Serkan Bayraktaroglu | Istanbul University (original) (raw)

Papers by Serkan Bayraktaroglu

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating design for social innovation through business models in Rural India : A model proposal for developing countries

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying Social Aspects Of Terrorism On Human Behavior With A Design Point Of View: Form Follows Fear

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016

och planering av vård, information om utrustningen på BIVA, vikten av kontinuerlig information, ä... more och planering av vård, information om utrustningen på BIVA, vikten av kontinuerlig information, ärlig information och att veta vad man kan förvänta sig, delaktighet i beslut kring barnets fortsatta vård, delaktighet i omvårdnaden, behov av fysiskt utrymme, erbjudas stöd och erhålla uppmuntran. Behovet av information och att få vara delaktig visade sig i samtliga av de inkluderade studierna. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att föräldrar till barn som intensivvårdas har en del gemensamma behov, så som behovet av information och delaktighet men samtidigt är alla föräldrar unika individer med olika önskemål. Det är därför viktigt att som intensivvårdssjuksköterska arbeta familjecentrerat för att kunna identifiera och tillgodose varje familjs enskilda behov.

Research paper thumbnail of Design for Repair as a Strategy to Foster Sustainable User Behavior: A Case of Undergraduate Product Design Studio

Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearabl... more Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearable sustainability problems. Manufacturing and sales-focused linear economies give insufficient concern to the use phase and afterlife of products. Fewer consumers engage in the practice of repair to increase product longevity. On the contrary goal of a circular economy is producing less waste through increasing connections between product lifecycles, which makes product afterlife a crucial debate. In the circular design literature, modularity, material selecti on and disassembly properties of products are often highlighted. However, the practice of repair is often neglected in sustainable product design researches. This paper focuses on design strategies to enhance the reparability of products to support circular user behavior. Major design strategies to change user behavior towards repairing are discussed. The process and outcomes of undergraduate product design focused on design for rep...

Research paper thumbnail of Sosyal Yenileşim Ve Tasarımın Değişen Rolleri

Tasarım + Kuram, 2016

Modern çevreci hareketin bafllang›c› say›lan Rachel Carson'›n 'Sessiz Bahar' adl› kitab›n›n ard›n... more Modern çevreci hareketin bafllang›c› say›lan Rachel Carson'›n 'Sessiz Bahar' adl› kitab›n›n ard›ndan 52 y›l, Birleflmifl Milletler'in sürdürülebilir kalk›nmay› tan›mlad›¤› 'Ortak Gelece¤imiz' raporun ard›ndan ise 27 y›l geçti. Tüketicilerin sürdürülebilirlik alg›s› ve konu ile ilgili çal›flmalar ço¤alsa da, insano¤lunun yay›lma içgüdüsü ve ekosistemin bu büyümeyi karfl›layabilecek kapasitesi aras›ndaki dengesizlik, ekosistem aleyhinde hala devam etmektedir. Çevre ile ilgili büyüyen bu endiflenin yan›nda, kalk›nmadaki dengesizlikler ve küreselleflmenin tetikledi¤i sosyal sorunlar›n daha da karmafl›k hale gelmesi, di¤er tüm alanlarda oldu¤u gibi tasar›mda da karfl›l›k bulmaktad›r.

Research paper thumbnail of Tasarım Fakülteleri için Bir Tanıtım Önerisi: Deneyimsel Öğrenme

Yalova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Bridging roles of social innovations in rural development: craft initiatives from Kutch, India

Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning

Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the res... more Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the resilience of the rural population. However, business contributing to rural development has to fulfill distinct characteristics and roles compared with urban counterparts. Commercial organizations that are solely targeting economic growth and lacking social aspects of development might not contribute to the overall sustainability of the region. This paper draws on three notions discussed in the literature-social innovations, sustainable rural development, and bridging organizations-to illustrate the relationship between business activities and rural capital. Two textile craft initiatives from rural India, Kala Raksha and Khamir, were investigated in order to trace the developmental roles and characteristics of business in rural. The research identifies a set of rural social innovations and elaborates on their five bridging roles contributing to the development of the region. Findings indicate that social innovations playing bridging roles have the potentials to contribute to the sustainability of rural enterprises and the development of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Bridging roles of social innovations in rural development: craft initiatives from Kutch, India

JOURNAL OF DESIGN FOR RESILIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING, 2020

Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the res... more Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the resilience of the rural population. However, business contributing to rural development has to fulfill distinct characteristics and roles compared with urban counterparts. Commercial organizations that are solely targeting economic growth and lacking social aspects of development might not contribute to the overall sustainability of the region. This paper draws on three notions discussed in the literature-social innovations, sustainable rural development, and bridging organizations-to illustrate the relationship between business activities and rural capital. Two textile craft initiatives from rural India, Kala Raksha and Khamir, were investigated in order to trace the developmental roles and characteristics of business in rural. The research identifies a set of rural social innovations and elaborates on their five bridging roles contributing to the development of the region. Findings indicate that social innovations playing bridging roles have the potentials to contribute to the sustainability of rural enterprises and the development of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin "Yavaş Şehirler Hareketi" Ve Tasarımın Katkısı: Seferihisar İçin Ulaşım Proje Çalışması/ Slow Cities Movement, Sustainable Development and the Role of Design: Transportation Project Works for Seferihisar

GreenAge Symposium, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Architecture 6-8 December 2010, Istanbul, Türkiye, 2010

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak i... more Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak için çabalamaktır. Geçmişte „sürdürülebilir‟ terimi „yeşil‟, „ekolojik‟ yada „çevre dostu‟ ile aynı anlamda kullanılmaktaydı. Bugün ise daha fazla sosyo-ekonomik imalar içermektedir. Bu ahvalde sadece çevresel bir mesele olmanın ötesinde sosyal eşitlik ve ekonomik var olabilirlik gibi sorunsalları da barındırmaktadır. Tüm bu prensiplerin ışığında CittaSlow birliği daha kaliteli bir yaşam odağında çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilir kalkınma için elle tutulur bir örnek sunuyor modern dünyaya. Giderek birbirine benzeyen, yerel unsurlarını kaybetmiş yerleşim yerlerine tepki olarak, kendi kimliğini ve özelliklerini koruyarak dünya sahnesinde yer almak isteyen kasabaların ve kentlerin katıldığı bir birlik CittaSlow.
Kadir Has Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri, 2010-2011 Bahar dönemi “Bitirme Projesi” kapsamında yavaş şehir kavramı üzerine tasarım çalışmaları yapmıştır. Yavaş Şehir kavramını bir tasarım araştırma ve uygulama alanı olarak görebilmelerini, ürün özelinde tartışılan biçim-işlev ilişkilerinin yanı sıra sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel kaygıları sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde tasarım sorularına dönüştürebilmeleri amaçlanmıştır.
Bu bildiride yavaş şehirler hareketinde tasarımın rolünü inceleyebilmek için Seferihisar‟da gerçekleştirilen saha araştırması ve gözlemler sonucu elde edilen verilerin ürün tasarımı oluşum sürecine katılmasının aşamaları, sebep sonuç ilişkileri ve projelendirme süreçlerinin irdelenerek oluşturulan projelerin yavaş şehir konseptine katkıları tartışılmıştır

Research paper thumbnail of A Traditional Craftmanship Organisation Model For Sustainable Development Of Modern Clusters: Akhism

This paper aims to discuss a traditional craftsmanship organization model for reaching sustainabl... more This paper aims to discuss a traditional craftsmanship organization model for reaching sustainable development in small scale production zones. Concepts such as 'islands of sustainability' introduces bottom up approaches for sustainable development. Even though its potential success in small scale clusters, especially in creative clusters, management of such an organization plays an important role to reach economical and social sustainability in long term while competing against cheap mass production companies from all around the world. Akhis were artisan organizations in 13's Century in Anatolia. They were social, cultural and economic institutions in the time of Turkish Seljuks. The paper presents a review about Akhi history, their organizational principles and their impact on sustainability with a comparison to guilds in Europe and Anatolia. A brief comparison is presented with traditional Akhi principles and a modern case study from Istanbul; creative cluster of lighting producers in Sishane. It is argued that reexamining and reforming Akhi tradition, root of Turkish artisan culture, can give clues for sustainable management practices for today's small industrial clusters to support socially and economically sustainable development.

Research paper thumbnail of ENGAGING STRATEGIC DESIGN TO UNDERGRADUATE DESIGN EDUCATION; A CASE STUDY IN SISHANE, ISTANBUL: SUSTAINABILITY OF NETWORKS FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENTS

This paper focuses on how " design " especially " strategic design " can generate awareness and e... more This paper focuses on how " design " especially " strategic design " can generate awareness and extend students' way of thinking by delivering meaningful, permanent and innovative solutions in contrast to traditional design education. It supports that strategic design provides not only the solution but also the service-system, which enables to combine the capabilities and knowledge of the different groups like students, designers, local and global players, non-profit partners and NGOs to reach the a better solution for all stakeholders. The chosen case study is a project run by undergraduate design students during strategic design course held by Lect. Serkan Bayraktaroglu and Inst. Mine Ozkaynak in Kadir Has University, Istanbul. The project aims to introduce Turkish master craftspeople to contemporary designers and consumers in the Istanbul district called Sishane, which is specialized in light and electricity from the beginning of 20th century. Small scale manufacturing regions like Sishane within Istanbul are currently threatened by a rapid clearance due to the consumption oriented tourism development. These regions, with their rich and flexible manufacturing infrastructure, have the potential to realize unique design ideas and to respond to the local design needs. If this potential is valued and developed, these regions can go through an urban development process which evolves from their inner dynamics. The paper explains strategic design, its interdisciplinary nature and possibilities for design education via this case study and presents sample works of students who are from different design disciplines.

Research paper thumbnail of Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin " Yavaş Şehirler Hareketi " Ve Tasarımın Katkısı: Seferihisar İçin Ulaşım Proje Çalışması/ Slow Cities Movement, Sustainable Development and the Role of Design: Transportation Project Works for Seferihisar

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak i... more Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak için çabalamaktır. Geçmişte 'sürdürülebilir' terimi 'yeşil', 'ekolojik' yada 'çevre dostu' ile aynı anlamda kullanılmaktaydı. Bugün ise daha fazla sosyo-ekonomik imalar içermektedir. Bu ahvalde sadece çevresel bir mesele olmanın ötesinde sosyal eşitlik ve ekonomik var olabilirlik gibi sorunsalları da barındırmaktadır. Tüm bu prensiplerin ışığında CittaSlow birliği daha kaliteli bir yaşam odağında çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilir kalkınma için elle tutulur bir örnek sunuyor modern dünyaya. Giderek birbirine benzeyen, yerel unsurlarını kaybetmiş yerleşim yerlerine tepki olarak, kendi kimliğini ve özelliklerini koruyarak dünya sahnesinde yer almak isteyen kasabaların ve kentlerin katıldığı bir birlik CittaSlow. Kadir Has Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri, 2010-2011 Bahar dönemi " Bitirme Projesi " kapsamında yavaş şehir kavramı üzerine tasarım çalışmaları yapmıştır. Yavaş Şehir kavramını bir tasarım araştırma ve uygulama alanı olarak görebilmelerini, ürün özelinde tartışılan biçim-işlev ilişkilerinin yanı sıra sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel kaygıları sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde tasarım sorularına dönüştürebilmeleri amaçlanmıştır. Bu bildiride yavaş şehirler hareketinde tasarımın rolünü inceleyebilmek için Seferihisar'da gerçekleştirilen saha araştırması ve gözlemler sonucu elde edilen verilerin ürün tasarımı oluşum sürecine katılmasının aşamaları, sebep sonuç ilişkileri ve projelendirme süreçlerinin irdelenerek oluşturulan projelerin yavaş şehir konseptine katkıları tartışılmıştır Abstract This paper provides brief information about Slow movement and in particularly CittaSlow movement. Seferihisar, the first Turkish city certificated as CittaSlow, gives many clues how slow movement can foster sustainable development while reducing consumption and increasing quality of life. This new description of daily life creates new necessities and new behaviours which are not able to satisfy with regular products or services we have in our cosmopolite cities. Exploring new needs and wants of human in this 'slow' life and connecting them to with sustainability principles to create new behaviours is an invaluable opportunity. Thus, this new practise of life should be observed, understood and new products and services should be designed to fill the gap. In this manner, this paper presents the project studio experience form

Research paper thumbnail of Lise Öğrencilerine Tasarım Eğitimi Üzerine Farkındalık Kazandırmak İçin Bir Öneri: Tasarım Kampı

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin pek çok kentindeki liselerden gelen öğrencilerin tasarım eği- timi... more Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin pek çok kentindeki liselerden gelen öğrencilerin tasarım eği- timini ilk kez deneyimledikleri üniversite birinci sınıf yarıyıl sonunda karşılaştıkları güçlüklere dikkat çekmektedir. Makale tasarım alanında eğitim görecek öğrencilerin yükseköğrenime adaptasyon sürecini incele- mektedir.
Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Fakültesi 1. Sınıf öğrencilerinin desteği ile yapılan araştırma kapsamında; Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı ve Mimarlık bölümlerine kayıtlı 56 öğrenciye uygulanan anketler değerlendiri- lerek ezbere dayalı, tek çözümlü, öğretmen merkezli lise eğitiminden, sıra dışı düşünme gerektiren, sonsuz çözüme dayalı, öğrenci merkezli tasarım eğitimine geçişte yaşanan süreç sorgulanmıştır.
Ankete katılan öğrencilerin yaratıcı düşünme, sorun çözümleme, çözümü sürekli geliştirme, düşündüğünü çizim yoluyla aktarma aşamalarında güçlük çektiği göze çarpmaktadır. Bu becerilerin bir kısmı üni- versite eğitimi sırasına aşılanabilse de tasarım farkındalığının yükseköğrenim önce- sinde kazanılması, adaptasyon sürecinde kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Bu noktada, üniversite öncesi eğitimin yara- tıcılığı destekleme odağında yeniden ele alınması gibi köklü çözümlerin yanında,
tasarım yüksek eğitimi veren kurumların özellikle lise öğrencilerinin tasarım pratiği ile ilgili farkındalıklarını arttırmak üzerine
çalışmalar yapması olumlu sonuçlar vere- bilir. Bu farkındalık arttırma aktiviteleri; meslek tanıtım günleri, fakülte bilgilendirme dersleri, akademisyenler ile görüşmeler şek- linde gerçekleşirken, makale deneyimsel öğrenme kuramı doğrultusunda tasarlanmış bir atölye çalışması olan Tasarım Kampı’nı bir öneri olarak sunmaktadır. Lise öğrenci- lerine yönelik planlanmış olan kamp, öğren- cilerin mesleki eğilim ve yönelimlerini belir- lemelerine ışık tutmak, kariyerlerinde daha isabetli kararlar alarak kendilerine uygun meslekleri seçmelerine yardımcı olmak ama- cıyla planlanmıştır. Makalede, tasarım kam- pının öğrencilerin tasarım ve tasarım eğitimi kavramlarını deneyimlemeleri açısından önemi tartışılmaktadır.

This study focuses on adaptation process and difficulties that freshmen design students have during their first year at design education. Based on a survey responses of 56 first year design students from Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Industrial Design and Architecture departments of Kadir Has University Faculty of Art and Design; the article claims that students have difficulties in the process of transition from high school education, which is based on memorization, teacher centred activities, single solution oriented questions and targeted at the university exam; towards a design education requires creativity, multiple solutions, student led projects.
The survey indicates that participated students have difficulties on creative thinking, problem solving, iterating new solutions and expressing their ideas through drawings. At this point, the article proposes an experience based learning module instead of conventional presentations of design professions. Such an education module targeting high school students would ease their adaptation to a design curriculum.

Research paper thumbnail of Sosyal Yenileşim Ve Tasarımın Değişen Rolleri

Son y›llarda giderek daha fazla araflt›rmaya konu olan sosyal yenileflim için tasar›m, özel- li... more Son y›llarda giderek daha fazla araflt›rmaya konu olan sosyal yenileflim için tasar›m, özel- likle kalk›nmakta olan ülkelerde ümit vaat edici, dönüfltürücü bir dinamizmin tetikleyi- cisi olabilecek bir potansiyele sahiptir. Karmafl›k sosyal meseleler karfl›s›nda, etkin ve bütüncül çözümler üretebilmek için, tasar›m›n sivil toplum örgütleri, kalk›nma ajanslar› gibi farkl› paydafllarla birlikte çal›flmas›, kendi alan›ndaki deneyimini yeni bilgi ve beceriler ile harmanlamas› gerek- mektir.
Çal›flman›n amac›; bu türden ortakl›klar›n gerçekleflti¤i, sosyal fayda sa¤layan, sonuçlar›n›n okunabilece¤i kadar olgunlaflm›fl projeler üzerinden sürdürülebilir kalk›nma, sosyal yenileflim ve tasar›m aras›ndaki iliflkiyi kurmak ve bu iliflki a¤›nda tasar›mc›lar›n üstlenebilece¤i yeni rolleri keflfetmektir.
Bu amaç do¤rultusunda, makale Hindistan özelinde var olan sosyal yenileflim içerikli projeleri inceleyerek süreçte yer alan paydafllar› irdelemektedir. Çal›flman›n sonuçlar› göstermektedir ki tasar›mc›lar befl farkl› ama geçiflken kimlik ile ve bu kimlik- lerinin onlara tan›mlad›¤› s›n›rlar dahilinde ekonomik ve sosyal de¤erin birlikte do¤du¤u sosyal yenileflimlerin gerçekleflmesini destek- lemektedirler.

Design for social innovation, as an emerging research field, has a potential to trigger a promising and transforming dynamism for developing countries. In order to create effective and holistic solutions for complica- ted social problems, design should collabo- rate with various stakeholders such as NGO’s and development agencies, and blend in new skills and knowledge with its own domain.
To be able to draw connections between sus- tainable development, social innovation and design, and to explore emergent roles of design, the purpose of the research is exam- ining this type of collaborative projects, which are mature enough to observe their outcomes and have generated social value. With this purpose, the article studies the stakeholders while examining several pro- jects dealing with social innovation in the context of India. Results of the study indicate that designers, with five distinct but transitive identities, take different roles to realise social innovations which economic and social value are procreated together.
Social Innovation, Sustainable Development, Sustainability, India

Research paper thumbnail of Overcoming barriers to adopt Product Service Systems (PSS)

Books by Serkan Bayraktaroglu

Research paper thumbnail of Döngüsel Ekonominin Yükselişi ve Sınırları

Iyi Tasarim 'Döngü', 2020

Research paper thumbnail of identifying Social Aspects of Terrorism on Human Behavior with a Design Point of View: Form Follows Fear

Framing Violence: Conflicting Images, Identities, And Discourses, 2016

As a crucial part of social behaviors, fear is and has been a feeling that has great influence in... more As a crucial part of social behaviors, fear is and has been a feeling that has great influence in decision-making processes. This feeling is constructed by both social realities and personal experiences, while outpouring attitudes consequently shape norms and responses of the society. Moreover, connotations of this notion differ for individuals and society according to various aspects such as class, gender and generation.
Nevertheless, terrorism is one of the main fears that mankind has to face nowadays. Beyond individual fears, terrorism threatens the world more perilously with more dreadful weapons developed by modern science. This recklessly unchained force consequently changes the way of feeling fear in societies and imposes new reflexes on human behavior and mood. The function of fear and anxiety triggers acting as a signal of danger, which causes generation of appropriate adaptive responses. Moreover, this process influences material culture and due to this danger people either feel an urge to adapt their relationship with physical environment towards a more secure plane, or adapt their physical environment to endure.
At this point, the role of designer emerges as a facilitator for people to cope with such fears of terrorism through products and spaces. Design approaches to form, color, material and geometry of things and spaces in order to transform feelings, behaviors and aspirations.
The study identifies prominent designs giving a special emphasis on security and discusses their influence on human behavior and social interactions. From this point of view, this study investigates the social behavior pattern rooted in fear of terrorism through its reflections on design of objects. Furthermore, the study points out applications of design aspects in three classes: (i) Objects developed or modified by individuals, (ii) Objects designed for personal use in order to tackle with the security concerns and (iii) Designs addressing security needs of public areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Responding the Industry  Requests for Design Knowledge: Reflections on a private educational initiative

Pioneering Minds Worldwide ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUST... more Pioneering Minds Worldwide

ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES

Even after the recent economic crisis, cultural and creative industries are still able to easily draw audience members and consumers, as well as new talent to enrich these fields. Exploring the topic from economic, artistic, and policymaking perspectives, Pioneering Minds Worldwide is an interdisciplinary approach to these trades on a global scale, while making an important distinction between the cultural sector—products that are consumed on the spot, such as concerts or dance performances—and the creative sector, which generates artistic products that we have a protracted interaction with, i.e. design, architecture, and advertising. The authors of these highly informative essays offer new concepts and viewpoints on the entrepreneurial dimension of the cultural and creative industries in sixteen countries and explore how urban area development, new technological innovations, and education all influence these continually expanding industries.

Conference Presentations by Serkan Bayraktaroglu

Research paper thumbnail of Design for Repair as a Strategy to Foster Sustainable User Behavior: A Case of Undergraduate Product Design Studio

UBT International Conference, 2019

Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearabl... more Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearable sustainability problems. Manufacturing and sales-focused linear economies give insufficient concern to the use phase and afterlife of products. Fewer consumers engage in the practice of repair to increase product longevity. On the contrary goal of a circular economy is producing less waste through increasing connections between product lifecycles, which makes product afterlife a crucial debate. In the circular design literature, modularity, material selecti on and disassembly properties of products are often highlighted. However, the practice of repair is often neglected in sustainable product design researches. This paper focuses on design strategies to enhance the reparability of products to support circular user behavior. Major design strategies to change user behavior towards repairing are discussed. The process and outcomes of undergraduate product design focused on design for repair presented.

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainability of design and Eco- Holiday Project

The increase in the use of materials and energy sources and resulting environmental pollution led... more The increase in the use of materials and energy sources and resulting environmental pollution led to the emergence of the concept “sustainability” in the 1970s, which re- mained on the agenda until today, gained popularity, and received its place in industrial product design. In the 21st century, it gained political infrastructure with new formations and methods by the “European Commission”. However, actual developments have to follow from this point on. Here, every sector and each citizen have to do their duties. It is the duty of the design instructors to commence sustainability of design at one point without any delay. That is how eco-holiday project was born, and it is not possible to say it was a successful one, since it was made only with sophomore students. Stu- dents and instructors were not sufficiently conscious. Because of the scope of the is- sue, it was very difficult to be creative and obtain results in all solutions. Instead of be- ing creative, negotiations and discussions infested the classes.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating design for social innovation through business models in Rural India : A model proposal for developing countries

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying Social Aspects Of Terrorism On Human Behavior With A Design Point Of View: Form Follows Fear

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016

och planering av vård, information om utrustningen på BIVA, vikten av kontinuerlig information, ä... more och planering av vård, information om utrustningen på BIVA, vikten av kontinuerlig information, ärlig information och att veta vad man kan förvänta sig, delaktighet i beslut kring barnets fortsatta vård, delaktighet i omvårdnaden, behov av fysiskt utrymme, erbjudas stöd och erhålla uppmuntran. Behovet av information och att få vara delaktig visade sig i samtliga av de inkluderade studierna. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att föräldrar till barn som intensivvårdas har en del gemensamma behov, så som behovet av information och delaktighet men samtidigt är alla föräldrar unika individer med olika önskemål. Det är därför viktigt att som intensivvårdssjuksköterska arbeta familjecentrerat för att kunna identifiera och tillgodose varje familjs enskilda behov.

Research paper thumbnail of Design for Repair as a Strategy to Foster Sustainable User Behavior: A Case of Undergraduate Product Design Studio

Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearabl... more Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearable sustainability problems. Manufacturing and sales-focused linear economies give insufficient concern to the use phase and afterlife of products. Fewer consumers engage in the practice of repair to increase product longevity. On the contrary goal of a circular economy is producing less waste through increasing connections between product lifecycles, which makes product afterlife a crucial debate. In the circular design literature, modularity, material selecti on and disassembly properties of products are often highlighted. However, the practice of repair is often neglected in sustainable product design researches. This paper focuses on design strategies to enhance the reparability of products to support circular user behavior. Major design strategies to change user behavior towards repairing are discussed. The process and outcomes of undergraduate product design focused on design for rep...

Research paper thumbnail of Sosyal Yenileşim Ve Tasarımın Değişen Rolleri

Tasarım + Kuram, 2016

Modern çevreci hareketin bafllang›c› say›lan Rachel Carson'›n 'Sessiz Bahar' adl› kitab›n›n ard›n... more Modern çevreci hareketin bafllang›c› say›lan Rachel Carson'›n 'Sessiz Bahar' adl› kitab›n›n ard›ndan 52 y›l, Birleflmifl Milletler'in sürdürülebilir kalk›nmay› tan›mlad›¤› 'Ortak Gelece¤imiz' raporun ard›ndan ise 27 y›l geçti. Tüketicilerin sürdürülebilirlik alg›s› ve konu ile ilgili çal›flmalar ço¤alsa da, insano¤lunun yay›lma içgüdüsü ve ekosistemin bu büyümeyi karfl›layabilecek kapasitesi aras›ndaki dengesizlik, ekosistem aleyhinde hala devam etmektedir. Çevre ile ilgili büyüyen bu endiflenin yan›nda, kalk›nmadaki dengesizlikler ve küreselleflmenin tetikledi¤i sosyal sorunlar›n daha da karmafl›k hale gelmesi, di¤er tüm alanlarda oldu¤u gibi tasar›mda da karfl›l›k bulmaktad›r.

Research paper thumbnail of Tasarım Fakülteleri için Bir Tanıtım Önerisi: Deneyimsel Öğrenme

Yalova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Bridging roles of social innovations in rural development: craft initiatives from Kutch, India

Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning

Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the res... more Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the resilience of the rural population. However, business contributing to rural development has to fulfill distinct characteristics and roles compared with urban counterparts. Commercial organizations that are solely targeting economic growth and lacking social aspects of development might not contribute to the overall sustainability of the region. This paper draws on three notions discussed in the literature-social innovations, sustainable rural development, and bridging organizations-to illustrate the relationship between business activities and rural capital. Two textile craft initiatives from rural India, Kala Raksha and Khamir, were investigated in order to trace the developmental roles and characteristics of business in rural. The research identifies a set of rural social innovations and elaborates on their five bridging roles contributing to the development of the region. Findings indicate that social innovations playing bridging roles have the potentials to contribute to the sustainability of rural enterprises and the development of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Bridging roles of social innovations in rural development: craft initiatives from Kutch, India

JOURNAL OF DESIGN FOR RESILIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING, 2020

Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the res... more Business practices are often highlighted by development studies for their contribution to the resilience of the rural population. However, business contributing to rural development has to fulfill distinct characteristics and roles compared with urban counterparts. Commercial organizations that are solely targeting economic growth and lacking social aspects of development might not contribute to the overall sustainability of the region. This paper draws on three notions discussed in the literature-social innovations, sustainable rural development, and bridging organizations-to illustrate the relationship between business activities and rural capital. Two textile craft initiatives from rural India, Kala Raksha and Khamir, were investigated in order to trace the developmental roles and characteristics of business in rural. The research identifies a set of rural social innovations and elaborates on their five bridging roles contributing to the development of the region. Findings indicate that social innovations playing bridging roles have the potentials to contribute to the sustainability of rural enterprises and the development of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin "Yavaş Şehirler Hareketi" Ve Tasarımın Katkısı: Seferihisar İçin Ulaşım Proje Çalışması/ Slow Cities Movement, Sustainable Development and the Role of Design: Transportation Project Works for Seferihisar

GreenAge Symposium, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Architecture 6-8 December 2010, Istanbul, Türkiye, 2010

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak i... more Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak için çabalamaktır. Geçmişte „sürdürülebilir‟ terimi „yeşil‟, „ekolojik‟ yada „çevre dostu‟ ile aynı anlamda kullanılmaktaydı. Bugün ise daha fazla sosyo-ekonomik imalar içermektedir. Bu ahvalde sadece çevresel bir mesele olmanın ötesinde sosyal eşitlik ve ekonomik var olabilirlik gibi sorunsalları da barındırmaktadır. Tüm bu prensiplerin ışığında CittaSlow birliği daha kaliteli bir yaşam odağında çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilir kalkınma için elle tutulur bir örnek sunuyor modern dünyaya. Giderek birbirine benzeyen, yerel unsurlarını kaybetmiş yerleşim yerlerine tepki olarak, kendi kimliğini ve özelliklerini koruyarak dünya sahnesinde yer almak isteyen kasabaların ve kentlerin katıldığı bir birlik CittaSlow.
Kadir Has Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri, 2010-2011 Bahar dönemi “Bitirme Projesi” kapsamında yavaş şehir kavramı üzerine tasarım çalışmaları yapmıştır. Yavaş Şehir kavramını bir tasarım araştırma ve uygulama alanı olarak görebilmelerini, ürün özelinde tartışılan biçim-işlev ilişkilerinin yanı sıra sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel kaygıları sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde tasarım sorularına dönüştürebilmeleri amaçlanmıştır.
Bu bildiride yavaş şehirler hareketinde tasarımın rolünü inceleyebilmek için Seferihisar‟da gerçekleştirilen saha araştırması ve gözlemler sonucu elde edilen verilerin ürün tasarımı oluşum sürecine katılmasının aşamaları, sebep sonuç ilişkileri ve projelendirme süreçlerinin irdelenerek oluşturulan projelerin yavaş şehir konseptine katkıları tartışılmıştır

Research paper thumbnail of A Traditional Craftmanship Organisation Model For Sustainable Development Of Modern Clusters: Akhism

This paper aims to discuss a traditional craftsmanship organization model for reaching sustainabl... more This paper aims to discuss a traditional craftsmanship organization model for reaching sustainable development in small scale production zones. Concepts such as 'islands of sustainability' introduces bottom up approaches for sustainable development. Even though its potential success in small scale clusters, especially in creative clusters, management of such an organization plays an important role to reach economical and social sustainability in long term while competing against cheap mass production companies from all around the world. Akhis were artisan organizations in 13's Century in Anatolia. They were social, cultural and economic institutions in the time of Turkish Seljuks. The paper presents a review about Akhi history, their organizational principles and their impact on sustainability with a comparison to guilds in Europe and Anatolia. A brief comparison is presented with traditional Akhi principles and a modern case study from Istanbul; creative cluster of lighting producers in Sishane. It is argued that reexamining and reforming Akhi tradition, root of Turkish artisan culture, can give clues for sustainable management practices for today's small industrial clusters to support socially and economically sustainable development.

Research paper thumbnail of ENGAGING STRATEGIC DESIGN TO UNDERGRADUATE DESIGN EDUCATION; A CASE STUDY IN SISHANE, ISTANBUL: SUSTAINABILITY OF NETWORKS FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENTS

This paper focuses on how " design " especially " strategic design " can generate awareness and e... more This paper focuses on how " design " especially " strategic design " can generate awareness and extend students' way of thinking by delivering meaningful, permanent and innovative solutions in contrast to traditional design education. It supports that strategic design provides not only the solution but also the service-system, which enables to combine the capabilities and knowledge of the different groups like students, designers, local and global players, non-profit partners and NGOs to reach the a better solution for all stakeholders. The chosen case study is a project run by undergraduate design students during strategic design course held by Lect. Serkan Bayraktaroglu and Inst. Mine Ozkaynak in Kadir Has University, Istanbul. The project aims to introduce Turkish master craftspeople to contemporary designers and consumers in the Istanbul district called Sishane, which is specialized in light and electricity from the beginning of 20th century. Small scale manufacturing regions like Sishane within Istanbul are currently threatened by a rapid clearance due to the consumption oriented tourism development. These regions, with their rich and flexible manufacturing infrastructure, have the potential to realize unique design ideas and to respond to the local design needs. If this potential is valued and developed, these regions can go through an urban development process which evolves from their inner dynamics. The paper explains strategic design, its interdisciplinary nature and possibilities for design education via this case study and presents sample works of students who are from different design disciplines.

Research paper thumbnail of Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin " Yavaş Şehirler Hareketi " Ve Tasarımın Katkısı: Seferihisar İçin Ulaşım Proje Çalışması/ Slow Cities Movement, Sustainable Development and the Role of Design: Transportation Project Works for Seferihisar

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak i... more Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ekonomik refaha, nitelikli çevreye ve sosyal eşitliğe aynı anda ulaşmak için çabalamaktır. Geçmişte 'sürdürülebilir' terimi 'yeşil', 'ekolojik' yada 'çevre dostu' ile aynı anlamda kullanılmaktaydı. Bugün ise daha fazla sosyo-ekonomik imalar içermektedir. Bu ahvalde sadece çevresel bir mesele olmanın ötesinde sosyal eşitlik ve ekonomik var olabilirlik gibi sorunsalları da barındırmaktadır. Tüm bu prensiplerin ışığında CittaSlow birliği daha kaliteli bir yaşam odağında çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilir kalkınma için elle tutulur bir örnek sunuyor modern dünyaya. Giderek birbirine benzeyen, yerel unsurlarını kaybetmiş yerleşim yerlerine tepki olarak, kendi kimliğini ve özelliklerini koruyarak dünya sahnesinde yer almak isteyen kasabaların ve kentlerin katıldığı bir birlik CittaSlow. Kadir Has Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri, 2010-2011 Bahar dönemi " Bitirme Projesi " kapsamında yavaş şehir kavramı üzerine tasarım çalışmaları yapmıştır. Yavaş Şehir kavramını bir tasarım araştırma ve uygulama alanı olarak görebilmelerini, ürün özelinde tartışılan biçim-işlev ilişkilerinin yanı sıra sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel kaygıları sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde tasarım sorularına dönüştürebilmeleri amaçlanmıştır. Bu bildiride yavaş şehirler hareketinde tasarımın rolünü inceleyebilmek için Seferihisar'da gerçekleştirilen saha araştırması ve gözlemler sonucu elde edilen verilerin ürün tasarımı oluşum sürecine katılmasının aşamaları, sebep sonuç ilişkileri ve projelendirme süreçlerinin irdelenerek oluşturulan projelerin yavaş şehir konseptine katkıları tartışılmıştır Abstract This paper provides brief information about Slow movement and in particularly CittaSlow movement. Seferihisar, the first Turkish city certificated as CittaSlow, gives many clues how slow movement can foster sustainable development while reducing consumption and increasing quality of life. This new description of daily life creates new necessities and new behaviours which are not able to satisfy with regular products or services we have in our cosmopolite cities. Exploring new needs and wants of human in this 'slow' life and connecting them to with sustainability principles to create new behaviours is an invaluable opportunity. Thus, this new practise of life should be observed, understood and new products and services should be designed to fill the gap. In this manner, this paper presents the project studio experience form

Research paper thumbnail of Lise Öğrencilerine Tasarım Eğitimi Üzerine Farkındalık Kazandırmak İçin Bir Öneri: Tasarım Kampı

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin pek çok kentindeki liselerden gelen öğrencilerin tasarım eği- timi... more Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin pek çok kentindeki liselerden gelen öğrencilerin tasarım eği- timini ilk kez deneyimledikleri üniversite birinci sınıf yarıyıl sonunda karşılaştıkları güçlüklere dikkat çekmektedir. Makale tasarım alanında eğitim görecek öğrencilerin yükseköğrenime adaptasyon sürecini incele- mektedir.
Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Fakültesi 1. Sınıf öğrencilerinin desteği ile yapılan araştırma kapsamında; Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı ve Mimarlık bölümlerine kayıtlı 56 öğrenciye uygulanan anketler değerlendiri- lerek ezbere dayalı, tek çözümlü, öğretmen merkezli lise eğitiminden, sıra dışı düşünme gerektiren, sonsuz çözüme dayalı, öğrenci merkezli tasarım eğitimine geçişte yaşanan süreç sorgulanmıştır.
Ankete katılan öğrencilerin yaratıcı düşünme, sorun çözümleme, çözümü sürekli geliştirme, düşündüğünü çizim yoluyla aktarma aşamalarında güçlük çektiği göze çarpmaktadır. Bu becerilerin bir kısmı üni- versite eğitimi sırasına aşılanabilse de tasarım farkındalığının yükseköğrenim önce- sinde kazanılması, adaptasyon sürecinde kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Bu noktada, üniversite öncesi eğitimin yara- tıcılığı destekleme odağında yeniden ele alınması gibi köklü çözümlerin yanında,
tasarım yüksek eğitimi veren kurumların özellikle lise öğrencilerinin tasarım pratiği ile ilgili farkındalıklarını arttırmak üzerine
çalışmalar yapması olumlu sonuçlar vere- bilir. Bu farkındalık arttırma aktiviteleri; meslek tanıtım günleri, fakülte bilgilendirme dersleri, akademisyenler ile görüşmeler şek- linde gerçekleşirken, makale deneyimsel öğrenme kuramı doğrultusunda tasarlanmış bir atölye çalışması olan Tasarım Kampı’nı bir öneri olarak sunmaktadır. Lise öğrenci- lerine yönelik planlanmış olan kamp, öğren- cilerin mesleki eğilim ve yönelimlerini belir- lemelerine ışık tutmak, kariyerlerinde daha isabetli kararlar alarak kendilerine uygun meslekleri seçmelerine yardımcı olmak ama- cıyla planlanmıştır. Makalede, tasarım kam- pının öğrencilerin tasarım ve tasarım eğitimi kavramlarını deneyimlemeleri açısından önemi tartışılmaktadır.

This study focuses on adaptation process and difficulties that freshmen design students have during their first year at design education. Based on a survey responses of 56 first year design students from Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Industrial Design and Architecture departments of Kadir Has University Faculty of Art and Design; the article claims that students have difficulties in the process of transition from high school education, which is based on memorization, teacher centred activities, single solution oriented questions and targeted at the university exam; towards a design education requires creativity, multiple solutions, student led projects.
The survey indicates that participated students have difficulties on creative thinking, problem solving, iterating new solutions and expressing their ideas through drawings. At this point, the article proposes an experience based learning module instead of conventional presentations of design professions. Such an education module targeting high school students would ease their adaptation to a design curriculum.

Research paper thumbnail of Sosyal Yenileşim Ve Tasarımın Değişen Rolleri

Son y›llarda giderek daha fazla araflt›rmaya konu olan sosyal yenileflim için tasar›m, özel- li... more Son y›llarda giderek daha fazla araflt›rmaya konu olan sosyal yenileflim için tasar›m, özel- likle kalk›nmakta olan ülkelerde ümit vaat edici, dönüfltürücü bir dinamizmin tetikleyi- cisi olabilecek bir potansiyele sahiptir. Karmafl›k sosyal meseleler karfl›s›nda, etkin ve bütüncül çözümler üretebilmek için, tasar›m›n sivil toplum örgütleri, kalk›nma ajanslar› gibi farkl› paydafllarla birlikte çal›flmas›, kendi alan›ndaki deneyimini yeni bilgi ve beceriler ile harmanlamas› gerek- mektir.
Çal›flman›n amac›; bu türden ortakl›klar›n gerçekleflti¤i, sosyal fayda sa¤layan, sonuçlar›n›n okunabilece¤i kadar olgunlaflm›fl projeler üzerinden sürdürülebilir kalk›nma, sosyal yenileflim ve tasar›m aras›ndaki iliflkiyi kurmak ve bu iliflki a¤›nda tasar›mc›lar›n üstlenebilece¤i yeni rolleri keflfetmektir.
Bu amaç do¤rultusunda, makale Hindistan özelinde var olan sosyal yenileflim içerikli projeleri inceleyerek süreçte yer alan paydafllar› irdelemektedir. Çal›flman›n sonuçlar› göstermektedir ki tasar›mc›lar befl farkl› ama geçiflken kimlik ile ve bu kimlik- lerinin onlara tan›mlad›¤› s›n›rlar dahilinde ekonomik ve sosyal de¤erin birlikte do¤du¤u sosyal yenileflimlerin gerçekleflmesini destek- lemektedirler.

Design for social innovation, as an emerging research field, has a potential to trigger a promising and transforming dynamism for developing countries. In order to create effective and holistic solutions for complica- ted social problems, design should collabo- rate with various stakeholders such as NGO’s and development agencies, and blend in new skills and knowledge with its own domain.
To be able to draw connections between sus- tainable development, social innovation and design, and to explore emergent roles of design, the purpose of the research is exam- ining this type of collaborative projects, which are mature enough to observe their outcomes and have generated social value. With this purpose, the article studies the stakeholders while examining several pro- jects dealing with social innovation in the context of India. Results of the study indicate that designers, with five distinct but transitive identities, take different roles to realise social innovations which economic and social value are procreated together.
Social Innovation, Sustainable Development, Sustainability, India

Research paper thumbnail of Overcoming barriers to adopt Product Service Systems (PSS)

Research paper thumbnail of Döngüsel Ekonominin Yükselişi ve Sınırları

Iyi Tasarim 'Döngü', 2020

Research paper thumbnail of identifying Social Aspects of Terrorism on Human Behavior with a Design Point of View: Form Follows Fear

Framing Violence: Conflicting Images, Identities, And Discourses, 2016

As a crucial part of social behaviors, fear is and has been a feeling that has great influence in... more As a crucial part of social behaviors, fear is and has been a feeling that has great influence in decision-making processes. This feeling is constructed by both social realities and personal experiences, while outpouring attitudes consequently shape norms and responses of the society. Moreover, connotations of this notion differ for individuals and society according to various aspects such as class, gender and generation.
Nevertheless, terrorism is one of the main fears that mankind has to face nowadays. Beyond individual fears, terrorism threatens the world more perilously with more dreadful weapons developed by modern science. This recklessly unchained force consequently changes the way of feeling fear in societies and imposes new reflexes on human behavior and mood. The function of fear and anxiety triggers acting as a signal of danger, which causes generation of appropriate adaptive responses. Moreover, this process influences material culture and due to this danger people either feel an urge to adapt their relationship with physical environment towards a more secure plane, or adapt their physical environment to endure.
At this point, the role of designer emerges as a facilitator for people to cope with such fears of terrorism through products and spaces. Design approaches to form, color, material and geometry of things and spaces in order to transform feelings, behaviors and aspirations.
The study identifies prominent designs giving a special emphasis on security and discusses their influence on human behavior and social interactions. From this point of view, this study investigates the social behavior pattern rooted in fear of terrorism through its reflections on design of objects. Furthermore, the study points out applications of design aspects in three classes: (i) Objects developed or modified by individuals, (ii) Objects designed for personal use in order to tackle with the security concerns and (iii) Designs addressing security needs of public areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Responding the Industry  Requests for Design Knowledge: Reflections on a private educational initiative

Pioneering Minds Worldwide ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUST... more Pioneering Minds Worldwide

ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES

Even after the recent economic crisis, cultural and creative industries are still able to easily draw audience members and consumers, as well as new talent to enrich these fields. Exploring the topic from economic, artistic, and policymaking perspectives, Pioneering Minds Worldwide is an interdisciplinary approach to these trades on a global scale, while making an important distinction between the cultural sector—products that are consumed on the spot, such as concerts or dance performances—and the creative sector, which generates artistic products that we have a protracted interaction with, i.e. design, architecture, and advertising. The authors of these highly informative essays offer new concepts and viewpoints on the entrepreneurial dimension of the cultural and creative industries in sixteen countries and explore how urban area development, new technological innovations, and education all influence these continually expanding industries.

Research paper thumbnail of Design for Repair as a Strategy to Foster Sustainable User Behavior: A Case of Undergraduate Product Design Studio

UBT International Conference, 2019

Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearabl... more Increased frequency of product replacement in a consumerist society eventually leads to unbearable sustainability problems. Manufacturing and sales-focused linear economies give insufficient concern to the use phase and afterlife of products. Fewer consumers engage in the practice of repair to increase product longevity. On the contrary goal of a circular economy is producing less waste through increasing connections between product lifecycles, which makes product afterlife a crucial debate. In the circular design literature, modularity, material selecti on and disassembly properties of products are often highlighted. However, the practice of repair is often neglected in sustainable product design researches. This paper focuses on design strategies to enhance the reparability of products to support circular user behavior. Major design strategies to change user behavior towards repairing are discussed. The process and outcomes of undergraduate product design focused on design for repair presented.

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainability of design and Eco- Holiday Project

The increase in the use of materials and energy sources and resulting environmental pollution led... more The increase in the use of materials and energy sources and resulting environmental pollution led to the emergence of the concept “sustainability” in the 1970s, which re- mained on the agenda until today, gained popularity, and received its place in industrial product design. In the 21st century, it gained political infrastructure with new formations and methods by the “European Commission”. However, actual developments have to follow from this point on. Here, every sector and each citizen have to do their duties. It is the duty of the design instructors to commence sustainability of design at one point without any delay. That is how eco-holiday project was born, and it is not possible to say it was a successful one, since it was made only with sophomore students. Stu- dents and instructors were not sufficiently conscious. Because of the scope of the is- sue, it was very difficult to be creative and obtain results in all solutions. Instead of be- ing creative, negotiations and discussions infested the classes.