Md. Rafiqul Islam | Jahangirnagar University (original) (raw)
Papers by Md. Rafiqul Islam
Environmental Science and Technology, Jan 10, 2008
Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (bro... more Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (brown) rice having higher arsenic levels than polished (white). It is reported here that rice bran, both commercially purchased and specifically milled for this study, have levels of inorganic arsenic, a nonthreshold, class 1 carcinogen, reaching concentrations of approximately 1 mg/kg dry weight, around 10-20 fold higher than concentrations found in bulk grain. Although pure rice bran is used as a health food supplement, perhaps of more concern is rice bran solubles, which are marketed as a superfood and as a supplement to malnourished children in international aid programs. Five rice bran solubles products were tested, sourced from the United States and Japan, and were found to have 0.61-1.9 mg/kg inorganic arsenic. Manufactures recommend approximately 20 g servings of the rice bran solubles per day, which equates to a 0.012-0.038 mg intake of inorganic arsenic. There are no maximum concentration levels (MCLs) set for arsenic or its species in food stuffs. EU and U.S. water regulations, set at 0.01 mg/L total or inorganic arsenic, respectively, are based on the assumption that 1 L of water per day is consumed, i.e., 0.01 mg of arsenic/ day. At the manufacturers recommended rice bran solubles consumption rate, inorganic arsenic intake exceeds 0.01 mg/ day, remembering that rice bran solubles are targeted at malnourished children and that actual risk is based on mg kg(-1) day(-1) intake.
Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2008
The modern age, leading up to the Information age, has been dominated by Europe-centered science,... more The modern age, leading up to the Information age, has been dominated by Europe-centered science, often termed as the 'New Science'. Even though it is not readily recognized, the root of this New Science lies within Aristotle's theory of excluded middle and old Greek philosophy that confuses between ideal and real. These same principles, which is synonymous with the short-term approach (focusing on tangibles or taking Δt to 0), was supported by the Roman Catholic Church, which, in turn opposed the emergence of New Science. This dichotomy is not clear as the original science (as in process) has been divided into many branches, such as hard science, social science, theology, and others. Because this distinction is not clear, a scientist can be pro-science and pro-Church at the same time. This would explain why most scientists who are credited to have pioneered new science did not confront the fundamental dogmas of the Church. Galileo, for instance, never opposed the original dogma of Catholic church yet he drew the wrath of the church because he opposed the literal (tangible) meaning of the book that was being promoted as the holy book (bible literally means, The Book). In scientific sense, what Thomas Aquinas, the man credited to have revived Aristotelian logic (via Averröes's translation), was to Christianity what Newton was to New Science and Mathematics. Both of them based their syllogism on the first premise that was aphenomenal. It is no surprise that most of the New Scientists are 'believers' of Christianity. Greek philosophical notions of idea or form could not be verified or disproved by experiment, so outside of mathematics, the Greek philosophical approach was sloughed off in experimental science. The problem was that neither the Greek notions of idea and form, nor experimental science, revealed the truths of nature. Yet, those notions were dominant in New Science. Experimental studies had the advantage of helping to eliminate what was outrightly false. In itself, that only eliminates possibilities. It does not automatically tell us what is true or even distill the truth from whatever remains after the false has been eliminated. Einstein made a big leap forward with the notion of thought-experiment, but this has proven difficult to rigourise in terms of modeling. Meanwhile, everything that claims to be rigorous in contemporary scientific modeling is highly suspect precisely to the extent that these models fail to account for multiple and-or singular solutions. The main problem with aphenomenal models (that have dominated the New Science) is their assumption of mechanisms that are not anywhere in evidence in physical nature/reality. The problem with Greek-philosophical abstract ideas and forms is the assumption that whatever exists in reality is just the materialization of the abstract idea. The deficiency in the Greek-philosophic method is the absence of any notion of pathway, while the deficiency of the aphenomenal model is its inherent assumption of 'either with us or against us', leaving no room for the science of intangibles. In this paper, first approximations of Newton's 'laws' as well as other fundamental 'laws' of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics are presented and compared with fundamental traits of nature. It is shown that each of these 'laws' has an aphenomenal basis, making the each of them inherently aphenomenal. The paper then discusses the implications of these 'laws' and how engineering based on these 'laws' would lead to processes that are inherently anti-nature, hence, unsustainable. It is shown that by focusing on tangibles (i.e., eliminate root and pathway from a process), the New Science has become a tool for confirming the prejudice that fueled the investigation. This is contrary to any true scientific investigation that should not allow any prejudice to propagate, let alone form the basis of a scientific process. The paper further argues that with the science of tangibles, doing more of the same science will not advance knowledge and will in fact render a falsehood (from ignorance) into an apparent (perception of) truth. Finally, the paper shows an outline on how to introduce the science of intangibles - the essence of knowledge.
Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 1999
Spe Reservoir Engineering, 1992
... Fig. 6 'Personal communication with RG Bentsen, U. of Alberta, Edmonton (1988). О... more ... Fig. 6 'Personal communication with RG Bentsen, U. of Alberta, Edmonton (1988). О "to 0.3 ф 'S 0.2 ф О) со ф 3 0.1 Temperature=120 С Crude oil 0.0 10. 20. 30. АО. 50. 60. 70. Injection pressure, kPa Fig. 5—Effect of injection pressure on producing WOR. ...
ABSTRACT Primary objective of the current study was to formulate solid dispersion (SD) systems of... more ABSTRACT Primary objective of the current study was to formulate solid dispersion (SD) systems of practically water insoluble drug, Ibuprofen with Poloxamer. SDs with Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407 at three different ratios (1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5) were prepared by melt dispersion and solvent evaporation techniques. Effect of different methods on solubility properties and the efficacy of the carriers to improve the dissolution characteristics were evaluated and compared. Drug carrier interactions in the prepared solid dispersions (SDs) were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC thermal study. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared in the same ratio of SDs to compare the dissolution behavior. The obtained solid dispersions (SDs) were tested for drug content, saturation solubility and drug dissolution. Saturation solubility study of the SDs was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), 0.1 N HCl solution and distilled water. Solid dispersions (SDs) were found to improve the aqueous solubility of Ibuprofen up to 14 times. Dissolution test was performed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and in 0.1 N HCl. Data obtained from the studies showed significant enhancement of the release rate and extent of Ibuprofen from the solid dispersions. Selective SDs were filled into hard gelatin capsule shells and the release characteristics of the capsules were also investigated. Drug release from capsules was also found higher than the pure drug.
Icnews 2006 Proceedings of First International Conference on Next Generation Wireless Systems 2006, 2006
Environmental Science Technology, Nov 1, 2010
It has previously been shown that across different arsenic (As) soil environments, a decrease in ... more It has previously been shown that across different arsenic (As) soil environments, a decrease in grain selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) concentrations is associated with an increase in grain As. In this study we aim to determine if there is a genetic element for this observation or if it is driven by the soil As environment. To determine the genetic and environmental effect on grain element composition, multielement analysis using ICP-MS was performed on rice grain from a range of rice cultivars grown in 4 different field sites (2 in Bangladesh and 2 in West Bengal). At all four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Ni, while at three of the four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Se and grain copper (Cu). For manganese, Ni, Cu, and Se there was also a significant genetic interaction with grain arsenic indicating some cultivars are more strongly affected by arsenic than others.
Chemical Engineering Journal, Jul 1, 2009
Synthesis Stuttgart, Aug 1, 2009
ABSTRACT A facile and selective N- or O-alkylation of 4-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,... more ABSTRACT A facile and selective N- or O-alkylation of 4-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d] pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione as well as uridines was accomplished via bimolecular base alkylation or bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction controlled by the reagents. In the presence of 18-crown-6 and anhydrous K(2)CO(3), the highly chemoselective O-methylation was performed using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in DMF at 22-25 degrees C, i.e. the 2',3'-O-isopropylidene derivatives of 4-beta-D-ribofurnosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione, uridine, and 5-bromouridine underwent only the primary alcoholic O-methylation reaction without affecting the NH group of the pyrimidne ring. The novel N-alkylated derivatives of 4-beta-D-ribofurnosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione were also prepared using the appropriate alkylhalides with a base.
Energy Sources Part a Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects, 2009
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Dec 31, 2012
Environmental Science and Technology, Jan 10, 2008
Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (bro... more Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (brown) rice having higher arsenic levels than polished (white). It is reported here that rice bran, both commercially purchased and specifically milled for this study, have levels of inorganic arsenic, a nonthreshold, class 1 carcinogen, reaching concentrations of approximately 1 mg/kg dry weight, around 10-20 fold higher than concentrations found in bulk grain. Although pure rice bran is used as a health food supplement, perhaps of more concern is rice bran solubles, which are marketed as a superfood and as a supplement to malnourished children in international aid programs. Five rice bran solubles products were tested, sourced from the United States and Japan, and were found to have 0.61-1.9 mg/kg inorganic arsenic. Manufactures recommend approximately 20 g servings of the rice bran solubles per day, which equates to a 0.012-0.038 mg intake of inorganic arsenic. There are no maximum concentration levels (MCLs) set for arsenic or its species in food stuffs. EU and U.S. water regulations, set at 0.01 mg/L total or inorganic arsenic, respectively, are based on the assumption that 1 L of water per day is consumed, i.e., 0.01 mg of arsenic/ day. At the manufacturers recommended rice bran solubles consumption rate, inorganic arsenic intake exceeds 0.01 mg/ day, remembering that rice bran solubles are targeted at malnourished children and that actual risk is based on mg kg(-1) day(-1) intake.
Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2008
The modern age, leading up to the Information age, has been dominated by Europe-centered science,... more The modern age, leading up to the Information age, has been dominated by Europe-centered science, often termed as the 'New Science'. Even though it is not readily recognized, the root of this New Science lies within Aristotle's theory of excluded middle and old Greek philosophy that confuses between ideal and real. These same principles, which is synonymous with the short-term approach (focusing on tangibles or taking Δt to 0), was supported by the Roman Catholic Church, which, in turn opposed the emergence of New Science. This dichotomy is not clear as the original science (as in process) has been divided into many branches, such as hard science, social science, theology, and others. Because this distinction is not clear, a scientist can be pro-science and pro-Church at the same time. This would explain why most scientists who are credited to have pioneered new science did not confront the fundamental dogmas of the Church. Galileo, for instance, never opposed the original dogma of Catholic church yet he drew the wrath of the church because he opposed the literal (tangible) meaning of the book that was being promoted as the holy book (bible literally means, The Book). In scientific sense, what Thomas Aquinas, the man credited to have revived Aristotelian logic (via Averröes's translation), was to Christianity what Newton was to New Science and Mathematics. Both of them based their syllogism on the first premise that was aphenomenal. It is no surprise that most of the New Scientists are 'believers' of Christianity. Greek philosophical notions of idea or form could not be verified or disproved by experiment, so outside of mathematics, the Greek philosophical approach was sloughed off in experimental science. The problem was that neither the Greek notions of idea and form, nor experimental science, revealed the truths of nature. Yet, those notions were dominant in New Science. Experimental studies had the advantage of helping to eliminate what was outrightly false. In itself, that only eliminates possibilities. It does not automatically tell us what is true or even distill the truth from whatever remains after the false has been eliminated. Einstein made a big leap forward with the notion of thought-experiment, but this has proven difficult to rigourise in terms of modeling. Meanwhile, everything that claims to be rigorous in contemporary scientific modeling is highly suspect precisely to the extent that these models fail to account for multiple and-or singular solutions. The main problem with aphenomenal models (that have dominated the New Science) is their assumption of mechanisms that are not anywhere in evidence in physical nature/reality. The problem with Greek-philosophical abstract ideas and forms is the assumption that whatever exists in reality is just the materialization of the abstract idea. The deficiency in the Greek-philosophic method is the absence of any notion of pathway, while the deficiency of the aphenomenal model is its inherent assumption of 'either with us or against us', leaving no room for the science of intangibles. In this paper, first approximations of Newton's 'laws' as well as other fundamental 'laws' of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics are presented and compared with fundamental traits of nature. It is shown that each of these 'laws' has an aphenomenal basis, making the each of them inherently aphenomenal. The paper then discusses the implications of these 'laws' and how engineering based on these 'laws' would lead to processes that are inherently anti-nature, hence, unsustainable. It is shown that by focusing on tangibles (i.e., eliminate root and pathway from a process), the New Science has become a tool for confirming the prejudice that fueled the investigation. This is contrary to any true scientific investigation that should not allow any prejudice to propagate, let alone form the basis of a scientific process. The paper further argues that with the science of tangibles, doing more of the same science will not advance knowledge and will in fact render a falsehood (from ignorance) into an apparent (perception of) truth. Finally, the paper shows an outline on how to introduce the science of intangibles - the essence of knowledge.
Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 1999
Spe Reservoir Engineering, 1992
... Fig. 6 'Personal communication with RG Bentsen, U. of Alberta, Edmonton (1988). О... more ... Fig. 6 'Personal communication with RG Bentsen, U. of Alberta, Edmonton (1988). О "to 0.3 ф 'S 0.2 ф О) со ф 3 0.1 Temperature=120 С Crude oil 0.0 10. 20. 30. АО. 50. 60. 70. Injection pressure, kPa Fig. 5—Effect of injection pressure on producing WOR. ...
ABSTRACT Primary objective of the current study was to formulate solid dispersion (SD) systems of... more ABSTRACT Primary objective of the current study was to formulate solid dispersion (SD) systems of practically water insoluble drug, Ibuprofen with Poloxamer. SDs with Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407 at three different ratios (1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5) were prepared by melt dispersion and solvent evaporation techniques. Effect of different methods on solubility properties and the efficacy of the carriers to improve the dissolution characteristics were evaluated and compared. Drug carrier interactions in the prepared solid dispersions (SDs) were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC thermal study. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared in the same ratio of SDs to compare the dissolution behavior. The obtained solid dispersions (SDs) were tested for drug content, saturation solubility and drug dissolution. Saturation solubility study of the SDs was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), 0.1 N HCl solution and distilled water. Solid dispersions (SDs) were found to improve the aqueous solubility of Ibuprofen up to 14 times. Dissolution test was performed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and in 0.1 N HCl. Data obtained from the studies showed significant enhancement of the release rate and extent of Ibuprofen from the solid dispersions. Selective SDs were filled into hard gelatin capsule shells and the release characteristics of the capsules were also investigated. Drug release from capsules was also found higher than the pure drug.
Icnews 2006 Proceedings of First International Conference on Next Generation Wireless Systems 2006, 2006
Environmental Science Technology, Nov 1, 2010
It has previously been shown that across different arsenic (As) soil environments, a decrease in ... more It has previously been shown that across different arsenic (As) soil environments, a decrease in grain selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) concentrations is associated with an increase in grain As. In this study we aim to determine if there is a genetic element for this observation or if it is driven by the soil As environment. To determine the genetic and environmental effect on grain element composition, multielement analysis using ICP-MS was performed on rice grain from a range of rice cultivars grown in 4 different field sites (2 in Bangladesh and 2 in West Bengal). At all four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Ni, while at three of the four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Se and grain copper (Cu). For manganese, Ni, Cu, and Se there was also a significant genetic interaction with grain arsenic indicating some cultivars are more strongly affected by arsenic than others.
Chemical Engineering Journal, Jul 1, 2009
Synthesis Stuttgart, Aug 1, 2009
ABSTRACT A facile and selective N- or O-alkylation of 4-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,... more ABSTRACT A facile and selective N- or O-alkylation of 4-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d] pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione as well as uridines was accomplished via bimolecular base alkylation or bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction controlled by the reagents. In the presence of 18-crown-6 and anhydrous K(2)CO(3), the highly chemoselective O-methylation was performed using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in DMF at 22-25 degrees C, i.e. the 2',3'-O-isopropylidene derivatives of 4-beta-D-ribofurnosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione, uridine, and 5-bromouridine underwent only the primary alcoholic O-methylation reaction without affecting the NH group of the pyrimidne ring. The novel N-alkylated derivatives of 4-beta-D-ribofurnosyl[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrmidine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione were also prepared using the appropriate alkylhalides with a base.
Energy Sources Part a Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects, 2009
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Dec 31, 2012