MUHAMMAD KAZIM JAFRI | Muhammad Ali Jinnah University (original) (raw)
Videos by MUHAMMAD KAZIM JAFRI
This topic is belongs to sample variance. In the sample variance term n-1 is used in denominator ... more This topic is belongs to sample variance. In the sample variance term n-1 is used in denominator to compensate the underestimation of variance value, by this we may achieve the unbiased estimate of population variance.
This lecture discussed briefly about the usage of n-1 degree of freedom.This topic will be discussed in detail during the lectures of unbiasedness of estimator.
Keywords: #samplevariance #unbiased #degreeoffreedom #df #n-1 #estimator
3 views
Papers by MUHAMMAD KAZIM JAFRI
Measuring Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Schooling in Sindh: An Application of Censored Ordered Probit Modeling, 2024
This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic determinants of child education in Sindh, Pakistan.... more This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic determinants of child education in Sindh, Pakistan. This study is based on the sample of 50,016 children aged 3-17 years, extracted from the micro-data of Sindh MICS 2018-19. The censored Ordered Probit Model is applied to calculate the impact of different socioeconomic factors on a child's educational attainment. Estimation on an aggregated level (Sindh) explains that gender and urban-rural variables are positively associated with child education means females are more deprived than males, and the children who are inhabitants of rural areas are more deprived more than children of urban areas. The impact of family size on child education is negative and significant. The findings of the urban-rural model show that children of poor households are less likely to get an education, and the family size in rural areas is a significant barrier to child education. The gender-based model identifies household economic status and area of residency (urban) are major sources of gender disparity. The model of big cities and the rest of Sindh explains that poverty and residence (rural) are the main causes of regional disparity.
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Purpose This paper aims to highlight the impact of economic instability on income inequality in S... more Purpose This paper aims to highlight the impact of economic instability on income inequality in South Asian countries. Methods Panel data analysis have been performed for South Asian countries namely Pakistan, India and Sri-Lanka for the period from 1990 to 2021. Foreign direct investment and labor participation have been used as control variables. The Macroeconomic Instability Index has been calculated by combining unemployment rate, inflation and external balance which is trade deficit. Findings It was observed that macroeconomic disturbance and foreign direct investment increase income disparity while labor participation rate reduces the inequality. Novelty of the Study The recent economic unrest all around the world increased the significance of this study. To gauge economic instability, an index has been created using geometric mean which was not used in previous studies.
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8th Multi Disciplinary Student Research International Conference, University of Wah, 2023
This study is designed to review health sector of Sindh by the analysis of different subsectors a... more This study is designed to review health sector of Sindh by the analysis of different subsectors and major programs of the Health Department of Government of Sindh. This paper examines the Mother and Child Healthcare, Immunization, Malaria Control Program, Child Nutrition, Child Feeding Practices and Childhood Mortalities as subsectors and conducts performance appraisal on the 3rd goal of SDG. The prevalence of different indicators for relevant sectors at two different time points (i.e. 2014-15 and 2018-19) have been used to analyze the performance and trend of sub-sectors. Average Performance Index (API) is computed for each sector and the progress of each sector is tracked by trend of two points. Sindh service delivery variables are looking better but there are specific issues in mother and child care such as prevalence of child weight at birth is declining alarmingly owing to lack of nutritional monitoring. The culture of performing C-sections has significantly increased which badly affect mother's health. In the light of above evaluation of different sectors, policy recommendations are made for the improvement of overall health system.
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In the contemporary world, no dimension of the world lives long without the aid of Goal-4 of SDGs... more In the contemporary world, no dimension of the world lives long without the aid of Goal-4 of SDGs focuses on inclusive, quality and equity based educational opportunities for everyone. The biggest barrier to achieve this goal is Out of school children. This paper analyses causal factors of this issue from child functioning perspective. This analysis uses microdata of Sindh MICS 2018-19 and the child disability is computed from the Child Functioning Module of the 5-17 Years-Questionnaire. Results of the study reveals that child disability is a significant determinant of out of school children. Female children are mostly likely to be out from the school as compare the male children; poverty also plays the pivotal role to keep children away from school. Children whose mothers are more educated and are living in the richer quintiles, have low risk of being out of school. Difficulties in child functioning domains such as seeing, self-care, communication and making friend are found significant determinants of out of school children.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Impact Evalution Exercise, 2023
Poverty alleviation is one of the developmental priorities of the Sindh Government. For this purp... more Poverty alleviation is one of the developmental priorities of the Sindh Government. For this purpose, Peoples Poverty Reduction Program (PPRP) was launched in Sindh. Developmental programs are typically designed to change the outcome such as raising income levels, increasing enrollment, and reducing poverty. To implement this program effectively, accurate and reliable data on socioeconomic indicators is requisite for effective planning, governance, and program impact evaluation. Therefore, a baseline survey for impact evaluation of the program which is designed for rural Sukkur and rural Ghotki was conducted to assess the socioeconomic situation of the targeted areas before the program’s interventions.
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Seasonal Adjustment and Forecasting of Time Series, 2023
Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustments remain a relevant query when the time series has seasona... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustments remain a relevant query when the time series has seasonal impacts and are analyzed. This study is designed to produce seasonally adjusted time series and its forecasting. In this regard, the empirical analysis is performed of an important monthly time series of electricity consumption from July 2006 to June, 2021, which is regularly published by the Sindh Bureau of Statistics. In the modern world, electricity is treated as the basic need of people. The electricity generation and supply system varies from country to country. In Pakistan, the main electricity production and supply companies are NTDC, DISCOs, and KE. Along with these main producers and distributors, there are some independent power producers and distributors which are working parallel to this system though this study is based on the data collected from the main producing and distributing agencies in Sindh.
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Estimation of Sample Size for Impact Evaluation Study, 2023
This short article discusses about the sample size estimation formulation with extensive explanat... more This short article discusses about the sample size estimation formulation with extensive explanation to conduct the impact evaluation exercises. For the ease of researchers, we have taken an example with a specific prevalence. The later part of the article discusses sampling weight exercise which is quite essential in the sampling surveys to generalize the results for better planning.
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Survey Methodology, 2023
Developmental programs are often intended to modify outcomes such as boosting income, expanding e... more Developmental programs are often intended to modify outcomes such as boosting income, expanding enrollment, and decreasing poverty. The essential question for policymakers is whether these changes in outcomes are measured. Typically, Program Managers concentrate on measuring and reporting the program's immediate inputs and outputs. Monitoring and evaluation techniques, Result Based Monitoring, and Key Performance Indicators mostly provide qualitative insight to decision makers, limiting the quantitative value for difference the developmental program has made.
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Sindh University Research Journal, 2015
The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business con... more The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business concept that defines the maximum rate of output approaching from specified input rates of capital and labor. The least cost capital-labor combination for the production or the output rate would yield maximum profit, and are not the objectives of this function. This function only shows that the maximum output should be obtained from any input combination. Economists use variety of functional form to describe the function, but the most frequently used function is Cobb-Douglas production function. It was proposed by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in 1928. It is widely used in economics because it has good properties and is representative of much production process. Almost every production manager is interested in maximizing his production. He attempts to minimize the cost or maximize production, subject to producing a specified output rate. In this sense estimation of production plays the cr...
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Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
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Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in worl... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in world of research. Author felt, the electricity is biggest problem in Pakistan, developed and tested research techniques should also be used for Electricity Consumption at this stage study is limited to Sindh Province which may be extended to other province or federal level. The findings suggest that Indirect Seasonally Adjusted Series is used for forecasting and selected model for forecast is ARIMA (3,1,2) according to Box-Jenkins Methodology. The forecasted model guided us that electricity consumption has been exceeded from 1600 Million Kilo Watts in the mid of 2011.
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Empirical Economic Review (EER), 2021
This paper examines the impact of employment level on GDP in Pakistan with the help of causality ... more This paper examines the impact of employment level on GDP in Pakistan with the help of causality and cointegration analysis. Moreover, it provides the estimates of sector wise output elasticities with respect to employment. The period of analysis spanned over the years 1994-2019. Both variables were used in the form of natural-log. The econometric analysis revealed a positive and statistically significant long-run relationship between macroeconomic variables, that is, employment and GDP. Log-log model was used to estimate output elasticities of employment. Granger's causality test was used to determine causality. For cointegration analysis, bound test of ARDL was used. The estimated output elasticity of employment in Pakistan is 2.5. Furthermore, the causality test results indicated that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between employment level and total output (GDP).
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Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management (ISBN: 978-969-9368-06-6), 2012
This paper contains the review and impact analysis of external debt servicing on the aggregate in... more This paper contains the review and impact analysis of external debt servicing on the aggregate investment (cmp ) of Pakistan. The Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) is taken as a proxy of Investment. To analyze, we have used annual debt payments to Multilateral Financial Creditors (loans and credit from the World Bank, Development Banks and Intergovernmental Agencies), Bilateral Creditors, IBRD (non-concessional debt), IDA (concessional debt) and other creditors as variables to establish the relationship with Aggregate Investment (cmp). A simple and sophisticated technique of classical econometrics is used to determine the impact of each kind of debt service payment on our investment. This study determines that there is a substantial impact of loans on Aggregate investment along with the magnitude. Debt servicing practices to Multilateral Financial Creditors and other Private Creditors has a negative impact on our investment while the Bilateral Creditors, IBRD (non-concessional debt) and IDA have shown a positive contribution to the investment. This paper provides information to the Government should go to those External Creditors by which the country investment would save from the negative impacts.
Key Words: Debt Service Payment, GFCF, Multilateral Debts, Bilateral Debts.
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PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY2013 , 2013
Several studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between revenue and expenditure i... more Several studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between revenue and expenditure in Pakistan at the federal level. However, in this study we have tried to discover causal relationship between revenue and expenditure at the provincial level. Unit root tests like ADF and PP are used to examine the stationarity of time series while causal relationship is observed by the Granger Causality Test. The findings suggest that policy of first spend and then generate tax may be adopted for all the four provinces of Pakistan.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
SINDH UNIVERSITYRESEARCH JOURNAL (SCIENCE SERIES), 2011
The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business conc... more The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business concept that defines the maximum rate of output approaching from specified input rates of capital and labor. The least cost capital-labor combination for the production or the output rate would yield maximum profit, and are not the objectives of this function. This function only shows that the maximum output should be obtained from any input combination. Economists use variety of functional form to describe the function, but the most frequently used function is Cobb-Douglas production function. It was proposed by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in 1928. It is widely used in economics because it has good properties and is representative of much production process. Almost every production manager is interested in maximizing his production. He attempts to minimize the cost or maximize production, subject to producing a specified output rate. In this sense estimation of production plays the crucial role for planning
maximum production but the main problem is which procedure of estimation should be used for the forecasting of production. This problem seriously depends on the behavior of production curve while Cobb-Douglas is a non-linear model and, therefore, the behavior of this model is curvilinear. In this paper, our objective is to estimate the sugar production for the next two years (i.e., 2010, 2011). Due to the fixed capital1 the production is mainly dependent on labor. That is why this paper also provides the optimal labor input as appendix information. All these analyses are carried by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). This is widely used statistical package for the linear and non-linear regression analysis. The behavior of production is normally non-linear and can be analyzed through Cobb-Douglas function. This function consists of two independent variables i.e., labor and capital. In this software linear and
non-linear regression analysis can be performed via Curve Estimation procedure, but Cobb-Douglas model is analyzed trough Nonlinear regression menu. During the model building of Cobb-Douglas, starting values of parameters are essential to be given. In production function Return to Scale refers to a technical property of production that examines the changes in output following proportional changes in all inputs. Usually many functions have a property called constant return to scale which means an increase of an equal percentage in all factors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. In the SPSS during the modeling of production function the assumption of the constant return to scale is followed which is that the sum of parameters are exponents (i.e., α and β) on capital and labor variables must be equal to one. Estimation procedure makes iterations1, and due to these iterations
the model select the best parameters values for estimation. In this study, estimated model for sugar production of Matiari Sugar Mill of Sindh for the collected data was found to be satisfactory with some diagnostic checks such as standard deviation of regression and coefficient of determination (R-square); all these practices followed by SPSS.
Keywords: Production of Matiari Sugar Mill, Spss, Cobb-Douglas Model
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Drafts by MUHAMMAD KAZIM JAFRI
Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in worl... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in world of research. Author felt, the electricity is biggest problem in Pakistan, developed and tested research techniques should also be used for Electricity Consumption at this stage study is limited to Sindh Province which may be extended to other province or federal level. The findings suggest that Indirect Seasonally Adjusted Series is used for forecasting and selected model for forecast is ARIMA (3,1,2) according to Box-Jenkins Methodology. The forecasted model guided us that electricity consumption has been exceeded from 1600 Million Kilo Watts in the mid of 2011.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This study examines the various economic factors effect on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow... more This study examines the various economic factors effect on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan during the study period ranging from 1983 to 2010. Linear regression model was used and the method of least-square has been applied to estimate the various economic determinants effect on FDI inflows. This paper firstly used the Classical Econometrical techniques (i.e. Autocorrelation, Hetroscedasticity and Multicolinearity) and their removal methods; secondly used Simultaneous Equation Model; thirdly Granger Causality Test and finally it has touch of Dummy Variable. Empirical results revealed that market size, GDP growth rate and urban population are the important economic determinants of FDI. To enhance more FDI into Pakistan, the management authorities need to ensure economic and political stability, provision of infrastructure; peace and security, law & order situation, and equal importance may be given to appropriate monetary and fiscal policy.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper examines the global comparativeness of Pakistan's fruit exports of mangoes, using reve... more This paper examines the global comparativeness of Pakistan's fruit exports of mangoes, using revealed comparative advantage (RCA). OurresultsindicatethatPakistanhasacomparativeadvantageinMango exports on average throughout the period.Comparingthemovement incomparative advantage indices for Pakistanwiththose of its main exporters/competitors demonstrates that Pakistan has a relatively high comparative advantage in the production of mangoes. The increasing trend of comparativeness in Pakistan indicates that there is potential for higher growth; given that fruit exports area potential source of higher exports earnings.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This topic is belongs to sample variance. In the sample variance term n-1 is used in denominator ... more This topic is belongs to sample variance. In the sample variance term n-1 is used in denominator to compensate the underestimation of variance value, by this we may achieve the unbiased estimate of population variance.
This lecture discussed briefly about the usage of n-1 degree of freedom.This topic will be discussed in detail during the lectures of unbiasedness of estimator.
Keywords: #samplevariance #unbiased #degreeoffreedom #df #n-1 #estimator
3 views
Measuring Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Schooling in Sindh: An Application of Censored Ordered Probit Modeling, 2024
This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic determinants of child education in Sindh, Pakistan.... more This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic determinants of child education in Sindh, Pakistan. This study is based on the sample of 50,016 children aged 3-17 years, extracted from the micro-data of Sindh MICS 2018-19. The censored Ordered Probit Model is applied to calculate the impact of different socioeconomic factors on a child's educational attainment. Estimation on an aggregated level (Sindh) explains that gender and urban-rural variables are positively associated with child education means females are more deprived than males, and the children who are inhabitants of rural areas are more deprived more than children of urban areas. The impact of family size on child education is negative and significant. The findings of the urban-rural model show that children of poor households are less likely to get an education, and the family size in rural areas is a significant barrier to child education. The gender-based model identifies household economic status and area of residency (urban) are major sources of gender disparity. The model of big cities and the rest of Sindh explains that poverty and residence (rural) are the main causes of regional disparity.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Purpose This paper aims to highlight the impact of economic instability on income inequality in S... more Purpose This paper aims to highlight the impact of economic instability on income inequality in South Asian countries. Methods Panel data analysis have been performed for South Asian countries namely Pakistan, India and Sri-Lanka for the period from 1990 to 2021. Foreign direct investment and labor participation have been used as control variables. The Macroeconomic Instability Index has been calculated by combining unemployment rate, inflation and external balance which is trade deficit. Findings It was observed that macroeconomic disturbance and foreign direct investment increase income disparity while labor participation rate reduces the inequality. Novelty of the Study The recent economic unrest all around the world increased the significance of this study. To gauge economic instability, an index has been created using geometric mean which was not used in previous studies.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
8th Multi Disciplinary Student Research International Conference, University of Wah, 2023
This study is designed to review health sector of Sindh by the analysis of different subsectors a... more This study is designed to review health sector of Sindh by the analysis of different subsectors and major programs of the Health Department of Government of Sindh. This paper examines the Mother and Child Healthcare, Immunization, Malaria Control Program, Child Nutrition, Child Feeding Practices and Childhood Mortalities as subsectors and conducts performance appraisal on the 3rd goal of SDG. The prevalence of different indicators for relevant sectors at two different time points (i.e. 2014-15 and 2018-19) have been used to analyze the performance and trend of sub-sectors. Average Performance Index (API) is computed for each sector and the progress of each sector is tracked by trend of two points. Sindh service delivery variables are looking better but there are specific issues in mother and child care such as prevalence of child weight at birth is declining alarmingly owing to lack of nutritional monitoring. The culture of performing C-sections has significantly increased which badly affect mother's health. In the light of above evaluation of different sectors, policy recommendations are made for the improvement of overall health system.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In the contemporary world, no dimension of the world lives long without the aid of Goal-4 of SDGs... more In the contemporary world, no dimension of the world lives long without the aid of Goal-4 of SDGs focuses on inclusive, quality and equity based educational opportunities for everyone. The biggest barrier to achieve this goal is Out of school children. This paper analyses causal factors of this issue from child functioning perspective. This analysis uses microdata of Sindh MICS 2018-19 and the child disability is computed from the Child Functioning Module of the 5-17 Years-Questionnaire. Results of the study reveals that child disability is a significant determinant of out of school children. Female children are mostly likely to be out from the school as compare the male children; poverty also plays the pivotal role to keep children away from school. Children whose mothers are more educated and are living in the richer quintiles, have low risk of being out of school. Difficulties in child functioning domains such as seeing, self-care, communication and making friend are found significant determinants of out of school children.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Impact Evalution Exercise, 2023
Poverty alleviation is one of the developmental priorities of the Sindh Government. For this purp... more Poverty alleviation is one of the developmental priorities of the Sindh Government. For this purpose, Peoples Poverty Reduction Program (PPRP) was launched in Sindh. Developmental programs are typically designed to change the outcome such as raising income levels, increasing enrollment, and reducing poverty. To implement this program effectively, accurate and reliable data on socioeconomic indicators is requisite for effective planning, governance, and program impact evaluation. Therefore, a baseline survey for impact evaluation of the program which is designed for rural Sukkur and rural Ghotki was conducted to assess the socioeconomic situation of the targeted areas before the program’s interventions.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Seasonal Adjustment and Forecasting of Time Series, 2023
Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustments remain a relevant query when the time series has seasona... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustments remain a relevant query when the time series has seasonal impacts and are analyzed. This study is designed to produce seasonally adjusted time series and its forecasting. In this regard, the empirical analysis is performed of an important monthly time series of electricity consumption from July 2006 to June, 2021, which is regularly published by the Sindh Bureau of Statistics. In the modern world, electricity is treated as the basic need of people. The electricity generation and supply system varies from country to country. In Pakistan, the main electricity production and supply companies are NTDC, DISCOs, and KE. Along with these main producers and distributors, there are some independent power producers and distributors which are working parallel to this system though this study is based on the data collected from the main producing and distributing agencies in Sindh.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Estimation of Sample Size for Impact Evaluation Study, 2023
This short article discusses about the sample size estimation formulation with extensive explanat... more This short article discusses about the sample size estimation formulation with extensive explanation to conduct the impact evaluation exercises. For the ease of researchers, we have taken an example with a specific prevalence. The later part of the article discusses sampling weight exercise which is quite essential in the sampling surveys to generalize the results for better planning.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Survey Methodology, 2023
Developmental programs are often intended to modify outcomes such as boosting income, expanding e... more Developmental programs are often intended to modify outcomes such as boosting income, expanding enrollment, and decreasing poverty. The essential question for policymakers is whether these changes in outcomes are measured. Typically, Program Managers concentrate on measuring and reporting the program's immediate inputs and outputs. Monitoring and evaluation techniques, Result Based Monitoring, and Key Performance Indicators mostly provide qualitative insight to decision makers, limiting the quantitative value for difference the developmental program has made.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Sindh University Research Journal, 2015
The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business con... more The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business concept that defines the maximum rate of output approaching from specified input rates of capital and labor. The least cost capital-labor combination for the production or the output rate would yield maximum profit, and are not the objectives of this function. This function only shows that the maximum output should be obtained from any input combination. Economists use variety of functional form to describe the function, but the most frequently used function is Cobb-Douglas production function. It was proposed by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in 1928. It is widely used in economics because it has good properties and is representative of much production process. Almost every production manager is interested in maximizing his production. He attempts to minimize the cost or maximize production, subject to producing a specified output rate. In this sense estimation of production plays the cr...
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in worl... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in world of research. Author felt, the electricity is biggest problem in Pakistan, developed and tested research techniques should also be used for Electricity Consumption at this stage study is limited to Sindh Province which may be extended to other province or federal level. The findings suggest that Indirect Seasonally Adjusted Series is used for forecasting and selected model for forecast is ARIMA (3,1,2) according to Box-Jenkins Methodology. The forecasted model guided us that electricity consumption has been exceeded from 1600 Million Kilo Watts in the mid of 2011.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Empirical Economic Review (EER), 2021
This paper examines the impact of employment level on GDP in Pakistan with the help of causality ... more This paper examines the impact of employment level on GDP in Pakistan with the help of causality and cointegration analysis. Moreover, it provides the estimates of sector wise output elasticities with respect to employment. The period of analysis spanned over the years 1994-2019. Both variables were used in the form of natural-log. The econometric analysis revealed a positive and statistically significant long-run relationship between macroeconomic variables, that is, employment and GDP. Log-log model was used to estimate output elasticities of employment. Granger's causality test was used to determine causality. For cointegration analysis, bound test of ARDL was used. The estimated output elasticity of employment in Pakistan is 2.5. Furthermore, the causality test results indicated that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between employment level and total output (GDP).
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management (ISBN: 978-969-9368-06-6), 2012
This paper contains the review and impact analysis of external debt servicing on the aggregate in... more This paper contains the review and impact analysis of external debt servicing on the aggregate investment (cmp ) of Pakistan. The Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) is taken as a proxy of Investment. To analyze, we have used annual debt payments to Multilateral Financial Creditors (loans and credit from the World Bank, Development Banks and Intergovernmental Agencies), Bilateral Creditors, IBRD (non-concessional debt), IDA (concessional debt) and other creditors as variables to establish the relationship with Aggregate Investment (cmp). A simple and sophisticated technique of classical econometrics is used to determine the impact of each kind of debt service payment on our investment. This study determines that there is a substantial impact of loans on Aggregate investment along with the magnitude. Debt servicing practices to Multilateral Financial Creditors and other Private Creditors has a negative impact on our investment while the Bilateral Creditors, IBRD (non-concessional debt) and IDA have shown a positive contribution to the investment. This paper provides information to the Government should go to those External Creditors by which the country investment would save from the negative impacts.
Key Words: Debt Service Payment, GFCF, Multilateral Debts, Bilateral Debts.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY2013 , 2013
Several studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between revenue and expenditure i... more Several studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between revenue and expenditure in Pakistan at the federal level. However, in this study we have tried to discover causal relationship between revenue and expenditure at the provincial level. Unit root tests like ADF and PP are used to examine the stationarity of time series while causal relationship is observed by the Granger Causality Test. The findings suggest that policy of first spend and then generate tax may be adopted for all the four provinces of Pakistan.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
SINDH UNIVERSITYRESEARCH JOURNAL (SCIENCE SERIES), 2011
The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business conc... more The production function is the combination of the Labor and Capital. It is really a business concept that defines the maximum rate of output approaching from specified input rates of capital and labor. The least cost capital-labor combination for the production or the output rate would yield maximum profit, and are not the objectives of this function. This function only shows that the maximum output should be obtained from any input combination. Economists use variety of functional form to describe the function, but the most frequently used function is Cobb-Douglas production function. It was proposed by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in 1928. It is widely used in economics because it has good properties and is representative of much production process. Almost every production manager is interested in maximizing his production. He attempts to minimize the cost or maximize production, subject to producing a specified output rate. In this sense estimation of production plays the crucial role for planning
maximum production but the main problem is which procedure of estimation should be used for the forecasting of production. This problem seriously depends on the behavior of production curve while Cobb-Douglas is a non-linear model and, therefore, the behavior of this model is curvilinear. In this paper, our objective is to estimate the sugar production for the next two years (i.e., 2010, 2011). Due to the fixed capital1 the production is mainly dependent on labor. That is why this paper also provides the optimal labor input as appendix information. All these analyses are carried by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). This is widely used statistical package for the linear and non-linear regression analysis. The behavior of production is normally non-linear and can be analyzed through Cobb-Douglas function. This function consists of two independent variables i.e., labor and capital. In this software linear and
non-linear regression analysis can be performed via Curve Estimation procedure, but Cobb-Douglas model is analyzed trough Nonlinear regression menu. During the model building of Cobb-Douglas, starting values of parameters are essential to be given. In production function Return to Scale refers to a technical property of production that examines the changes in output following proportional changes in all inputs. Usually many functions have a property called constant return to scale which means an increase of an equal percentage in all factors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. In the SPSS during the modeling of production function the assumption of the constant return to scale is followed which is that the sum of parameters are exponents (i.e., α and β) on capital and labor variables must be equal to one. Estimation procedure makes iterations1, and due to these iterations
the model select the best parameters values for estimation. In this study, estimated model for sugar production of Matiari Sugar Mill of Sindh for the collected data was found to be satisfactory with some diagnostic checks such as standard deviation of regression and coefficient of determination (R-square); all these practices followed by SPSS.
Keywords: Production of Matiari Sugar Mill, Spss, Cobb-Douglas Model
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in worl... more Direct and Indirect Seasonal Adjustment and Univariate Forecasting are common concepts of in world of research. Author felt, the electricity is biggest problem in Pakistan, developed and tested research techniques should also be used for Electricity Consumption at this stage study is limited to Sindh Province which may be extended to other province or federal level. The findings suggest that Indirect Seasonally Adjusted Series is used for forecasting and selected model for forecast is ARIMA (3,1,2) according to Box-Jenkins Methodology. The forecasted model guided us that electricity consumption has been exceeded from 1600 Million Kilo Watts in the mid of 2011.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This study examines the various economic factors effect on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow... more This study examines the various economic factors effect on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan during the study period ranging from 1983 to 2010. Linear regression model was used and the method of least-square has been applied to estimate the various economic determinants effect on FDI inflows. This paper firstly used the Classical Econometrical techniques (i.e. Autocorrelation, Hetroscedasticity and Multicolinearity) and their removal methods; secondly used Simultaneous Equation Model; thirdly Granger Causality Test and finally it has touch of Dummy Variable. Empirical results revealed that market size, GDP growth rate and urban population are the important economic determinants of FDI. To enhance more FDI into Pakistan, the management authorities need to ensure economic and political stability, provision of infrastructure; peace and security, law & order situation, and equal importance may be given to appropriate monetary and fiscal policy.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper examines the global comparativeness of Pakistan's fruit exports of mangoes, using reve... more This paper examines the global comparativeness of Pakistan's fruit exports of mangoes, using revealed comparative advantage (RCA). OurresultsindicatethatPakistanhasacomparativeadvantageinMango exports on average throughout the period.Comparingthemovement incomparative advantage indices for Pakistanwiththose of its main exporters/competitors demonstrates that Pakistan has a relatively high comparative advantage in the production of mangoes. The increasing trend of comparativeness in Pakistan indicates that there is potential for higher growth; given that fruit exports area potential source of higher exports earnings.
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SPSS GUIDE by Jafri | Solved Examples of Different Statistical Techniques, 2009
This guide book is especially designed for beginners in SPSS ans have some background knowledge o... more This guide book is especially designed for beginners in SPSS ans have some background knowledge of Statistical techniques. For ease of students and users different renowned books which are easily available and taught in universities are used for the solution examples by using SPSS. This guide covers most of topics of Statistics till Bachelor 's level and for further guidance and understanding, our You Tube channel may be referred.
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Socio Economic Baseline Survey of Talhar Badin, 2023
This report articulates the findings of the third baseline survey conducted by the Sindh Bureau o... more This report articulates the findings of the third baseline survey conducted by the Sindh Bureau of Statistics on the request of the Directorate of Urban Policy and Strategic Planning. The previous two were conducted in taluka Shahbunder and Ghorabari, respectively, in district Sujawal and Thatta prior to establishing Rural Growth Centers (RGCs) under the Poverty Reduction Strategy. As the data of previous two reports are being essentially helpful in identifying the economic and social gaps in two talukas to achieve the mandate of RGCs, we expect that results of this baseline survey would also assist the department to accomplish the vision of Government of Sindh to uplift the quality of life in least development districts of the province.
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Minerals Statistics, 2023
Launching ceremony of the three new publications of Sindh Bureau of Statistics was held on 17th A... more Launching ceremony of the three new publications of Sindh Bureau of Statistics was held on 17th August, 2023. During the ceremony the second edition of Sindh Minerals Statistics was launched along with the other newly released publications of Sind Bureau of Statistics. Mr. Faisal Ahmed Uqaili, Secretary Planning, Planning and Development Department, Government of Sindh graced the event as Chief Guest and launched the first every produced statistical publication on the minerals statistics at Sindh level. This publication is based on statistics of mining and quarrying of minerals in Sindh. This publication was planned as part of Sindh BOS Business Plan (2021-22) and completed under the development goals of 2021-22 (SBOS).
This publication includes mineral wise statistics, district minerals profile and the monthly time series of production of minerals in Sindh. The most important feature of this report is the estimation of minerals’ value indices at the base year of 2015-16 and these indices are computed the district wise and mineral wise from 2016-17 to 2021-22. As per history, around 20 minerals are mined and quarried in the 9 different districts of Sindh. According to the number of minerals, District Jamshoro and Thatta are called the minerals rich districts of Sindh while according to the ranking of value of mineral’s extraction (in PKR), the top five districts in 2021-22 are Tharparkar, Jamshoro, Karachi, Thatta, and Dadu respectively.
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Sindh Bureau of Statistics, 2022
Equity profiling for Sindh has been prepared on the basis of secondary data of Sindh MICS 2018-19... more Equity profiling for Sindh has been prepared on the basis of secondary data of Sindh MICS 2018-19. The exercise has been jointly performed by Sindh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF. Equity profiling is a statistical display of socioeconomic inequalities disaggregated by gender and district. These profiles would help to undertake measure to address current socioeconomic inequalities, outline leeway to bring desired changes, track changes and undertake programmatic interventions to attain equity-focused
Objectives and goals.
Earlier the Equity Profiling was conducted in 2017-18 on the basis of Sindh MICS 2014. This time specific profiles would provide an evidence-informed prevailing equity gaps, progress towards closing the gaps and the underlying inequities, demand and supply barriers to help the government, development partners and civil society to undertake programmatic decisions and understand budget required for their implementation. This report presented 6 different profiles on different sectors that include health, nutrition, education, wash, gender equality and poverty. This report will definitely be helpful for the identification of gaps for further planning and execution of programs based on equity analysis.
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Sindh Minerals Statistics 2020-21, 2022
Sindh Minerals Statistics, 2020-21 is the first publication of Sindh Bureau of Statistics (BOS), ... more Sindh Minerals Statistics, 2020-21 is the first publication of Sindh Bureau of Statistics (BOS), Planning & Development Department on the statistics of mining and quarrying of minerals in Sindh. This project was the part of Sindh BOS Business Plan (2021-22) and completed under the development goals of 2021-22 (SBOS). Sindh Bureau of Statistics developed its Mission and Vision after the study of Strategic Planning and this report is prepared according to the strategic goal 2022-2026 “to revamp and revitalize Sindh Bureau of Statistics as a Progressive Statistical Data-Centric Organization”. This publication includes mineral wise statistics, district minerals profile and the monthly time series of production of minerals in Sindh. The most important feature of this report is the estimation of minerals’ value indices at the base year of 2015-16 and these indices are computed district wise and mineral wise from 2016-17 to 2020-21.Total 20 minerals are mined and quarried in the 9 different districts of Sindh. According to the number of minerals, District Jamshoro and Thatta are called the minerals rich districts of Sindh while according to the ranking of value of mineral (in PKR) the top five district in 2020-21 are Tharparkar, Jamshoro, Karachi, Dadu and Thatta.
Complete data of minerals extraction, leases and schedules royalty rates of minerals are supplied by the Mines & Minerals Development Department and The Directorate of Coal Mines Development. The support and services of these departments in the provision of data are highly acknowledged by Sindh Bureau of Statistics.
It is acknowledged that the services of Mr. Muhammad Kazim Jafri, Deputy Director (Industries) and his team for the preparation of this report are praiseworthy. Suggestion/ recommendations from the users will always be welcomed and appreciated.
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Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS), Sindh, 2021
The Sindh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried out in 2018-19 by Sindh Bureau of ... more The Sindh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried out in 2018-19 by Sindh Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as part of the Global MICS Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding and financial support of UNICEF.
The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments.
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