Asha Bhandarker | International Management Institute New Delhi (original) (raw)
Papers by Asha Bhandarker
Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 2005
Purushartha: A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality, 2019
India, poised to thrust deep into a global economy, it has been imperative for organizations to u... more India, poised to thrust deep into a global economy, it has been imperative for organizations to understand, develop and establish a sustainable leadership. The new leadership role is focused at increasing need to work with other stakeholders, leading change across the business and beyond the business boundaries. With a pressure to showcase the return on investment, the organizations of today have more interest in the integrity, character and behaviour of the leaders. After careful consideration of need of the business, company XCart Limited, with a vision of achieving INR 2000 crores of revenue by 2021, have identified to impart executive coaching to two of its critical senior leaders, namely head of IT and head of Operation. With a proper plan in place, XCart want to see the change in the behaviour, change in the leadership competencies and impact on the business by those chosen leaders.
Thunderbird International Business Review, 2021
This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and... more This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and where they evolved imitating the concepts of the developed nations. As we found this to contradict existing theories of organizational memory, which look at it as an intra-organizational concept, we undertook a case study to look at organizational memory in an Indian organization. Our study showed that organizational memory was often an imitation of existing practices and aspects of it were shared across organizations. It made us look at institutional theories of organizations that explored why organizations imitate and reproduce dominant practices of the industry. However, we also had evidence of the emergence of new organizational memory, driven by local and national contexts. This made us critically examine the homogeneity of institutionalism itself and look at how organizations from postcolonial societies need to grapple with what to retain, what to adapt, what to create, and the challenges they face in the emerging global economy. KEYWORDS Indian organization, institutional theory, isomorphism, organizational memory, postcolonial
This paper details experience of developing and conducting Experiential Learning component as a p... more This paper details experience of developing and conducting Experiential Learning component as a part of Leadership course. Designed to help the students understand the real meaning of “Entrepreneurial Leadership”, the course has a component wherein the students carry out research to figure out feasible business idea, prepare the business plan and practically run it over ten weeks. The overall benefits of the course aside, this component helps the students get a first-hand feel of business decisions, challenges and also ways to overcome them. Not only this, the students practically understand the meaning of “Understanding Self”, “Understanding Others” and “Working together for excellence”. With many of the students in Indian B-Schools without any previous work experience, this assignment also gives them first-hand experience of workplace, and makes them ready for the workplace challenges and opportunities. This paper provides a rich description of the abovementioned learning componen...
Business organizations operating in competitive environments are constantly grappling with change... more Business organizations operating in competitive environments are constantly grappling with change imperatives triggered by the competitor's next move. It is a given reality for business organizations to continually reposition themselves and develop new strategies to enhance their competitive advantage in order to thrive. This is, however, in direct contrast to the human tendency to seek stability and predictability. It is part Of our reality that these opposing forces and energies-the inherently individual as well as the compulsively organizational forces and energies, including the political, social, and aspirational-need to be harnessed and channeled in a coherent fashion towards achievement of organizational goals, keeping in view the core purpose oforganizational growth. The above phenomena firmly establish the need for Leading Change in organizations. Regardless of where these organizations are positioned in the industry, the frontrunners have to continuously discover new f...
English Abstract: I am happy to participate as editor and author in a collective effort to honor ... more English Abstract: I am happy to participate as editor and author in a collective effort to honor Professor Nancy Papalexandris. This book hosts works of people who have been students or colleagues, (or both, as in my case) of Professor Papalexandris. Most of the authors are also connected with the Athens University of Economics and Business (affiliation or alumni), where Professor Papalexandris has served for 37 years, first as Research Assistant, then Professor (at all levels), Director of the Master’s in HRM and Vice-Rector. Some contributions are written by academics from foreign Universities around the world, with whom Professor Papalexandris has collaborated in research and who have eventually become friends (indicatively, from Henley Business School, Pennsylvania State University, Radboud University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Vienna University of Economics and Business, the University of Cyprus, London South Bank University, Birmingham City University, IMI-Delhi, Seebur...
The application of experiential learning has been increasing in Business School curriculum across... more The application of experiential learning has been increasing in Business School curriculum across the globe and a lot of studies have been conducted to assess the efficiency of experiential learning pedagogy. However, these studies are primarily focused on either the behavioral learning aspects or capture the implication of one or other course specializations. This paper attempts to conduct exhaustive literature survey of various studies and come up with an outcome wherein the efficiency of experiential learning methodology across various course specialization is effectively captured. Lastly, the paper also tries to study the preferred learning methods of Millenials and tries to predict if experiential learning will be equally effective for them as well.
Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 2005
Globalisation: Managing …, 2000
Leadership has been a perennial concern of people since the dawn of civilization. It has acquired... more Leadership has been a perennial concern of people since the dawn of civilization. It has acquired greater salience today in the Indian context. This paper discusses five core characteristics of effective leadership-creating vision and purpose, managing self, evolving self, making contribution and striving for immorality. The article also highlights the methods to develop leadership at individual and organization level.
NHRD Network Journal
An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does... more An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does best: awakening students, academia, corporate heads and policy makers to raise their excellence to the next level. As the chairman and member of several policy-making committees and bodies of Government of India, he has stamped his perspective on policy issues that surround both management education and corporate management in India. He sits currently on the Board of ten reputed private and public sector organisations helping them initiate the change process and charter a winning corporate strategy. As a consultant, Dr Pritam Singh has done work with more than 200 CEOs in India and abroad and conducted more than 100 retreats for the top management of both private and public sector organisations as well as multinational corporations. He has had the distinction of organising and directing the first retreat of the Central Ministers as part of Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi's initiative to develop Ministers as Transformational Leaders and Change masters. As an academic administrator, Dr. Pritam Singh has an unparalleled record. With his entrepreneurial vision and path breaking innovative methods, he was instrumental in turning around the fortunes of both MDI (where he was
Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies
Supplementary materials Abelha et al. (2018). “Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: ... more Supplementary materials Abelha et al. (2018). “Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Assessing the influence of Organizational Contextual factors and Individual Characteristics” Review of Business Management, Volume 20 No 4, pp. 516–532. Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. and Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(8), pp. 951–968. John M Alexander and Jane Buckingham, “Common good leadership in Business Management: an ethical model from Indian tradition”, Blackwell Publishing, 2011, UK and USA. Angus Corbett (2016). A systems approach to regulatory excellence (pp. 255–270), Achieving Regulatory Excellence, Brookings Institution Press, retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/PBRLit/Corbett.pdf. Cary Cogl...
Humanistic Management : Responsible Leadership and Trust , Volume I Foundations, Cases, and Exercises , Michael Pirson and Jyoti Bachani Copyright © Business Expert Press, LLC, 2018.
This case presents the challenges faced by the CAG (Controller and Auditor General) of India and ... more This case presents the challenges faced by the CAG (Controller and Auditor General) of India and how people were prepared to deal with such challenges all amidst the media glare, controversies, and scams. The role of Virtuous Leadership and building a suitable work culture has been highlighted. The uniqueness of the case lies in the fact that organizational transformation was successfully brought about even in the government system- the Indian Audits and Accounts. The case further shows that the right type of leadership contributes immensely to creating a more responsive, dedicated and humanistic work culture.
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN BANKING, 2021
In the present disruptive environment, business organizations cannot afford to be c... more In the present disruptive environment, business organizations cannot afford to be complacent and have to make sustained and strategic efforts to keep growing and stay successful. Various global, economic, political, socio-cultural and national factors contribute to organizational growth and performance. Within the organization however, the key enablers as well as (potentially) debilitating factors are Technology, HR systems, Leadership styles, and Work Culture. There is no doubt that in order to achieve corporate transformation, all the levers (strategy, structure, systems, styles, staff, shared values and skills along with massive use of technology and AI) must be activated and aligned with each other.
Indian public sector banks which constitute the financial backbone of the Indian economy, are facing serious competition from private sector banks who are steadily eating into their market share and must to find ways to hold their own. In addition, the recent mega mergers of PSBs have thrown up many management challenges. Clearly, public sector banks are in dire need of transformation in their way of functioning and the need of the hour is leaders who can spearhead that transformation, shore up morale and confidence of the people and enlist the collective as partners in this process to make PSBs competitive.
This paper proposes that Indian banks sorely need to transform so that they become more aligned with the contemporary business context and more prepared to cope with the challenges and competition that they face. Although PSBs need to transform on multiple levels (mentioned above), the creation of an enabling work culture to unleash people power is critical for the success of the various initiatives. The paper brings out the broader culture factors which affect organizations and advocates the creation of a different culture which is more aligned to building future leaders- the key challenge being faced by Indian Banks today.
Thunderbird Int. Bus. Rev. , 2021
This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and... more This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and where they evolved imitating the concepts of the developed nations. As we found this to contradict existing theories of organizational memory, which look at it as an intra-organizational concept, we undertook a case study to look at organizational memory in an Indian organization. Our study showed that organizational memory was often an imitation of existing practices and aspects of it were shared across organizations. It made us look at institutional theories of organizations that explored why organizations imitate and reproduce dominant practices of the industry. However, we also had evidence of the emergence of new organizational memory, driven by local and national contexts. This made us critically examine the homogeneity of institutionalism itself and look at how organizations from postcolonial societies need to grapple with what to retain, what to adapt, what to create, and the challenges they face in the emerging global economy. KEYWORDS Indian organization, institutional theory, isomorphism, organizational memory, postcolonial
International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the distressing impact of toxic leadership on t... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the distressing impact of toxic leadership on the mental state of the subordinates and examine the unique coping mechanisms used by them to deal with such leaders. The paper also examined the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategy used by subordinates to deal with the toxic leader. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a validity testing of two scales. The first scale was designed to measure experienced psychological distress emanating from exposure to toxic leaders, and the second scale aims to assess the coping strategies utilized by subordinates to deal with the toxic leaders. Data were collected from 570 employees working in public as well as private organizations in India. Findings The results of this paper supported the theorized two three-dimensional tools to measure: psychological distress (loss of self-worth, withdrawal and agitated) and coping strategies to deal with toxic leaders (asserti...
Global Business Review
Alfredo Behrens, Gaucho Dialogues on Leadership and Management. London: Anthem Press, 2017, 226 p... more Alfredo Behrens, Gaucho Dialogues on Leadership and Management. London: Anthem Press, 2017, 226 pp., $49. ISBN-13: 978-1783087105; ISBN-10: 1783087102.
NHRD Network Journal
An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does... more An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does best: awakening students, academia, corporate heads and policy makers to raise their excellence to the next level. As the chairman and member of several policy-making committees and bodies of Government of India, he has stamped his perspective on policy issues that surround both management education and corporate management in India. He sits currently on the Board of ten reputed private and public sector organisations helping them initiate the change process and charter a winning corporate strategy. As a consultant, Dr Pritam Singh has done work with more than 200 CEOs in India and abroad and conducted more than 100 retreats for the top management of both private and public sector organisations as well as multi-national corporations. He has had the distinction of organising and directing the first retreat of the Central Ministers as part of Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi's initiative to develop Ministers as Transformational Leaders and Change masters.
Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 2005
Purushartha: A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality, 2019
India, poised to thrust deep into a global economy, it has been imperative for organizations to u... more India, poised to thrust deep into a global economy, it has been imperative for organizations to understand, develop and establish a sustainable leadership. The new leadership role is focused at increasing need to work with other stakeholders, leading change across the business and beyond the business boundaries. With a pressure to showcase the return on investment, the organizations of today have more interest in the integrity, character and behaviour of the leaders. After careful consideration of need of the business, company XCart Limited, with a vision of achieving INR 2000 crores of revenue by 2021, have identified to impart executive coaching to two of its critical senior leaders, namely head of IT and head of Operation. With a proper plan in place, XCart want to see the change in the behaviour, change in the leadership competencies and impact on the business by those chosen leaders.
Thunderbird International Business Review, 2021
This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and... more This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and where they evolved imitating the concepts of the developed nations. As we found this to contradict existing theories of organizational memory, which look at it as an intra-organizational concept, we undertook a case study to look at organizational memory in an Indian organization. Our study showed that organizational memory was often an imitation of existing practices and aspects of it were shared across organizations. It made us look at institutional theories of organizations that explored why organizations imitate and reproduce dominant practices of the industry. However, we also had evidence of the emergence of new organizational memory, driven by local and national contexts. This made us critically examine the homogeneity of institutionalism itself and look at how organizations from postcolonial societies need to grapple with what to retain, what to adapt, what to create, and the challenges they face in the emerging global economy. KEYWORDS Indian organization, institutional theory, isomorphism, organizational memory, postcolonial
This paper details experience of developing and conducting Experiential Learning component as a p... more This paper details experience of developing and conducting Experiential Learning component as a part of Leadership course. Designed to help the students understand the real meaning of “Entrepreneurial Leadership”, the course has a component wherein the students carry out research to figure out feasible business idea, prepare the business plan and practically run it over ten weeks. The overall benefits of the course aside, this component helps the students get a first-hand feel of business decisions, challenges and also ways to overcome them. Not only this, the students practically understand the meaning of “Understanding Self”, “Understanding Others” and “Working together for excellence”. With many of the students in Indian B-Schools without any previous work experience, this assignment also gives them first-hand experience of workplace, and makes them ready for the workplace challenges and opportunities. This paper provides a rich description of the abovementioned learning componen...
Business organizations operating in competitive environments are constantly grappling with change... more Business organizations operating in competitive environments are constantly grappling with change imperatives triggered by the competitor's next move. It is a given reality for business organizations to continually reposition themselves and develop new strategies to enhance their competitive advantage in order to thrive. This is, however, in direct contrast to the human tendency to seek stability and predictability. It is part Of our reality that these opposing forces and energies-the inherently individual as well as the compulsively organizational forces and energies, including the political, social, and aspirational-need to be harnessed and channeled in a coherent fashion towards achievement of organizational goals, keeping in view the core purpose oforganizational growth. The above phenomena firmly establish the need for Leading Change in organizations. Regardless of where these organizations are positioned in the industry, the frontrunners have to continuously discover new f...
English Abstract: I am happy to participate as editor and author in a collective effort to honor ... more English Abstract: I am happy to participate as editor and author in a collective effort to honor Professor Nancy Papalexandris. This book hosts works of people who have been students or colleagues, (or both, as in my case) of Professor Papalexandris. Most of the authors are also connected with the Athens University of Economics and Business (affiliation or alumni), where Professor Papalexandris has served for 37 years, first as Research Assistant, then Professor (at all levels), Director of the Master’s in HRM and Vice-Rector. Some contributions are written by academics from foreign Universities around the world, with whom Professor Papalexandris has collaborated in research and who have eventually become friends (indicatively, from Henley Business School, Pennsylvania State University, Radboud University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Vienna University of Economics and Business, the University of Cyprus, London South Bank University, Birmingham City University, IMI-Delhi, Seebur...
The application of experiential learning has been increasing in Business School curriculum across... more The application of experiential learning has been increasing in Business School curriculum across the globe and a lot of studies have been conducted to assess the efficiency of experiential learning pedagogy. However, these studies are primarily focused on either the behavioral learning aspects or capture the implication of one or other course specializations. This paper attempts to conduct exhaustive literature survey of various studies and come up with an outcome wherein the efficiency of experiential learning methodology across various course specialization is effectively captured. Lastly, the paper also tries to study the preferred learning methods of Millenials and tries to predict if experiential learning will be equally effective for them as well.
Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 2005
Globalisation: Managing …, 2000
Leadership has been a perennial concern of people since the dawn of civilization. It has acquired... more Leadership has been a perennial concern of people since the dawn of civilization. It has acquired greater salience today in the Indian context. This paper discusses five core characteristics of effective leadership-creating vision and purpose, managing self, evolving self, making contribution and striving for immorality. The article also highlights the methods to develop leadership at individual and organization level.
NHRD Network Journal
An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does... more An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does best: awakening students, academia, corporate heads and policy makers to raise their excellence to the next level. As the chairman and member of several policy-making committees and bodies of Government of India, he has stamped his perspective on policy issues that surround both management education and corporate management in India. He sits currently on the Board of ten reputed private and public sector organisations helping them initiate the change process and charter a winning corporate strategy. As a consultant, Dr Pritam Singh has done work with more than 200 CEOs in India and abroad and conducted more than 100 retreats for the top management of both private and public sector organisations as well as multinational corporations. He has had the distinction of organising and directing the first retreat of the Central Ministers as part of Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi's initiative to develop Ministers as Transformational Leaders and Change masters. As an academic administrator, Dr. Pritam Singh has an unparalleled record. With his entrepreneurial vision and path breaking innovative methods, he was instrumental in turning around the fortunes of both MDI (where he was
Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies
Supplementary materials Abelha et al. (2018). “Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: ... more Supplementary materials Abelha et al. (2018). “Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Assessing the influence of Organizational Contextual factors and Individual Characteristics” Review of Business Management, Volume 20 No 4, pp. 516–532. Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. and Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(8), pp. 951–968. John M Alexander and Jane Buckingham, “Common good leadership in Business Management: an ethical model from Indian tradition”, Blackwell Publishing, 2011, UK and USA. Angus Corbett (2016). A systems approach to regulatory excellence (pp. 255–270), Achieving Regulatory Excellence, Brookings Institution Press, retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/PBRLit/Corbett.pdf. Cary Cogl...
Humanistic Management : Responsible Leadership and Trust , Volume I Foundations, Cases, and Exercises , Michael Pirson and Jyoti Bachani Copyright © Business Expert Press, LLC, 2018.
This case presents the challenges faced by the CAG (Controller and Auditor General) of India and ... more This case presents the challenges faced by the CAG (Controller and Auditor General) of India and how people were prepared to deal with such challenges all amidst the media glare, controversies, and scams. The role of Virtuous Leadership and building a suitable work culture has been highlighted. The uniqueness of the case lies in the fact that organizational transformation was successfully brought about even in the government system- the Indian Audits and Accounts. The case further shows that the right type of leadership contributes immensely to creating a more responsive, dedicated and humanistic work culture.
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN BANKING, 2021
In the present disruptive environment, business organizations cannot afford to be c... more In the present disruptive environment, business organizations cannot afford to be complacent and have to make sustained and strategic efforts to keep growing and stay successful. Various global, economic, political, socio-cultural and national factors contribute to organizational growth and performance. Within the organization however, the key enablers as well as (potentially) debilitating factors are Technology, HR systems, Leadership styles, and Work Culture. There is no doubt that in order to achieve corporate transformation, all the levers (strategy, structure, systems, styles, staff, shared values and skills along with massive use of technology and AI) must be activated and aligned with each other.
Indian public sector banks which constitute the financial backbone of the Indian economy, are facing serious competition from private sector banks who are steadily eating into their market share and must to find ways to hold their own. In addition, the recent mega mergers of PSBs have thrown up many management challenges. Clearly, public sector banks are in dire need of transformation in their way of functioning and the need of the hour is leaders who can spearhead that transformation, shore up morale and confidence of the people and enlist the collective as partners in this process to make PSBs competitive.
This paper proposes that Indian banks sorely need to transform so that they become more aligned with the contemporary business context and more prepared to cope with the challenges and competition that they face. Although PSBs need to transform on multiple levels (mentioned above), the creation of an enabling work culture to unleash people power is critical for the success of the various initiatives. The paper brings out the broader culture factors which affect organizations and advocates the creation of a different culture which is more aligned to building future leaders- the key challenge being faced by Indian Banks today.
Thunderbird Int. Bus. Rev. , 2021
This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and... more This article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and where they evolved imitating the concepts of the developed nations. As we found this to contradict existing theories of organizational memory, which look at it as an intra-organizational concept, we undertook a case study to look at organizational memory in an Indian organization. Our study showed that organizational memory was often an imitation of existing practices and aspects of it were shared across organizations. It made us look at institutional theories of organizations that explored why organizations imitate and reproduce dominant practices of the industry. However, we also had evidence of the emergence of new organizational memory, driven by local and national contexts. This made us critically examine the homogeneity of institutionalism itself and look at how organizations from postcolonial societies need to grapple with what to retain, what to adapt, what to create, and the challenges they face in the emerging global economy. KEYWORDS Indian organization, institutional theory, isomorphism, organizational memory, postcolonial
International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the distressing impact of toxic leadership on t... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the distressing impact of toxic leadership on the mental state of the subordinates and examine the unique coping mechanisms used by them to deal with such leaders. The paper also examined the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategy used by subordinates to deal with the toxic leader. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a validity testing of two scales. The first scale was designed to measure experienced psychological distress emanating from exposure to toxic leaders, and the second scale aims to assess the coping strategies utilized by subordinates to deal with the toxic leaders. Data were collected from 570 employees working in public as well as private organizations in India. Findings The results of this paper supported the theorized two three-dimensional tools to measure: psychological distress (loss of self-worth, withdrawal and agitated) and coping strategies to deal with toxic leaders (asserti...
Global Business Review
Alfredo Behrens, Gaucho Dialogues on Leadership and Management. London: Anthem Press, 2017, 226 p... more Alfredo Behrens, Gaucho Dialogues on Leadership and Management. London: Anthem Press, 2017, 226 pp., $49. ISBN-13: 978-1783087105; ISBN-10: 1783087102.
NHRD Network Journal
An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does... more An inspiring role model, Dr. Pritam Singh has spent his entire life tirelessly doing what he does best: awakening students, academia, corporate heads and policy makers to raise their excellence to the next level. As the chairman and member of several policy-making committees and bodies of Government of India, he has stamped his perspective on policy issues that surround both management education and corporate management in India. He sits currently on the Board of ten reputed private and public sector organisations helping them initiate the change process and charter a winning corporate strategy. As a consultant, Dr Pritam Singh has done work with more than 200 CEOs in India and abroad and conducted more than 100 retreats for the top management of both private and public sector organisations as well as multi-national corporations. He has had the distinction of organising and directing the first retreat of the Central Ministers as part of Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi's initiative to develop Ministers as Transformational Leaders and Change masters.
Global Leadership Perspectives: Insights and Analysis Simon Western & Éric-Jean Garcia, 2017
This chapter explores leadership in India, a country characterised by its complex cultural ethos,... more This chapter explores leadership in India, a country characterised by its complex cultural ethos,
apparent contradictions and multitude of problems including sharp inequalities. More
specifically, we will focus on the relationship between a few prominent features of the Indian
socio-cultural history and leadership in organizations 1 . The content of this chapter reflects our
experiences as researchers, consultants, trainers and, in some cases, as board members of
Indians organizations with nearly a hundred of CEOs and thousands of managers at senior and
top management levels.