Nuno Morgado - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Neoclassical Geopolitics by Nuno Morgado
Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bo... more Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro as a “far-right extremist.” This claim seems to be highly problematic because of both the unclear definition of the concept “far-right extremism” and the lack of empirical evidence to sustain that yet fragile claim. The assessment of Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program suggests they are rather standard right-wing conservative ones. This article attempts to sustain that claim in the following three sections. The first section briefly discusses the left/right spectrum and delimits conservatism. The second section begins with contextualizing Brazil in the last two decades, pointing out the results of the previous leftist administrations, then analyzes Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program, identifying the objectives and measuring the modalities of action to reach those objectives. The third section ties the research up through a methodological schema that entails the examination of coherence in Bolsonaro’s discourse, the assessment of the network of Bolsonaro’s administration (domestic and international), and finally, an exploration of Bolsonaro’s personality. Among the main findings are (i) making the point that “far-right extremism” can be seen as a qualitative contradiction of terms, (ii) systematizing objectives and modalities of action of the new Brazilian administration, (iii) underlining the fact that a new Brazilian geopolitical design is still inexistent, (iv) noting that Bolsonaro’s administration is in a weak position owing to the lack of a right-wing conservative counterculture in Brazil.
The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In thi... more The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In this sense, the objectives are conceptual and operational, comprising an original definition of geopolitical studies, and the explanation of the neoclassical geopolitics model and its variables: systemic stimuli, the geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities, and foreign policy outcomes (primarily the geopolitical design). Therefore, the problem at stake is to tie up several theoretical and methodological contributions into a solid new geopolitical model, in the limits of the phenomenological and soft positivist sphere. Two sections constituted the structure of this qualitative paper: 1) formulation of a chain of theoretical fundaments in geopolitical studies, and 2) description of a group of methodological steps that a geopolitical study can use. The research advances a) a new definition of geopolitical studies, b) explains the concept of geomisguidance, c) frames and unwraps Ratzel's concept of Raumsinn, and d) ultimately systematises and assesses geopolitical studies' literature of different languages with respect to theory and methodology. All these findings were oriented to the practical aspect of the operationalisation of geopolitical studies, presenting the compact conclusion that the analysis of location is not enough for a grand vision of geopolitical studies as an international relations approach.
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). The purpose of the paper is then threefold: (i) conceptual-because it deals with definition of terms and their differentiation, (ii) theoretical-since the paper intends to review the neoclassical realist approach and merge it with geopolitical studies trying to forge a joint approach, and (iii) methodological-as it provides methodological guidelines about the new framework. Therefore, the paper brings the innovation of including insights of the neoclassical realist intervening variables into the geopolitical studies' framework for a more accurate and enhanced scope of geopolitical analysis in the future.
Books by Nuno Morgado
This book is dedicated to geopolitics in the 21st century. Several scholars from slightly differe... more This book is dedicated to geopolitics in the 21st century. Several scholars from slightly different backgrounds (geopolitics, international relations, history, and political science) have come together to develop the geopolitical research program as an approach to international relations. This book includes research on the great powers that have permanent seats on the UN security council, as well as Japan and Brazil, as regional powers that may increase in influence in the 21st century international arena.
Despite the methodological richness of the individual contributions, all chapters address the core(s) of geopolitical thought – the territorial and identity-based realities that shape politics, foreign policies, and grand strategies – thereby adding value to the research agenda of geopolitical studies.
Papers by Nuno Morgado
Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, Oct 20, 2021
European Journal of Geography, Oct 23, 2023
Corvinus University of Budapest, Social Futuring Center, 2020
Blazars are a sub-category of radio-loud active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets pointing t... more Blazars are a sub-category of radio-loud active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets pointing towards to the observer. They are well-known for their non-thermal variable emission, which practically extends over the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Despite the plethora of multi-wavelength observations, the issue about the origin of the γ-ray and radio emission in blazar jets remains unsettled. Here, we construct a parametric leptonic model for studying the connection between the γ-ray and radio emission in both steady-state and flaring states of blazars. Assuming that relativistic electrons are injected continuously at a fixed distance from the black hole, we numerically study the evolution of their population as it propagates to larger distances while losing energy due to expansion and radiative cooling. In this framework, γ-ray photons are naturally produced at small distances (e.g. 10 −3 pc) when the electrons are still very energetic, whereas the radio emission is produced at larger distances (e.g. 1 pc), after the electrons have cooled and the emitting region has become optically thin to synchrotron self-absorption due to expansion. We present preliminary results of our numerical investigation for the steady-state jet emission and the predicted time lags between γ-rays and radio during flares.
The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Civic and Political Studies, 2020
Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bo... more Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro as a “far-right extremist.” This claim seems to be highly problematic because of both the unclear definition of the concept “far-right extremism” and the lack of empirical evidence to sustain that yet fragile claim. The assessment of Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program suggests they are rather standard right-wing conservative ones. This article attempts to sustain that claim in the following three sections. The first section briefly discusses the left/right spectrum and delimits conservatism. The second section begins with contextualizing Brazil in the last two decades, pointing out the results of the previous leftist administrations, then analyzes Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program, identifying the objectives and measuring the modalities of action to reach those objectives. The third section ties the research up through a methodological schema that entails the examination of coherence in Bolsonaro’s discourse, the assessment of the network of Bolsonaro’s administration (domestic and international), and finally, an exploration of Bolsonaro’s personality. Among the main findings are (i) making the point that “far-right extremism” can be seen as a qualitative contradiction of terms, (ii) systematizing objectives and modalities of action of the new Brazilian administration, (iii) underlining the fact that a new Brazilian geopolitical design is still inexistent, (iv) noting that Bolsonaro’s administration is in a weak position owing to the lack of a right-wing conservative counterculture in Brazil.
Medjunarodni problemi, 2020
The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In thi... more The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In this sense, the objectives are conceptual and operational, comprising an original definition of geopolitical studies, and the explanation of the neoclassical geopolitics model and its variables: systemic stimuli, the geopolitical agent?s perceptions and capacities, and foreign policy outcomes (primarily the geopolitical design). Therefore, the problem at stake is to tie up several theoretical and methodological contributions into a solid new geopolitical model, in the limits of the phenomenological and soft positivist sphere. Two sections constituted the structure of this qualitative paper: 1) formulation of a chain of theoretical fundaments in geopolitical studies, and 2) description of a group of methodological steps that a geopolitical study can use. The research advances a) a new definition of geopolitical studies, b) explains the concept of geomisguidance, c) frames and unwraps Ratzel?...
Page 1. Império Germânico: desígnio anulado ou a renascer? Nuno Morgado Uma perspectiva geopolíti... more Page 1. Império Germânico: desígnio anulado ou a renascer? Nuno Morgado Uma perspectiva geopolítica _____ 2 Dedicatórias/ Agradecimentos Ao meu pai que me mostra ...
SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). Starting from the central assumptions of Ethology and Classical Élites Theory with the purpose of delimitating the agent – the geopolitical agent or the foreign policy executive – this paper aims to reinforce the importance of the intervening variables geopolitical agent’s perceptions and capacities in shaping the geopolitical design and other foreign policy outcomes. The true core of the paper is to expand the scope of geopolitical studies by including the methodological task of studying the geopolitical agent’s perceptions and capacities. In doing so, the matter directly relates to the analysis of both (i) how the geopolitical agent can perceive the geographical space (Raumsinn), and (ii) what can b...
Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales
This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Mer... more This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Meridionalism. Its main argument is that there exists a possible tendency of Meridionalism becoming an instrument of neo-Eurasianism-and by extension of Russian national interests-in Latin America. Although Russian interference in Brazil is not new, the bonds between Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism may now assume a clearer than ever aspect in strategic terms between the two countries. It is also noteworthy that both those formulations came from academia. There is a particular logical inconsistency to be pointed out within Meridionalism: either an ideological purpose overcomes geostrategic goals or the opposite. In order to solve that problem, the article is structured in two parts: a short look at the Brazilian School of Geopolitics' cores and the comparative analysis of Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism. The theoretical and methodological framework is linked to the realist theoretical
This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Mer... more This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Meridionalism. Its main argument is that there exists a possible tendency of Meridionalism becoming an instrument of neo-Eurasianism-and by extension of Russian national interests-in Latin America. Although Russian interference in Brazil is not new, the bonds between Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism may now assume a clearer than ever aspect in strategic terms between the two countries. It is also noteworthy that both those formulations came from academia. There is a particular logical inconsistency to be pointed out within Meridionalism: either an ideological purpose overcomes geostrategic goals or the opposite. In order to solve that problem, the article is structured in two parts: a short look at the Brazilian School of Geopolitics' cores and the comparative analysis of Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism. The theoretical and methodological framework is linked to the realist theoretical
SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART, Jan 20, 2020
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). Starting from the central assumptions of Ethology and Classical Élites Theory with the purpose of delimitating the agent-the geopolitical agent or the foreign policy executive-this paper aims to reinforce the importance of the intervening variables geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities in shaping the geopolitical design and other foreign policy outcomes. The true core of the paper is to expand the scope of geopolitical studies by including the methodological task of studying the geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities. In doing so, the matter directly relates to the analysis of both (i) how the geopolitical agent can perceive the geographical space (Raumsinn), and (ii) what can be the geopolitical agent's capacities in managing resources assigned to the foreign policy. The purpose of the paper is then threefold: (i) conceptual-because it deals with definition of terms and their differentiation, (ii) theoretical-since the paper intends to review the neoclassical realist approach and merge it with geopolitical studies trying to forge a joint approach, and (iii) methodological-as it provides methodological guidelines about the new framework. Therefore, the paper brings the innovation of including insights of the neoclassical realist intervening variables into the geopolitical studies' framework for a more accurate and enhanced scope of geopolitical analysis in the future.
Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bo... more Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro as a “far-right extremist.” This claim seems to be highly problematic because of both the unclear definition of the concept “far-right extremism” and the lack of empirical evidence to sustain that yet fragile claim. The assessment of Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program suggests they are rather standard right-wing conservative ones. This article attempts to sustain that claim in the following three sections. The first section briefly discusses the left/right spectrum and delimits conservatism. The second section begins with contextualizing Brazil in the last two decades, pointing out the results of the previous leftist administrations, then analyzes Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program, identifying the objectives and measuring the modalities of action to reach those objectives. The third section ties the research up through a methodological schema that entails the examination of coherence in Bolsonaro’s discourse, the assessment of the network of Bolsonaro’s administration (domestic and international), and finally, an exploration of Bolsonaro’s personality. Among the main findings are (i) making the point that “far-right extremism” can be seen as a qualitative contradiction of terms, (ii) systematizing objectives and modalities of action of the new Brazilian administration, (iii) underlining the fact that a new Brazilian geopolitical design is still inexistent, (iv) noting that Bolsonaro’s administration is in a weak position owing to the lack of a right-wing conservative counterculture in Brazil.
The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In thi... more The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In this sense, the objectives are conceptual and operational, comprising an original definition of geopolitical studies, and the explanation of the neoclassical geopolitics model and its variables: systemic stimuli, the geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities, and foreign policy outcomes (primarily the geopolitical design). Therefore, the problem at stake is to tie up several theoretical and methodological contributions into a solid new geopolitical model, in the limits of the phenomenological and soft positivist sphere. Two sections constituted the structure of this qualitative paper: 1) formulation of a chain of theoretical fundaments in geopolitical studies, and 2) description of a group of methodological steps that a geopolitical study can use. The research advances a) a new definition of geopolitical studies, b) explains the concept of geomisguidance, c) frames and unwraps Ratzel's concept of Raumsinn, and d) ultimately systematises and assesses geopolitical studies' literature of different languages with respect to theory and methodology. All these findings were oriented to the practical aspect of the operationalisation of geopolitical studies, presenting the compact conclusion that the analysis of location is not enough for a grand vision of geopolitical studies as an international relations approach.
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). The purpose of the paper is then threefold: (i) conceptual-because it deals with definition of terms and their differentiation, (ii) theoretical-since the paper intends to review the neoclassical realist approach and merge it with geopolitical studies trying to forge a joint approach, and (iii) methodological-as it provides methodological guidelines about the new framework. Therefore, the paper brings the innovation of including insights of the neoclassical realist intervening variables into the geopolitical studies' framework for a more accurate and enhanced scope of geopolitical analysis in the future.
This book is dedicated to geopolitics in the 21st century. Several scholars from slightly differe... more This book is dedicated to geopolitics in the 21st century. Several scholars from slightly different backgrounds (geopolitics, international relations, history, and political science) have come together to develop the geopolitical research program as an approach to international relations. This book includes research on the great powers that have permanent seats on the UN security council, as well as Japan and Brazil, as regional powers that may increase in influence in the 21st century international arena.
Despite the methodological richness of the individual contributions, all chapters address the core(s) of geopolitical thought – the territorial and identity-based realities that shape politics, foreign policies, and grand strategies – thereby adding value to the research agenda of geopolitical studies.
Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, Oct 20, 2021
European Journal of Geography, Oct 23, 2023
Corvinus University of Budapest, Social Futuring Center, 2020
Blazars are a sub-category of radio-loud active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets pointing t... more Blazars are a sub-category of radio-loud active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets pointing towards to the observer. They are well-known for their non-thermal variable emission, which practically extends over the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Despite the plethora of multi-wavelength observations, the issue about the origin of the γ-ray and radio emission in blazar jets remains unsettled. Here, we construct a parametric leptonic model for studying the connection between the γ-ray and radio emission in both steady-state and flaring states of blazars. Assuming that relativistic electrons are injected continuously at a fixed distance from the black hole, we numerically study the evolution of their population as it propagates to larger distances while losing energy due to expansion and radiative cooling. In this framework, γ-ray photons are naturally produced at small distances (e.g. 10 −3 pc) when the electrons are still very energetic, whereas the radio emission is produced at larger distances (e.g. 1 pc), after the electrons have cooled and the emitting region has become optically thin to synchrotron self-absorption due to expansion. We present preliminary results of our numerical investigation for the steady-state jet emission and the predicted time lags between γ-rays and radio during flares.
The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Civic and Political Studies, 2020
Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bo... more Domestic and international mass media and scholars have been labeling Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro as a “far-right extremist.” This claim seems to be highly problematic because of both the unclear definition of the concept “far-right extremism” and the lack of empirical evidence to sustain that yet fragile claim. The assessment of Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program suggests they are rather standard right-wing conservative ones. This article attempts to sustain that claim in the following three sections. The first section briefly discusses the left/right spectrum and delimits conservatism. The second section begins with contextualizing Brazil in the last two decades, pointing out the results of the previous leftist administrations, then analyzes Bolsonaro’s political discourse and program, identifying the objectives and measuring the modalities of action to reach those objectives. The third section ties the research up through a methodological schema that entails the examination of coherence in Bolsonaro’s discourse, the assessment of the network of Bolsonaro’s administration (domestic and international), and finally, an exploration of Bolsonaro’s personality. Among the main findings are (i) making the point that “far-right extremism” can be seen as a qualitative contradiction of terms, (ii) systematizing objectives and modalities of action of the new Brazilian administration, (iii) underlining the fact that a new Brazilian geopolitical design is still inexistent, (iv) noting that Bolsonaro’s administration is in a weak position owing to the lack of a right-wing conservative counterculture in Brazil.
Medjunarodni problemi, 2020
The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In thi... more The paper is aimed at making geopolitical studies and neoclassical geopolitics equivalent. In this sense, the objectives are conceptual and operational, comprising an original definition of geopolitical studies, and the explanation of the neoclassical geopolitics model and its variables: systemic stimuli, the geopolitical agent?s perceptions and capacities, and foreign policy outcomes (primarily the geopolitical design). Therefore, the problem at stake is to tie up several theoretical and methodological contributions into a solid new geopolitical model, in the limits of the phenomenological and soft positivist sphere. Two sections constituted the structure of this qualitative paper: 1) formulation of a chain of theoretical fundaments in geopolitical studies, and 2) description of a group of methodological steps that a geopolitical study can use. The research advances a) a new definition of geopolitical studies, b) explains the concept of geomisguidance, c) frames and unwraps Ratzel?...
Page 1. Império Germânico: desígnio anulado ou a renascer? Nuno Morgado Uma perspectiva geopolíti... more Page 1. Império Germânico: desígnio anulado ou a renascer? Nuno Morgado Uma perspectiva geopolítica _____ 2 Dedicatórias/ Agradecimentos Ao meu pai que me mostra ...
SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). Starting from the central assumptions of Ethology and Classical Élites Theory with the purpose of delimitating the agent – the geopolitical agent or the foreign policy executive – this paper aims to reinforce the importance of the intervening variables geopolitical agent’s perceptions and capacities in shaping the geopolitical design and other foreign policy outcomes. The true core of the paper is to expand the scope of geopolitical studies by including the methodological task of studying the geopolitical agent’s perceptions and capacities. In doing so, the matter directly relates to the analysis of both (i) how the geopolitical agent can perceive the geographical space (Raumsinn), and (ii) what can b...
Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales
This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Mer... more This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Meridionalism. Its main argument is that there exists a possible tendency of Meridionalism becoming an instrument of neo-Eurasianism-and by extension of Russian national interests-in Latin America. Although Russian interference in Brazil is not new, the bonds between Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism may now assume a clearer than ever aspect in strategic terms between the two countries. It is also noteworthy that both those formulations came from academia. There is a particular logical inconsistency to be pointed out within Meridionalism: either an ideological purpose overcomes geostrategic goals or the opposite. In order to solve that problem, the article is structured in two parts: a short look at the Brazilian School of Geopolitics' cores and the comparative analysis of Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism. The theoretical and methodological framework is linked to the realist theoretical
This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Mer... more This article offers a perspective on the study of the connections between neo-Eurasianism and Meridionalism. Its main argument is that there exists a possible tendency of Meridionalism becoming an instrument of neo-Eurasianism-and by extension of Russian national interests-in Latin America. Although Russian interference in Brazil is not new, the bonds between Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism may now assume a clearer than ever aspect in strategic terms between the two countries. It is also noteworthy that both those formulations came from academia. There is a particular logical inconsistency to be pointed out within Meridionalism: either an ideological purpose overcomes geostrategic goals or the opposite. In order to solve that problem, the article is structured in two parts: a short look at the Brazilian School of Geopolitics' cores and the comparative analysis of Meridionalism and neo-Eurasianism. The theoretical and methodological framework is linked to the realist theoretical
SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART, Jan 20, 2020
The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, st... more The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and leader images, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutions (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy and international outcomes (dependent variable). Starting from the central assumptions of Ethology and Classical Élites Theory with the purpose of delimitating the agent-the geopolitical agent or the foreign policy executive-this paper aims to reinforce the importance of the intervening variables geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities in shaping the geopolitical design and other foreign policy outcomes. The true core of the paper is to expand the scope of geopolitical studies by including the methodological task of studying the geopolitical agent's perceptions and capacities. In doing so, the matter directly relates to the analysis of both (i) how the geopolitical agent can perceive the geographical space (Raumsinn), and (ii) what can be the geopolitical agent's capacities in managing resources assigned to the foreign policy. The purpose of the paper is then threefold: (i) conceptual-because it deals with definition of terms and their differentiation, (ii) theoretical-since the paper intends to review the neoclassical realist approach and merge it with geopolitical studies trying to forge a joint approach, and (iii) methodological-as it provides methodological guidelines about the new framework. Therefore, the paper brings the innovation of including insights of the neoclassical realist intervening variables into the geopolitical studies' framework for a more accurate and enhanced scope of geopolitical analysis in the future.