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Papers by pavle trpeski

Research paper thumbnail of Basic Structure of Scientific Article–Imrad Methodology

ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, Sep 6, 2023

The paper will present the basic structure of writing a scientific paper, so-called IMRAD methodo... more The paper will present the basic structure of writing a scientific paper, so-called IMRAD methodology (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, References). The process and direction of writing a scientific paper will be shown with reference to the most important rules in writing a paper, all with the aim of ranking the paper itself. Five basic rules for increasing the visibility of the work itself and basic SEO optimization will be shown through practical examples of presentations with reference to the importance of the abstract itself and keywords. The importance of social networks and ways of promoting the work itself will also be clearly shown. The Process of Writing Scientific Article It is not a problem to determine the titles in advance and enter the research findings and the content of the paper in accordance with the so-called IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) format used in the majority of scientific journals. Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References make up the basic article's structure for most of scientific journals. No matter how logical it seems that the text is entered in the order in which the methodology is stated, the process of preparing the work goes in reverse. First, after the research done and the results obtained, the Materials and Methods section is written, then the Results, Discussion, Conclusion and only at the end the Introduction, after which the title, abstract and key words can be clearly defined.

Research paper thumbnail of Companies and Corporate Social Responsibility

Knowledge International Journal, Dec 5, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Humans, Environment and Climate Change

Research paper thumbnail of Financial Management in Logistic Companies

Knowledge International Journal, Aug 17, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Determining the Purchase and Sale Value of Shares by Estimating the Value of the Capital

SCIENCE International Journal

The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, thei... more The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, their sale cannot be done, because any investment brings certain risks and uncertainties, so it should be done based on financial analysis of the company and determined fair value of its capital. Realistic and adequate assessment of the value of the company’s capital is of multiple importance for the potential investor when making an investment decision. Determining the fair value of shares also protects „small“ shareholders whose shares the investor wants to repurchase. In this paper, an assessment of the value of the capital of the company „X“ AD was performed and the fair price of one share was formed, which the bidder should offer to „small“ shareholders and buy them back. Therefore, the financial analysis of the company was used (determining the market position of the company, its return, property and financial position) as well as the usual methods of estimating its capital (adjusted b...

Research paper thumbnail of Establishing a Plan and Management Team for Emergency Situations

Knowledge International Journal, May 21, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Determining the Purchase and Sale Value of Shares by Estimating the Value of the Capital

SCIENCE International Journal

The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, thei... more The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, their sale cannot be done, because any investment brings certain risks and uncertainties, so it should be done based on financial analysis of the company and determined fair value of its capital. Realistic and adequate assessment of the value of the company’s capital is of multiple importance for the potential investor when making an investment decision. Determining the fair value of shares also protects „small“ shareholders whose shares the investor wants to repurchase. In this paper, an assessment of the value of the capital of the company „X“ AD was performed and the fair price of one share was formed, which the bidder should offer to „small“ shareholders and buy them back. Therefore, the financial analysis of the company was used (determining the market position of the company, its return, property and financial position) as well as the usual methods of estimating its capital (adjusted b...

Research paper thumbnail of Balance of Payments and Its Impact on the Monetary Policy

KNOWLEDGE - International Journal

The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of North Macedonia, which determines t... more The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of North Macedonia, which determines the amount of the exchange rate through the supply and demand of foreign currency, as well as the impact of the exchange rate on the balance of payments movements. Real exchange rates are essentially equilibrium exchange rates. exchange rate that will keep the balance of payments in balance without taking measures for foreign exchange control, without pronounced inflation and deflationary tendencies and without constant expectation of monetary and foreign exchange reserves.There are several methods by which balance of payments can be established: by devaluation, by currency control and by deflation. When considering the relationship between the national currency exchange rate and the balance of payments of a national economy in terms of their interconnections, one should depart from their causal link of impacts. The exchange rate affects the balance of payments, as well as the balance of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Internet Management in Creation and Operation of Businesses and E-Business in the Republic of North Macedonia

The digitalization of the way we manage and work in all spheres of social life has created the co... more The digitalization of the way we manage and work in all spheres of social life has created the conditions for access to one of the most valuable resources of the time we live in at any time and in any place, and that resource is information. A key element in managing any kind of trade is information, if in the past it took days to send or receive certain information, today it only takes seconds for it to be sent, received and processed. The rapid flow of information allows for a significant increase in the efficiency of company management and the creation of conditions that allow easier access to the global market.Electronic commerce has emerged in the last two decades and at the same time it has made fundamental changes in the way we understand and run a business. The need to overcome all the shortcomings and obstacles that have arisen in international trade has resulted in the emergence of electronic or so-called digital commerce and the global market is a huge whole consisting of...

Research paper thumbnail of Road Traffic and Its Security as a Factor for Progress of the Tourism in R. Macedonia

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

In today's world of globalization and a quicker way of life, tourism in the modern world is o... more In today's world of globalization and a quicker way of life, tourism in the modern world is one of the main export industries of each country and the Republic of Macedonia. Worldwide revenues in 2017 of about 7.6 billion (10.2% of global GDP) and 292 million jobs in 2016, equivalent to 1 in 10 jobs in the global economy. Worldwide tourism revenues have led many countries to seriously think about development of this industry branch which is highly profitable. One of the main factors for the progress of tourism is road transport, its security as well as the accompanying infrastructure. The security of the road infrastructure, ie the road network, pedestrian infrastructure, traffic and tourist signalization are the basic elements that are noted by both transit tourists and tourists who have decided on one of the Macedonian tourist destinations which have provided a significant comparative advantage over others. On the other hand, the numerous circumstances with it creates increased...

Research paper thumbnail of Types of Natural Disasters

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

The number of challenges and crises that are threatening the human race today have its own conseq... more The number of challenges and crises that are threatening the human race today have its own consequences, so it can be used by timely and cooperative measures to minimize or diminish what is happening as an imperative for our current experiences. Natural disasters are a consequence of the negative impact of some natural danger on the planet. Natural catastrophes are non-threatening, and we have a technology that will predict them, we can not stop it from going down. When the catastrophes happen because of some natural force, these are called natural catastrophes, which man does not have any control. Some honest natural catastrophes are landlords, castles, floats, droughts, cyclones, and so on. There have been different types of natural disasters and the number of crashes caused by the catastrophe caused to be so different. The prostitute is growing up and we forget the story that we are provoking to our animals. The catastrophes caused by human dullness and lack of mastery or the ina...

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Human Resources

This paper deals with emotional and physical abuse by co-workers or subordinates, as well as nega... more This paper deals with emotional and physical abuse by co-workers or subordinates, as well as negative effects it might have on the personnel and the company performance. We also want to emphasise the role of management in its eliminating and suppressing. The first part explains the terms and the ideas of management and mobbing, including the functions and different levels of management, as well as different kinds of mobbing. The second part deals with the impact mobbing has on workers and business activities, the responsibility of management on suppressing physical and psychical abuse at workplace as well as creating positive working environment. abuse, and one in five in Serbia. There are some differences between countries in the world regarding reported cases of mobbing as a result of cultural differences. These alarming figures indicate the need for greater involvement of all in solving this problem. We believe that it is necessary to pass laws at the state level that will clearl...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Intelectual Capital on the Value of the Organization

Intellectual capital is considered as one of the vital and most crucial strategic assets for succ... more Intellectual capital is considered as one of the vital and most crucial strategic assets for success and sustainability of organizations in the competitive business environment. In today’s fast changing society, knowledge has become one of the most meaningful resources. In accordance with this, the traditional factors of production have not disappeared, but have become secondary. It is much more difficult to see and count ideas and expertise, than to count money or products.Nowadays, in strategic perspective for the companies, knowledge and intellectual capital are used to create and enhance organizational value, and the success of an organization depends on its ability to manage these scarce resources. Therefore, the knowledge of individuals has inevitably become as important as other financial and physical assets of the organizations. This paper examines the relationship between intellectual capital and knowledge management and their roles in creating organizational value.The firs...

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Balance of Payments on Monetary Policy

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of N. Macedonia, which determines the ... more The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of N. Macedonia, which determines the amount of the exchange rate through the supply and demand of foreign currency, as well as the impact of the exchange rate on the balance of payments movements. Real exchange rates are essentially equilibrium exchange rates. exchange rate that will keep the balance of payments in balance without taking measures for foreign exchange control, without pronounced inflation and deflationary tendencies and without constant expectation of monetary and foreign exchange reserves.There are several methods by which balance of payments can be established: by devaluation, by currency control and by deflation. When considering the relationship between the national currency exchange rate and the balance of payments of a national economy in terms of their interconnections, one should depart from their causal link of impacts. The exchange rate affects the balance of payments, as well as the balance of pay...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevention and Avoidance of Fires with Innovative Means in the Public Institution Mavrovo

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

Forests are the lungs of the planet Earth. As in all countries, one of the natural treasures of R... more Forests are the lungs of the planet Earth. As in all countries, one of the natural treasures of RSM is the forests in our country. protection of forests is the responsibility of state owned forest enterprises and national parks that manage them. Forests today have numerous risks where they are reduced or destroyed and one of the major risks is forest fires which we as a state cannot afford. and we are exempt.Forest fires are the spontaneous and uncontrolled spread of fire in the natural environment. The size of the burned area and the severity of the fire depend on the type of vegetation affected by the fire. The dimensions of these natural disasters are often of such magnitude as are visible from space, such as the fires in Siberian rainforest and the Amazon this year. Characteristic of forest fires is the very rapid spread and sudden changes of direction due to weather conditions.The strategy for combating forest fires includes their prevention to prevent, early detect and suppres...

Research paper thumbnail of Economic Viability of the Hydropower Plants of the Future

KNOWLEDGE - International Journal

The impact of hydropower plants on the environment varies greatly, depending on site-specific mit... more The impact of hydropower plants on the environment varies greatly, depending on site-specific mitigation measures and production strategies: if badly managed, hydropower production can reduce biodiversity and can significantly degrade fluvial ecosystems and associated ecosystem services.Ocean waves are an immense, unused source of energy. Since global attention is nowadays constantly being drawn to the fact that the level of CO2 is rising, creating the so called “greenhouse effect”, and influencing further climate changes, the focus on generating electricity from renewable sources forces itself as an important area of future research. The possibility to exploit the energy potential created by sea waves indisputably exists. Various researches conducted in the field of unused energy sources prove the necessity of seriously considering this potential of sea waves. The illustration of this point in noted in a recently performed estimation that up to 15 per cent of current UK electricity...

Research paper thumbnail of Paradigm of the Financial Crisis in Greece

Knowledge International Journal, Dec 5, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Prevention of Events That Can Cause Catastrophes

Knowledge International Journal

The dam Mavrovo on the Mavrovo Lake was built on the river Mavrovska at the very exit of the Mavr... more The dam Mavrovo on the Mavrovo Lake was built on the river Mavrovska at the very exit of the Mavrovo field. The dam can relay in several cases: war, natural disasters (tectonic disturbance, earthquake, flood and human factor), and antiterrorist attack. During the demolition of the dam, a flood wave would be formed along the valley of the Mavrovska River and the Radika River. The basic, main and priority goals that are expected to be achieved after the conducted research, analysis and preparation of this paper are as follows: Realization of the possibilities for reaction and support for cracks, collapse and other damage to dams, Realizing the possibilities for reaction and support if cracks, crashes and other damage to the dams, creating conditions for the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants, achieving the possibilities for reaction and support if cracks, crashes and other damage to dams, resulting in greater material damage to the habitats, destruction of...

Research paper thumbnail of Basic Structure of Scientific Article–Imrad Methodology

ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, Sep 6, 2023

The paper will present the basic structure of writing a scientific paper, so-called IMRAD methodo... more The paper will present the basic structure of writing a scientific paper, so-called IMRAD methodology (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, References). The process and direction of writing a scientific paper will be shown with reference to the most important rules in writing a paper, all with the aim of ranking the paper itself. Five basic rules for increasing the visibility of the work itself and basic SEO optimization will be shown through practical examples of presentations with reference to the importance of the abstract itself and keywords. The importance of social networks and ways of promoting the work itself will also be clearly shown. The Process of Writing Scientific Article It is not a problem to determine the titles in advance and enter the research findings and the content of the paper in accordance with the so-called IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) format used in the majority of scientific journals. Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References make up the basic article's structure for most of scientific journals. No matter how logical it seems that the text is entered in the order in which the methodology is stated, the process of preparing the work goes in reverse. First, after the research done and the results obtained, the Materials and Methods section is written, then the Results, Discussion, Conclusion and only at the end the Introduction, after which the title, abstract and key words can be clearly defined.

Research paper thumbnail of Companies and Corporate Social Responsibility

Knowledge International Journal, Dec 5, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Humans, Environment and Climate Change

Research paper thumbnail of Financial Management in Logistic Companies

Knowledge International Journal, Aug 17, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Determining the Purchase and Sale Value of Shares by Estimating the Value of the Capital

SCIENCE International Journal

The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, thei... more The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, their sale cannot be done, because any investment brings certain risks and uncertainties, so it should be done based on financial analysis of the company and determined fair value of its capital. Realistic and adequate assessment of the value of the company’s capital is of multiple importance for the potential investor when making an investment decision. Determining the fair value of shares also protects „small“ shareholders whose shares the investor wants to repurchase. In this paper, an assessment of the value of the capital of the company „X“ AD was performed and the fair price of one share was formed, which the bidder should offer to „small“ shareholders and buy them back. Therefore, the financial analysis of the company was used (determining the market position of the company, its return, property and financial position) as well as the usual methods of estimating its capital (adjusted b...

Research paper thumbnail of Establishing a Plan and Management Team for Emergency Situations

Knowledge International Journal, May 21, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Determining the Purchase and Sale Value of Shares by Estimating the Value of the Capital

SCIENCE International Journal

The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, thei... more The aim of this paper is to point out the fact that without determining the value of shares, their sale cannot be done, because any investment brings certain risks and uncertainties, so it should be done based on financial analysis of the company and determined fair value of its capital. Realistic and adequate assessment of the value of the company’s capital is of multiple importance for the potential investor when making an investment decision. Determining the fair value of shares also protects „small“ shareholders whose shares the investor wants to repurchase. In this paper, an assessment of the value of the capital of the company „X“ AD was performed and the fair price of one share was formed, which the bidder should offer to „small“ shareholders and buy them back. Therefore, the financial analysis of the company was used (determining the market position of the company, its return, property and financial position) as well as the usual methods of estimating its capital (adjusted b...

Research paper thumbnail of Balance of Payments and Its Impact on the Monetary Policy

KNOWLEDGE - International Journal

The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of North Macedonia, which determines t... more The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of North Macedonia, which determines the amount of the exchange rate through the supply and demand of foreign currency, as well as the impact of the exchange rate on the balance of payments movements. Real exchange rates are essentially equilibrium exchange rates. exchange rate that will keep the balance of payments in balance without taking measures for foreign exchange control, without pronounced inflation and deflationary tendencies and without constant expectation of monetary and foreign exchange reserves.There are several methods by which balance of payments can be established: by devaluation, by currency control and by deflation. When considering the relationship between the national currency exchange rate and the balance of payments of a national economy in terms of their interconnections, one should depart from their causal link of impacts. The exchange rate affects the balance of payments, as well as the balance of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Internet Management in Creation and Operation of Businesses and E-Business in the Republic of North Macedonia

The digitalization of the way we manage and work in all spheres of social life has created the co... more The digitalization of the way we manage and work in all spheres of social life has created the conditions for access to one of the most valuable resources of the time we live in at any time and in any place, and that resource is information. A key element in managing any kind of trade is information, if in the past it took days to send or receive certain information, today it only takes seconds for it to be sent, received and processed. The rapid flow of information allows for a significant increase in the efficiency of company management and the creation of conditions that allow easier access to the global market.Electronic commerce has emerged in the last two decades and at the same time it has made fundamental changes in the way we understand and run a business. The need to overcome all the shortcomings and obstacles that have arisen in international trade has resulted in the emergence of electronic or so-called digital commerce and the global market is a huge whole consisting of...

Research paper thumbnail of Road Traffic and Its Security as a Factor for Progress of the Tourism in R. Macedonia

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

In today's world of globalization and a quicker way of life, tourism in the modern world is o... more In today's world of globalization and a quicker way of life, tourism in the modern world is one of the main export industries of each country and the Republic of Macedonia. Worldwide revenues in 2017 of about 7.6 billion (10.2% of global GDP) and 292 million jobs in 2016, equivalent to 1 in 10 jobs in the global economy. Worldwide tourism revenues have led many countries to seriously think about development of this industry branch which is highly profitable. One of the main factors for the progress of tourism is road transport, its security as well as the accompanying infrastructure. The security of the road infrastructure, ie the road network, pedestrian infrastructure, traffic and tourist signalization are the basic elements that are noted by both transit tourists and tourists who have decided on one of the Macedonian tourist destinations which have provided a significant comparative advantage over others. On the other hand, the numerous circumstances with it creates increased...

Research paper thumbnail of Types of Natural Disasters

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

The number of challenges and crises that are threatening the human race today have its own conseq... more The number of challenges and crises that are threatening the human race today have its own consequences, so it can be used by timely and cooperative measures to minimize or diminish what is happening as an imperative for our current experiences. Natural disasters are a consequence of the negative impact of some natural danger on the planet. Natural catastrophes are non-threatening, and we have a technology that will predict them, we can not stop it from going down. When the catastrophes happen because of some natural force, these are called natural catastrophes, which man does not have any control. Some honest natural catastrophes are landlords, castles, floats, droughts, cyclones, and so on. There have been different types of natural disasters and the number of crashes caused by the catastrophe caused to be so different. The prostitute is growing up and we forget the story that we are provoking to our animals. The catastrophes caused by human dullness and lack of mastery or the ina...

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Human Resources

This paper deals with emotional and physical abuse by co-workers or subordinates, as well as nega... more This paper deals with emotional and physical abuse by co-workers or subordinates, as well as negative effects it might have on the personnel and the company performance. We also want to emphasise the role of management in its eliminating and suppressing. The first part explains the terms and the ideas of management and mobbing, including the functions and different levels of management, as well as different kinds of mobbing. The second part deals with the impact mobbing has on workers and business activities, the responsibility of management on suppressing physical and psychical abuse at workplace as well as creating positive working environment. abuse, and one in five in Serbia. There are some differences between countries in the world regarding reported cases of mobbing as a result of cultural differences. These alarming figures indicate the need for greater involvement of all in solving this problem. We believe that it is necessary to pass laws at the state level that will clearl...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Intelectual Capital on the Value of the Organization

Intellectual capital is considered as one of the vital and most crucial strategic assets for succ... more Intellectual capital is considered as one of the vital and most crucial strategic assets for success and sustainability of organizations in the competitive business environment. In today’s fast changing society, knowledge has become one of the most meaningful resources. In accordance with this, the traditional factors of production have not disappeared, but have become secondary. It is much more difficult to see and count ideas and expertise, than to count money or products.Nowadays, in strategic perspective for the companies, knowledge and intellectual capital are used to create and enhance organizational value, and the success of an organization depends on its ability to manage these scarce resources. Therefore, the knowledge of individuals has inevitably become as important as other financial and physical assets of the organizations. This paper examines the relationship between intellectual capital and knowledge management and their roles in creating organizational value.The firs...

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Balance of Payments on Monetary Policy

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of N. Macedonia, which determines the ... more The paper monitors the balance of payments in the Republic of N. Macedonia, which determines the amount of the exchange rate through the supply and demand of foreign currency, as well as the impact of the exchange rate on the balance of payments movements. Real exchange rates are essentially equilibrium exchange rates. exchange rate that will keep the balance of payments in balance without taking measures for foreign exchange control, without pronounced inflation and deflationary tendencies and without constant expectation of monetary and foreign exchange reserves.There are several methods by which balance of payments can be established: by devaluation, by currency control and by deflation. When considering the relationship between the national currency exchange rate and the balance of payments of a national economy in terms of their interconnections, one should depart from their causal link of impacts. The exchange rate affects the balance of payments, as well as the balance of pay...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevention and Avoidance of Fires with Innovative Means in the Public Institution Mavrovo

Knowledge International Journal, 2019

Forests are the lungs of the planet Earth. As in all countries, one of the natural treasures of R... more Forests are the lungs of the planet Earth. As in all countries, one of the natural treasures of RSM is the forests in our country. protection of forests is the responsibility of state owned forest enterprises and national parks that manage them. Forests today have numerous risks where they are reduced or destroyed and one of the major risks is forest fires which we as a state cannot afford. and we are exempt.Forest fires are the spontaneous and uncontrolled spread of fire in the natural environment. The size of the burned area and the severity of the fire depend on the type of vegetation affected by the fire. The dimensions of these natural disasters are often of such magnitude as are visible from space, such as the fires in Siberian rainforest and the Amazon this year. Characteristic of forest fires is the very rapid spread and sudden changes of direction due to weather conditions.The strategy for combating forest fires includes their prevention to prevent, early detect and suppres...

Research paper thumbnail of Economic Viability of the Hydropower Plants of the Future

KNOWLEDGE - International Journal

The impact of hydropower plants on the environment varies greatly, depending on site-specific mit... more The impact of hydropower plants on the environment varies greatly, depending on site-specific mitigation measures and production strategies: if badly managed, hydropower production can reduce biodiversity and can significantly degrade fluvial ecosystems and associated ecosystem services.Ocean waves are an immense, unused source of energy. Since global attention is nowadays constantly being drawn to the fact that the level of CO2 is rising, creating the so called “greenhouse effect”, and influencing further climate changes, the focus on generating electricity from renewable sources forces itself as an important area of future research. The possibility to exploit the energy potential created by sea waves indisputably exists. Various researches conducted in the field of unused energy sources prove the necessity of seriously considering this potential of sea waves. The illustration of this point in noted in a recently performed estimation that up to 15 per cent of current UK electricity...

Research paper thumbnail of Paradigm of the Financial Crisis in Greece

Knowledge International Journal, Dec 5, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Management and Prevention of Events That Can Cause Catastrophes

Knowledge International Journal

The dam Mavrovo on the Mavrovo Lake was built on the river Mavrovska at the very exit of the Mavr... more The dam Mavrovo on the Mavrovo Lake was built on the river Mavrovska at the very exit of the Mavrovo field. The dam can relay in several cases: war, natural disasters (tectonic disturbance, earthquake, flood and human factor), and antiterrorist attack. During the demolition of the dam, a flood wave would be formed along the valley of the Mavrovska River and the Radika River. The basic, main and priority goals that are expected to be achieved after the conducted research, analysis and preparation of this paper are as follows: Realization of the possibilities for reaction and support for cracks, collapse and other damage to dams, Realizing the possibilities for reaction and support if cracks, crashes and other damage to the dams, creating conditions for the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants, achieving the possibilities for reaction and support if cracks, crashes and other damage to dams, resulting in greater material damage to the habitats, destruction of...