on GC-MS analysis and may attribute to its significant antifungal activity. Higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in ageratum extracts than in amaranthus and cyperus extracts. Ageratum extracts at concentrations of 2.5 % to 5 % could be used to control peanut rust disease.
National Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kedelai merupakan komoditas aneka kacang nomor satu di Indonesia. Kedelai digunakan sebagai bahan... more Kedelai merupakan komoditas aneka kacang nomor satu di Indonesia. Kedelai digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan tempe dan susu kedelai. Kandungan protein yang tinggi dan cita rasa yang enak pada olahan tempe menyebabkan komoditas ini, masih menjadi bahan baku utama. Produktifitas kedelai dapat terhambat oleh pengaruh faktor biotik, seperti serangan jamur patogen. Phakopsora pachyrhizi merupakan patogen penting pada tanaman kedelai dan menyebabkan penyakit karat. Infeksi patogen ini menyebabkan tanaman menguning dan menua dini, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan polong dan biji. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima puluh varietas kedelai untuk melihat respon ketahanan varietas terhadap infeksi patogen. Infeksi dilakukan secara alami di lahan endemik penyakit karat pada awal musim kemarau. Pengamatan terdiri dari gejala, skroring serangan dan penentuan kriteria ketahanan menggunakan metode IWGSR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua puluh tujuh varietas yang memiliki tip...
Jurnal penelitian pertanian tanaman pangan, Dec 8, 2015
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably... more Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably when the plants are challenged by environmental stress. Quantification of these metabolites is affected by extraction solvents and preparation treatments. This study aims to select extraction solvents and treatments which are able to extract high total flavonoid and phenolic contents in cowpea seeds. Acetone at concentrations of 70-80% produced higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 10.37-11.93 mg CE/g and 18.20 – 20.20 mg GAE/g in two cowpea cultivars. Antioxidant activities were in the range from 115.9 to 126.1 umol TE/g. Extraction of cowpea seeds using 70% acidified acetone produced a similar amount of total phenolic contents to those of 70-80% acetone. Traditional extraction treatments of shaking and maceration extracted a similar amount of the secondary metabolites. These simple extraction methods, therefore, could be suggested to extract flavonoid and phenolic contents a...
![Research paper thumbnail of Growth Performance and Metabolic Changes in Susceptible Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] during Interaction with Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma virens](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112331842/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial ... more Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma are promising for controlling pathogens and promoting plant growth. Methods: This study investigated growth performance and metabolic changes in mung bean seedlings during interaction with R. solani and Trichoderma virens using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Result: Mung bean infected by R. solani caused root rot and wilting. T. virens treatment reduced the disease severity in infected seedlings and promoted mung bean growth. Seventy-eight metabolites were identified in root extracts and dominated by sugars and fatty acids. The sugars, fatty acids and organic acids were significant metabolite groups that changed in response to pathogen infection and/or T. virens treatment. Five metabolic pathways particularly pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyros...
![Research paper thumbnail of Growth Performance and Metabolic Changes in Susceptible Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] during Interaction with Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma virens](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100043356/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Legume Research- An International Journal, Volume 46 Issue 2: 228-232 (February 2023)
Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial ... more Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma are promising for controlling pathogens and promoting plant growth. Methods: This study investigated growth performance and metabolic changes in mung bean seedlings during interaction with R. solani and Trichoderma virens using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Result: Mung bean infected by R. solani caused root rot and wilting. T. virens treatment reduced the disease severity in infected seedlings and promoted mung bean growth. Seventy-eight metabolites were identified in root extracts and dominated by sugars and fatty acids. The sugars, fatty acids and organic acids were significant metabolite groups that changed in response to pathogen infection and/or T. virens treatment. Five metabolic pathways particularly pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis altered significantly based on a metabolic pathway analysis. Acetic acid and aconitine had important roles in mung bean response to R. solani infection and/or T. virens treatment.
Buletin Palawija
Porang merupakan tanaman pangan penting karena kandungan glukomanannya yang tinggi. Glukomanan di... more Porang merupakan tanaman pangan penting karena kandungan glukomanannya yang tinggi. Glukomanan dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku industri makanan dan industri lainnya. Budidaya tanaman porang tidak terlepas dari berbagai kendala, salah satunya adalah infeksi patogen busuk pangkal batang dan umbi yang perlu dikendalikan dengan teknologi yang tepat dan aman bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan umbi pada tanaman porang. Penelitian meliputi identifikasi patogen dan uji postulat Koch. Pengamatan terhadap gejala penyakit pada tanaman maupun umbi dilakukan di lapang, sedangkan pertumbuhan hifa, karakteristik hifa secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik, dan uji postulat Koch dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan umbi porang disebabkan oleh jamur dengan karakteristik miselium berwarna hialin, hifa bersepta, bercabang dan berdinding tebal dengan atau tanpa klem pe...
FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2013
Streptomyces sp. TD-1 was identified as Streptomyces alboflavus based on its morphological charac... more Streptomyces sp. TD-1 was identified as Streptomyces alboflavus based on its morphological characteristics, physiological properties, and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The antifungal activity of the volatile-producing S. alboflavus TD-1 was investigated. Results showed that volatiles generated by S. alboflavus TD-1 inhibited storage fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillum citrinum in vitro. GC/MS analysis revealed that 27 kinds of volatile organic compounds were identified from the volatiles of S. alboflavus TD-1 mycelia, among which the most abundant compound was 2-methylisoborneol. Dimethyl disulfide was proved to have antifungal activity against F. moniliforme by fumigation in vitro.
Buletin Palawija, Dec 16, 2016
IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2021
Cowpea is considered as one of the underutilized legumes which is rich in secondary metabolites. ... more Cowpea is considered as one of the underutilized legumes which is rich in secondary metabolites. These metabolites can be detected during the plant growth and the contents increase especially after the plants are stressed both abiotic and biotic. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity in seeds of eight cowpea genotypes. Two extraction solvents (70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone) were used to extract the secondary metabolites in those cowpea genotypes. Total flavonoid contents of those genotypes extracted in 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone were in the range from 7.28 to 10.90 mg CE/g and 7.84 to 11.58 mg CE/g, whereas total phenolic contents were from 15.20 to 19.99 mg GAE/g and 15.03 to 21.15 mg GAE/g. Inhibition percentages of antioxidant activity were in the range from 46.90 % to 59.46 % and 50.71 % to 63.81 % for 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone, respectively. Both solvents were effective to extract those secondary metabolites. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of MLGU 0239 were the highest among other genotypes, which were 11.58 mg CE/g and 21.15 GAE/g and antioxidant activity was 63.81 % inhibition after being extracted with 70% acidified acetone. This study observed the variation of the secondary metabolites among eight cowpea genotypes with different seed coat colours.
IOP conference series, Jul 1, 2021
Trichoderma virens has great potency as promising biocontrol agents. As many as seven of T. viren... more Trichoderma virens has great potency as promising biocontrol agents. As many as seven of T. virens strains which are effective to control soil borne pathogens are evaluated in this study for its capability to promote mungbean growth. In vitro evaluation showed that all strains were able to produce relatively high Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and performed effective phosphate solubilizing activity. IAA produced in Czapek dox agar varied from 5.2 μg mL −1 to 71.5 μg mL −1. Phosphate solubilizing activity showed after 2 days of incubation and the highest activity in plate assay was detected after 6 days after incubation. Phosphate solubilizing activity varied from 0.82 μg mL −1 to 4.69 μg mL −1. In planta study showed that T. virens Tv3 and Tv4 triggered the increase of IAA synthase in mungbean seedling as well as plant height and root length. A positive correlation was observed between IAA synthase of roots and several growth parameters (root fresh weight, plant height, and root length). Therefore, these two strains of T. virens could be suggested as plant growth promoters on mungbean.
Iptek Tanaman Pangan, Feb 8, 2017
Legumes have an important role especially as a source of nutrition, important in maintaining soil... more Legumes have an important role especially as a source of nutrition, important in maintaining soil quality, and as animal feed. Although the production and the needs for legumes continues to rise, the productivity especially at the farm level is still low. This is mainly due to pests and diseases infections and also the soil infertility effects. Yield losses due to pests and diseases is quite high up to 80%. Induced resistance is one effort to control the disease and improve the growth quality of legumes. Various elicitors (biotic and abiotic) and induced mechanisms have been tested and reported to give promising results. Induced resistance was reported to increase the resistance of leguminous plants against pathogen infection such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses that are transmitted through soil, seed-borne, and from the surface of the leaves, such as: Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Cercosporidium personatum, Xanthomonas axonopodis, peanut mottle virus, and soybeant stunt virus. Recently, the use of induced resistance in Indonesia is very limited. The use of Trichoderma sp, non-pathogenic Fusarium, and Pseudomonas fluoroscent as biocontrol agents has been started although in a limited numbers. In the future, induced resistance will become one component that is important in controlling the disease in an integrated pest management.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Dec 1, 2000
Penyakit bercak daun dan karat merupakan penyakit penting pada kacang tanah yang mengganggu pertu... more Penyakit bercak daun dan karat merupakan penyakit penting pada kacang tanah yang mengganggu pertumbuhan dan mengurangi hasil kacang tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi ketahanan 13 genotipe kacang tanah terhadap penyakit bercak daun dan karat. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan split plot dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama adalah inokulasi propagul penyakit dan tanpa inokulasi, dan anak petak adalah genotipe kacang tanah. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah pustul karat per daun, jumlah bercak per daun, intensitas penyakit karat, intensitas penyakit bercak daun untuk menentukan tingkat ketahanan genotipe, dan indeks luas daun. Peubah komponen hasil meliputi bobot brangkasan basah, jumlah polong isi per tanaman, jumlah polong hampa, dan bobot polong per tanaman. Penyakit bercak daun muncul lebih awal dibandingkan dengan karat. Semua genotipe kacang tanah yang diuji termasuk sangat rentan penyakit bercak daun dan hanya 1 genotipe termasuk rentan. Intensitas penyakit bercak daun dan karat berkorelasi negatif dengan hasil kacang tanah (r =-0.1-(-0.4)). Penyakit bercak daun dan karat menyebabkan berkurangnya komponen hasil, antara lain bobot brangkasan basah (73.2 %), jumlah polong isi (68%), dan bobot polong (72.5%). Jumlah polong hampa dan polong chipo meningkat masing-masing sampai 81 dan 56.4%.
Biodiversitas, May 12, 2020
Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defenserelated enzymes of mungbean (Vig... more Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defenserelated enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Biodiversitas 21: 2410-2419. Trichoderma virens has been studied for its ability to control various soil-borne pathogens as well as to induce plant resistance. The ability of T. virens control R. solani and its capability to induce resistance was evaluated in two different genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Plant growth-promoting capability and production of plant defense-related enzymes during plant-pathogen-Trichoderma interaction were investigated. Pathogen infection caused the morphological and biochemical changes as well as increased plant defense enzymes activity such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, PAL, phenolics, and flavonoid compared to control uninoculated plants. T. virens improved mungbean seedling growth in terms of increased total biomass, root weight, and root length as well as improved chlorophyll content and IAA-synthase from leaves and roots. T. virens treatment alone or in the presence of pathogeninduced mungbean defense-related enzymes indicated by the increasing of PO and PPO activity, and higher accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Although most of plant induced resistance parameters showed low and non-significant in direct singlefactor comparison, Pearson's correlation showed there was a positive correlation between plant growth promoter compounds (IAA and chlorophyll) with plant defense-related enzymes (total phenol, and flavonoid content). T. virens treatment can induce systemic defense response of mungbean seedling directly by increasing the activity of some defense-related enzymes, and indirectly by improving plant health, and promoting plant growth. In conclusion, T. virens-Tv4 has potential to be developed as bio-control agents to control R. solani as well as to induce mungbean resistance.
Nusantara bioscience, 1970
Yusnawan E, Inayati A. 2016. Methanolic extracts of three weeds as botanical fungicides to contro... more Yusnawan E, Inayati A. 2016. Methanolic extracts of three weeds as botanical fungicides to control peanut rust disease. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 117-122. Rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis is one of the most important diseases on peanuts. Ageratum (Ageratum conyzoides L.), spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.), and coco-grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) had the ability to inhibit plant pathogens. The aim of the research was to obtain the weed extracts effective to control peanut rust disease. The three weeds were ground to obtain fine particles, macerated in methanol for 18 h and evaporated the solvent using vacuum rotary evaporator. Methanolic crude extracts obtained from ageratum, coco-grass, and spiny amaranth at concentrations of 0.1%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% were applied to the uredospores and peanut plants infected with the pathogen. Applications of 5% ageratum and 5% coco-grass extracts suppressed the spore germinations by 78 to 80% and 76 to 80%, respectively. Disease intensities on Kancil cultivar treated with 5% crude extract of ageratum were 18 to 22% and 29 to 31% after three and four times of extract applications. Disease intensities on untreated plants were 30 to 32% and 43 to 46%, whereas the chemical application suppressed the disease intensities up to 16 to 18% and 15 to 17% at the same time of observation. Preliminary phytochemical screenings showed that the methanolic extract of ageratum contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Crude extract of 5% ageratum was effective to control rust disease on peanuts, therefore, could be used as an alternative control agent to suppress the disease.
Buletin Palawija, Dec 16, 2016
Bemisia tabaci Genn. pada Tanaman Kedelai. Salah satu gangguan dalam meningkatkan produksi kedela... more Bemisia tabaci Genn. pada Tanaman Kedelai. Salah satu gangguan dalam meningkatkan produksi kedelai adalah serangan hama kutu kebul Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Kehilangan hasil akibat serangan hama kutu kebul ini dapat mencapai 80%, bahkan pada serangan berat dapat menyebabkan puso (gagal panen). Sebagian besar pengendalian hama kutu kebul pada tanaman kedelai di tingkat petani sampai kini masih mengandalkan insektisida, namun demikian masih sering gagal karena tidak atau kurang efektif. Pengendalian hama kutu kebul dapat dilakukan dengan penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT). Prinsip operasional yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan PHT salah satunya adalah: Budidaya tanaman sehat. Tanaman yang sehat mempunyai ketahanan ekologi yang tinggi terhadap gangguan hama. Pengendalian kultur teknis merupakan tindakan preventif, dilakukan sebelum serangan hama terjadi dengan sasaran agar populasi tidak meningkat sampai melebihi ambang kendalinya. Pengendalian hama kutu kebul secara kultur teknis dapat dilakukan dengan cara: (a) penanaman kedelai lebih awal, (b) penanaman varietas toleran, (c) penanaman tanaman penghalang, misalnya jagung di antara kedelai, (d) sistem pengairan yang teratur misalnya pengairan curah (springkler), (e) pergiliran tanaman bukan inang, dan (f) sanitasi. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi pengendalian secara bercocok tanam perlu dipadukan dengan teknik-teknik pengendalian hama lainnya sesuai dengan prinsipprinsip PHT.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2019
Trichoderma species have been widely used as biofungicides and biofertilizers to control many pla... more Trichoderma species have been widely used as biofungicides and biofertilizers to control many plant pathogens and to enhance plant growth and its resistance. The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the modes of actions of Trichoderma sp. to directly inhibit pathogenic fungi/bacteria and to induce systemic resistance of plants. Forty-three VOCs were identified from seven stains of T. virens which were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was performed prior to sample injection. Most of the compounds were sesquiterpenes known as antifungal chemicals (i.e aromanderen, element, cadinene, and 2-Octanone), monoterpene (limonene and bisnorhopane), and fatty acids (oleic acid, and monopalmtin). Other VOCs were identified having antifungal activity and plant growth promoters such as caryophyllene and thojupsene. In vitro assay of antifungal activity showed that VOCs produced by T.virens inhibited the growth of R.solani up to 59.4% at 5 days after inoculation and influenced the morphological abnormalities of R. solani hypae. T. virens strain V3 (T.v3) and V4 (T.v4) showed the ability to reduce more than 50% of R.solani growth and were potential to be used as biocontrol agents.
Biodiversitas, Jul 26, 2016
Inayati A, Yusnawan E. 2016. Characterization of soybean genotypes for Asian soybean rust reactio... more Inayati A, Yusnawan E. 2016. Characterization of soybean genotypes for Asian soybean rust reaction under screen house condition. Biodiversitas 17: 609-613. Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the major diseases limiting soybean yield. This disease has widely spread on soybean crops in Indonesia. The use of resistant cultivars is one of the economical approaches to control ASR. The objectives of this study were to assess the resistance of soybean lines derived from crossing two largeseeded cultivars (Baluran and Grobogan) with a broad adaptive cultivar (Kaba) and to identify resistant genotype characteristics under screen house conditions. All genotypes were artificially inoculated with P. pachyrhizi uredospores. Number of pustules per leaf, the development of ASR, and yield components including number of intact pods per plant, number of empty pods, and weight of pods per plant were observed. Thirteen lines of Baluran pedigrees had higher resistant response to ASR compared to Grobogan pedigrees. Fewer numbers of pustules (8 pustules cm-2), lower value of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and redish brown (RB) lesion type were observed in resistant lines. In contrast, susceptible lines had more pustules (> 21 pustules cm-2), higher AUDPC value, and had mixed lesion type (RB and Tan). ASR reduced seed size and yield. The average weight of 100 seeds of resistant lines was 10.2 g while on susceptible lines, the 100-seed weight ranged from 8.7 to 12.6 g. The average yield per plant varied from 2.7 to 6.1 g. Baluran/Grobogan pedigrees were more susceptible to ASR than Baluran/Kaba pedigrees, however, those pedigrees showed better yield per plant and were supposedly more tolerant to ASR.
Agrivita : Journal of Agricultural Science, Oct 1, 2018
Puccinia arachidis is an obligate pathogen which infects peanut leaves and causes rust disease. A... more Puccinia arachidis is an obligate pathogen which infects peanut leaves and causes rust disease. Alternative controls of this disease, particularly to limit the frequent use of synthetic fungicide, have been conducted. One of which is by applying botanical fungicides. Crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus spinosus, and Cyperus rotundus were used to suppress the rust disease intensity on Bima peanut cultivar. A. conyzoides extracts at 2.5% and 5.0% concentrations were the most effective biofungicide to reduce the disease. The disease intensity (29.8 % and 30.2 %) recorded at 10 weeks after planting (WAP) was significantly lower than the untreated crops (41.4 %). Both weed extract applications reduced about 50 % of pustule number compared to untreated crops at 10 WAP. Applications of 2.5 % and 5.0 % of ageratum extracts saved yield loss of 67.5 % and 63.5 %. Caryophyllene was observed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of ageratum extracts in considerable amounts based on GC-MS analysis and may attribute to its significant antifungal activity. Higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in ageratum extracts than in amaranthus and cyperus extracts. Ageratum extracts at concentrations of 2.5 % to 5 % could be used to control peanut rust disease.
National Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kedelai merupakan komoditas aneka kacang nomor satu di Indonesia. Kedelai digunakan sebagai bahan... more Kedelai merupakan komoditas aneka kacang nomor satu di Indonesia. Kedelai digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan tempe dan susu kedelai. Kandungan protein yang tinggi dan cita rasa yang enak pada olahan tempe menyebabkan komoditas ini, masih menjadi bahan baku utama. Produktifitas kedelai dapat terhambat oleh pengaruh faktor biotik, seperti serangan jamur patogen. Phakopsora pachyrhizi merupakan patogen penting pada tanaman kedelai dan menyebabkan penyakit karat. Infeksi patogen ini menyebabkan tanaman menguning dan menua dini, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan polong dan biji. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima puluh varietas kedelai untuk melihat respon ketahanan varietas terhadap infeksi patogen. Infeksi dilakukan secara alami di lahan endemik penyakit karat pada awal musim kemarau. Pengamatan terdiri dari gejala, skroring serangan dan penentuan kriteria ketahanan menggunakan metode IWGSR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua puluh tujuh varietas yang memiliki tip...
Jurnal penelitian pertanian tanaman pangan, Dec 8, 2015
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably... more Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably when the plants are challenged by environmental stress. Quantification of these metabolites is affected by extraction solvents and preparation treatments. This study aims to select extraction solvents and treatments which are able to extract high total flavonoid and phenolic contents in cowpea seeds. Acetone at concentrations of 70-80% produced higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 10.37-11.93 mg CE/g and 18.20 – 20.20 mg GAE/g in two cowpea cultivars. Antioxidant activities were in the range from 115.9 to 126.1 umol TE/g. Extraction of cowpea seeds using 70% acidified acetone produced a similar amount of total phenolic contents to those of 70-80% acetone. Traditional extraction treatments of shaking and maceration extracted a similar amount of the secondary metabolites. These simple extraction methods, therefore, could be suggested to extract flavonoid and phenolic contents a...
LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial ... more Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma are promising for controlling pathogens and promoting plant growth. Methods: This study investigated growth performance and metabolic changes in mung bean seedlings during interaction with R. solani and Trichoderma virens using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Result: Mung bean infected by R. solani caused root rot and wilting. T. virens treatment reduced the disease severity in infected seedlings and promoted mung bean growth. Seventy-eight metabolites were identified in root extracts and dominated by sugars and fatty acids. The sugars, fatty acids and organic acids were significant metabolite groups that changed in response to pathogen infection and/or T. virens treatment. Five metabolic pathways particularly pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyros...
Legume Research- An International Journal, Volume 46 Issue 2: 228-232 (February 2023)
Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial ... more Background: Mung bean is susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection. Applications of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma are promising for controlling pathogens and promoting plant growth. Methods: This study investigated growth performance and metabolic changes in mung bean seedlings during interaction with R. solani and Trichoderma virens using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Result: Mung bean infected by R. solani caused root rot and wilting. T. virens treatment reduced the disease severity in infected seedlings and promoted mung bean growth. Seventy-eight metabolites were identified in root extracts and dominated by sugars and fatty acids. The sugars, fatty acids and organic acids were significant metabolite groups that changed in response to pathogen infection and/or T. virens treatment. Five metabolic pathways particularly pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis altered significantly based on a metabolic pathway analysis. Acetic acid and aconitine had important roles in mung bean response to R. solani infection and/or T. virens treatment.
Buletin Palawija
Porang merupakan tanaman pangan penting karena kandungan glukomanannya yang tinggi. Glukomanan di... more Porang merupakan tanaman pangan penting karena kandungan glukomanannya yang tinggi. Glukomanan dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku industri makanan dan industri lainnya. Budidaya tanaman porang tidak terlepas dari berbagai kendala, salah satunya adalah infeksi patogen busuk pangkal batang dan umbi yang perlu dikendalikan dengan teknologi yang tepat dan aman bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan umbi pada tanaman porang. Penelitian meliputi identifikasi patogen dan uji postulat Koch. Pengamatan terhadap gejala penyakit pada tanaman maupun umbi dilakukan di lapang, sedangkan pertumbuhan hifa, karakteristik hifa secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik, dan uji postulat Koch dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan umbi porang disebabkan oleh jamur dengan karakteristik miselium berwarna hialin, hifa bersepta, bercabang dan berdinding tebal dengan atau tanpa klem pe...
FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2013
Streptomyces sp. TD-1 was identified as Streptomyces alboflavus based on its morphological charac... more Streptomyces sp. TD-1 was identified as Streptomyces alboflavus based on its morphological characteristics, physiological properties, and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The antifungal activity of the volatile-producing S. alboflavus TD-1 was investigated. Results showed that volatiles generated by S. alboflavus TD-1 inhibited storage fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillum citrinum in vitro. GC/MS analysis revealed that 27 kinds of volatile organic compounds were identified from the volatiles of S. alboflavus TD-1 mycelia, among which the most abundant compound was 2-methylisoborneol. Dimethyl disulfide was proved to have antifungal activity against F. moniliforme by fumigation in vitro.
Buletin Palawija, Dec 16, 2016