Ankur Jaiswal | Krishna Institute Of Engg And Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Ankur Jaiswal

2017 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical, Industrial, Automation and Management Systems (AMIAMS)

This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for hyperbolic function generation wit... more This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for hyperbolic function generation with four accuracy point and its optimized using least square method. This research is concerned with the development of mathematical formulation of Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation theory extended from three points to four point synthesis problems. The objective function has been analyzed based on the structural error between the generated and desired function. Their comparison has been shown with regard to minimum structural. Structural error is found to be optimized with least square method. Three hyperbolic functions are solved and demonstrated for study purpose.

2021 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC), 2021

The role of mechanisms in robotics is pivotal in deciding the accuracy and working range of a par... more The role of mechanisms in robotics is pivotal in deciding the accuracy and working range of a particular robot. A planar closed loop, single degree of freedom (DoF) mechanism can be used in various machines. The main advantage of such mechanism is the single input that can control the complete mechanical movement. Position of the end effector in real time depends on various factors. A P3R mechanism has been considered in this paper. A detailed position and compensation analysis is carried out and the effect of joint clearances are considered. The orientation of input and output links under the effect of joint clearances and their deviation and errors are calculated. A mathematical computer model is developed to compute the positional and orientation error.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2022

Four-bar linkages form a primitive configuration of many mechanisms. The output of these mechanis... more Four-bar linkages form a primitive configuration of many mechanisms. The output of these mechanisms deviates from the desired one due to many factors including tolerance on links. For satisfactory application, the mechanism performance needs to be characterized. This article presents a treatment on the synthesis and analysis of linear-input P3R (1-Prismatic, 3-Revolute) and rotary-input 4R (4-Revolute) planar mechanism configurations, and the estimation of mechanical error under the influence of link tolerances. A detailed methodology is presented for error estimation as part of performance analysis for each mechanism. As an illustrative case, mechanisms are considered to operate under identical output generation conditions and comparative performance evaluation is carried out. Effect of link proportion is studied to investigate the mechanism behavior related to mechanical error. Comparison of error provides the basis for selecting the mechanism that gives better performance. The pr...

Highlighting the dominance & supremacy of CMOS digital logic design over its counterparts & furth... more Highlighting the dominance & supremacy of CMOS digital logic design over its counterparts & further coming up with a unique solution to minimize the power losses prevalent in switching implementations using CMOS, this brief introduces a novel SDLC (Switching-Diode- Inductor-Capacitor) design. It presentsa design which in ideal case may lead to a circuit capable of performing logic operations with no switching losses. In traditional CMOS logic design, energy is stored in a load capacitor when the output is high & it dissipates this stored energy during low level output. Attempt has been made to harness this discharging energy by storing it inside an inductor in the form of magnetic fieldin the proposed SDLC architecture. This significantly reduces the switching dissipation energy. The proposed SDLC architecture has been illustrated via MULTISIM software simulation. A brief description of existing logic design implementations and scope for future research in this domain has also been ...

Force transducers are capable of determining the magnitude of force applied by measuring strain d... more Force transducers are capable of determining the magnitude of force applied by measuring strain deformations. The strain induced on the transducer is measured using strain gauges. Usually, the force transducers, being unidirectional, are able to sense only axial force or torque. This paper presents an innovative force transducer for sensing triaxial loads and moments pertaining to its unique shape which allows strategic placement of strain gauges. The transducer is designed in a frame-like structure by stacking three cantilever beams one in each orthogonal axis. Each frame is sensitive to the load applied in the corresponding orthogonal direction. This configuration provides advantage of uniform sensitivity in triaxial loading applications with negligible cross sensitivity. The transducer is having a proportional force and moment conversion due to its single body structure and isotropic material properties. A new design for the transducer is also proposed and the comparative behavio...

Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2020

Carbon dioxide (CO2), being an important greenhouse gas (GHG) significantly present in Earth'... more Carbon dioxide (CO2), being an important greenhouse gas (GHG) significantly present in Earth's atmosphere, has been increasing because of several anthropogenic activities leading to global warming. Globally, various efforts have been made to confront climate change, and various CO2 capture and storage methods have been designed. This review aims at describing detailed studies about algae and the methods used by algae to capture and sequester carbon from the atmospheric environment. Algae exist in varied terrestrial and aqueous habitats. Under certain conditions, microalgae are potential accumulators of lipids, which act as a biofuel. Algal biofuel production promotes carbon sequestration and future energy production. This review explicates the opportunities and challenges for biological systems in CO2 sequestration by algae. In addition, the CO2 fixation by algae is explored and leading biochemical channels and enzymes involved in it are studied.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

Abstract The proposed work describes about application of evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic... more Abstract The proposed work describes about application of evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic algorithm (GA), Teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) and newly developed algorithms JAYA algorithms for minimization of irregularities of machined surface. Objective function for machining response is developed using response surface methodology (RSM) after performing systematic face milling operation based on design of experiment. Response model is examined for better prediction using additional milling trials other than the ones used in main design of experiments (DoE). Later on, minimization of irregularity of machined surface was done with response surface based desirability approach. Correlation coefficient (R2) of 98% shows goodness of the model which means 98% of data is explained by the developed model. Results shows that newly developed algorithms TLBO and JAYA are outperforming RSM and GA in terms of minimizing irregularities of machined surface.

Indian Science Cruiser, 2019

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018

Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for speciall... more Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for specially synthesis above five precision of coupler points. Thus pertains to large structural error. The methodology for arriving to better precision solution is to use the optimization technique. Work presented herein considers methods of optimization of structural error in closed kinematic chain with single degree of freedom, for generating functions like log(x), ex, tan(x), sin(x) with five precision points. The equation in Freudenstein-Chebyshev method is used to develop five point synthesis of mechanism. The extended formulation is proposed and results are obtained to verify existing results in literature. Optimization of structural error is carried out using least square approach. Comparative structural error analysis is presented on optimized error through least square method and extended Freudenstein-Chebyshev method.Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for specially synthesis above five precision of coupler points. Thus pertains to large structural error. The methodology for arriving to better precision solution is to use the optimization technique. Work presented herein considers methods of optimization of structural error in closed kinematic chain with single degree of freedom, for generating functions like log(x), ex, tan(x), sin(x) with five precision points. The equation in Freudenstein-Chebyshev method is used to develop five point synthesis of mechanism. The extended formulation is proposed and results are obtained to verify existing results in literature. Optimization of structural error is carried out using least square approach. Comparative structural error analysis is presented on optimized error through least square method and extended Freudenstein-Chebyshev method.

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2018

Many planar manipulators are composed of a basic four-bar mechanism. The output delivered by the ... more Many planar manipulators are composed of a basic four-bar mechanism. The output delivered by the mechanism deviates from desired one due to factors like link tolerances. The performance needs to be characterized for satisfactory application. This article presents investigation of mechanical error in four-bar mechanism with revolute joints (4R) under the influence of link tolerance. The classical partial derivative formulation (PDA) in uncertainty analysis technique is primarily used for estimating the mechanical error. The error estimation is carried out with proposed modification in PDA formulation. A geometric approach is also developed to estimate the mechanical error for 4R configuration. The mechanical error obtained through PDA is verified using geometric approach. The generalized formulation is demonstrated, and comparative estimation is presented. The methods and conclusions proposed herewith are adaptable for other planar configurations.

World Journal of Engineering, 2019

Purpose The force sensing is used in robotic assembly tasks. The sensors developed are much advan... more Purpose The force sensing is used in robotic assembly tasks. The sensors developed are much advanced and costly. The force transducers are generally configured and deployed at the wrist of the robotic arm. The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of an elastic transducer to make available cost-effective force sensor with simple construction and analysis. Design/methodology/approach The analytical formulation is developed herewith for one-, two- and three-axis elastic cantilever configuration. The force to be measured can be calculated analytically using derived strain expressions. The strains are estimated using proposed formulation, further crosschecked through FEA approach. The analytical method for strain estimation using moment equations is presented along with validation using finite element method (FEM) tool (ANSYS 15.0) with the case study. Findings The derivation of expressions for force components from strains is developed. The resulting formulation found to con...

Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2017

Kinematic mechanisms are synthesized for a task. Function generation provides precise displacemen... more Kinematic mechanisms are synthesized for a task. Function generation provides precise displacement at output links that obeys a given functional relations. This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for the hyperbolic function generation with four and five accuracy point, which is further optimized using least square method. This research is concerned with development of mathematical formulation based on Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation theory, extended to four-and five-point synthesis function generation problem. The objective function is analyzed for the structural error between the generated function and the desired function. Resulting nonlinear equations are converted into set of linear equations applying the compatibility conditions and are solved using Gauss elimination method. The formulation is proposed for five position synthesis for algebraic and trigonometric function generation problem. Associated structural error is estimated. Comparison of estimated error through the formulation is carried out with the reported errors through graphical method. The error for hyperbolic function is estimated. Attempt is made to minimize the error through simple of least square technique. The results obtained are compared with Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation method. Three hyperbolic functions, namely sinh(x), cosh(x) and tanh(x), are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis method.

Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2018

Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to flora as well as fauna for the past few decad... more Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to flora as well as fauna for the past few decades. Industries release effluents into the environment which act as the major source of pollution. The hazardous effects of heavy metals released from these industries impact the soil and due to bioaccumulation of these compounds in the food chain, they ultimately result in a serious human health hazard. The concentration of metals like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), and several others in plants as well as in aquatic animals is above permissible limits according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) guidelines. This is why we need to prevent the aquatic ecosystem and human health from detrimental effects. In this review we will be discussing the harmful effects of these metals on soil, plants, aquatic ecosystems, and human health.

Volume 5B: 40th Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, 2016

This article incorporates formulation and application for the varying position of output link of ... more This article incorporates formulation and application for the varying position of output link of P3R and 4R manipulator configuration and estimation of mechanical error. The behavior of the output link is analyzed for linear and rotary inputs for both the type of configurations. The variation in link tolerance is introduced as input for estimating the mechanical error for P3R and 4R manipulator with the derived formula. Comparison of the errors provides the basis of selecting the best manipulator with the minimum mechanical error. Sample case is illustrated for the identical operational features in these P3R and 4R manipulators and the performance of these manipulators is quantified in this paper. The methodology is successful in considering the effect of source of mechanical errors in general; the proposed methodology is going to be helpful for the analysis of spatial and parallel manipulator.

2015 28th International Conference on VLSI Design, 2015

Energy crisis in multimedia devices causes poor image/video quality. These devices use compressio... more Energy crisis in multimedia devices causes poor image/video quality. These devices use compression standard having Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) as core compute-intensive component. This paper presents novel approximation techniques that provide effective computation based on assumptions namely, transitive behavior of pixels, inter pixel approximation, and multiplicand value decision. We propose an energy aware computation driven approximate DCT architecture by exploiting these approximation techniques. The architecture emerges to have only 25 coefficients as an outcome which further incorporates interdependence among DCT alphabets. This inter-dependence results in squeezing of seven DCT alphabets into three. The efficacy of the proposed architecture is evaluated by different image quality assessment parameters. The architecture is mapped on Virtex - 6 FPGA to obtain top level analysis. A Semi Custom design is also realized using 45nm CMOS technology and simulated on HSIM. The simulation results show around 2.5× and 4.5× reduction in area (58%) and energy (72.6%), respectively, over existing design. This has been tested on Baseline JPEG standard for its effectiveness.

2015 28th International Conference on VLSI Design, 2015

The limited battery lifetime and rapidly increasing functionality of portable multimedia devices ... more The limited battery lifetime and rapidly increasing functionality of portable multimedia devices demand energy-efficient designs. The filters employed mainly in these devices are based on Gaussian smoothing, which is slow and, severely affects the performance. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient approximate 2D Gaussian smoothing filter (2D-GSF) architecture by exploiting "nearest pixel approximation" and rounding-off Gaussian kernel coefficients. The proposed architecture significantly improves Speed-Power-Area-Accuracy (SPAA) metrics in designing energy-efficient filters. The efficacy of the proposed approximate 2D-GSF is demonstrated on real application such as edge detection. The simulation results show 72%, 79% and 76% reduction in area, power and delay, respectively with acceptable 0.4dB loss in PSNR as compared to the well-known approximate 2D-GSF.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008

INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is r... more INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is released from INrf2. Nrf2 is translocated into the nucleus where it binds to the antioxidant response element and coordinately activates the expression of a battery of genes that protect cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An autoregulatory loop between INrf2 and Nrf2 regulates their cellular abundance. Nrf2 activates INrf2 gene expression, and INrf2 serves as an adapter for degradation of Nrf2. In this report, we demonstrate that mutation of tyrosine 141 in bric-a-bric, tramtrack, broad complex domain to alanine rendered INrf2 unstable and nonfunctional. INrf2Y141A mutant degraded rapidly as compared with wild type INrf2, although it could dimerize and bind Nrf2. De novo synthesized INrf2 protein was phosphorylated at tyrosine 141. Tyrosine 141phosphorylated INrf2 was highly stable. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidizing agent, led to dephosphorylation of INrf2Y141, resulting in rapid degradation of INrf2. This resulted in stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of ARE-mediated gene expression. These results demonstrate that stress-induced dephosphorylation of tyrosine 141 is a novel mechanism in Nrf2 activation and cellular protection. The cellular exposure to environmental xenobiotics, antioxidants, drugs, and UV radiation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophiles. These are also generated during endogenous metabolic reactions including fatty acid oxidation. Reactive oxygen species and electrophiles cause stress and, if unchecked, lead to diseases including aging and cancer (1). Initial increase in reactive oxygen species and electrophiles has a profound impact on cell survival, growth, and development of living organisms (1, 2). However, their accumulation leads to adverse effects (1, 2). Cells have developed an adaptive dynamic program to counteract environmental stresses imposed by intrinsic and extrinsic oxidants and electrophiles. The endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system that consists of three essential components, INrf2-Nrf2-ARE, plays an essential role in cellular protection. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor) is a transcription factor that binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) 2 and regulates expression and coordinated induction of an assortment of chemoprotective genes in response to antioxidants (1). Nrf2 is critical to the protection of cells against oxidative stress because Nrf2 null mice express significantly lower levels and lack induction of ARE-containing defensive genes including NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit, and hemeoxygenase-1 (1). Nrf2 is held in the cytoplasm by its cytosolic inhibitor, INrf2 (cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2), also known as Keap1 (3, 4). INrf2-Nrf2 regulation of oxidative and xenobiotic stress response reveals a unique model for nuclear/cytoplasmic collaboration. Under basal conditions Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. This interaction leads to degradation of Nrf2 by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway via INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex (5). A small amount of Nrf2 is present in the nucleus that controls the basal expression of antioxidant genes to maintain cellular homeostasis. In response to oxidative and/or electrophilic stimuli, Nrf2 is liberated from INrf2-mediated cytoplasmic retention. Nrf2 quickly translocates to the nucleus, where it functions as a strong transcriptional activator of a battery of ARE-containing genes in partnership with other transcription factors (1). Nrf2 heterodimerizes with small Mafs and/or c-Jun to induce the ARE-mediated gene expression. Several mechanisms both by modification of Nrf2 and/or INrf2 have been proposed that result in liberation followed by stabilization of Nrf2. Several protein kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) (6, 7), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (8), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (9, 10), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (11) are known to modify Nrf2 and hence activate its release from INrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic stress-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 at serine 40 by PKC is a very well studied and acceptable model for activation mechanism of Nrf2 (6, 7). The abundance of Nrf2 inside the nucleus is controlled by nuclear localization and nuclear export signals (12). Tyrosine phosphorylation of Nrf2 by Fyn kinase inside the nucleus leads to nuclear export of Nrf2 (13). As a delayed response to oxida

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008

INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is r... more INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is released from INrf2. Nrf2 is translocated into the nucleus where it binds to the antioxidant response element and coordinately activates the expression of a battery of genes that protect cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An autoregulatory loop between INrf2 and Nrf2 regulates their cellular abundance. Nrf2 activates INrf2 gene expression, and INrf2 serves as an adapter for degradation of Nrf2. In this report, we demonstrate that mutation of tyrosine 141 in bric-a-bric, tramtrack, broad complex domain to alanine rendered INrf2 unstable and nonfunctional. INrf2Y141A mutant degraded rapidly as compared with wild type INrf2, although it could dimerize and bind Nrf2. De novo synthesized INrf2 protein was phosphorylated at tyrosine 141. Tyrosine 141phosphorylated INrf2 was highly stable. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidizing agent, led to dephosphorylation of INrf2Y141, resulting in rapid degradation of INrf2. This resulted in stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of ARE-mediated gene expression. These results demonstrate that stress-induced dephosphorylation of tyrosine 141 is a novel mechanism in Nrf2 activation and cellular protection. The cellular exposure to environmental xenobiotics, antioxidants, drugs, and UV radiation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophiles. These are also generated during endogenous metabolic reactions including fatty acid oxidation. Reactive oxygen species and electrophiles cause stress and, if unchecked, lead to diseases including aging and cancer (1). Initial increase in reactive oxygen species and electrophiles has a profound impact on cell survival, growth, and development of living organisms (1, 2). However, their accumulation leads to adverse effects (1, 2). Cells have developed an adaptive dynamic program to counteract environmental stresses imposed by intrinsic and extrinsic oxidants and electrophiles. The endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system that consists of three essential components, INrf2-Nrf2-ARE, plays an essential role in cellular protection. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor) is a transcription factor that binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) 2 and regulates expression and coordinated induction of an assortment of chemoprotective genes in response to antioxidants (1). Nrf2 is critical to the protection of cells against oxidative stress because Nrf2 null mice express significantly lower levels and lack induction of ARE-containing defensive genes including NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit, and hemeoxygenase-1 (1). Nrf2 is held in the cytoplasm by its cytosolic inhibitor, INrf2 (cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2), also known as Keap1 (3, 4). INrf2-Nrf2 regulation of oxidative and xenobiotic stress response reveals a unique model for nuclear/cytoplasmic collaboration. Under basal conditions Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. This interaction leads to degradation of Nrf2 by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway via INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex (5). A small amount of Nrf2 is present in the nucleus that controls the basal expression of antioxidant genes to maintain cellular homeostasis. In response to oxidative and/or electrophilic stimuli, Nrf2 is liberated from INrf2-mediated cytoplasmic retention. Nrf2 quickly translocates to the nucleus, where it functions as a strong transcriptional activator of a battery of ARE-containing genes in partnership with other transcription factors (1). Nrf2 heterodimerizes with small Mafs and/or c-Jun to induce the ARE-mediated gene expression. Several mechanisms both by modification of Nrf2 and/or INrf2 have been proposed that result in liberation followed by stabilization of Nrf2. Several protein kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) (6, 7), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (8), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (9, 10), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (11) are known to modify Nrf2 and hence activate its release from INrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic stress-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 at serine 40 by PKC is a very well studied and acceptable model for activation mechanism of Nrf2 (6, 7). The abundance of Nrf2 inside the nucleus is controlled by nuclear localization and nuclear export signals (12). Tyrosine phosphorylation of Nrf2 by Fyn kinase inside the nucleus leads to nuclear export of Nrf2 (13). As a delayed response to oxida

2017 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical, Industrial, Automation and Management Systems (AMIAMS)

This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for hyperbolic function generation wit... more This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for hyperbolic function generation with four accuracy point and its optimized using least square method. This research is concerned with the development of mathematical formulation of Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation theory extended from three points to four point synthesis problems. The objective function has been analyzed based on the structural error between the generated and desired function. Their comparison has been shown with regard to minimum structural. Structural error is found to be optimized with least square method. Three hyperbolic functions are solved and demonstrated for study purpose.

2021 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC), 2021

The role of mechanisms in robotics is pivotal in deciding the accuracy and working range of a par... more The role of mechanisms in robotics is pivotal in deciding the accuracy and working range of a particular robot. A planar closed loop, single degree of freedom (DoF) mechanism can be used in various machines. The main advantage of such mechanism is the single input that can control the complete mechanical movement. Position of the end effector in real time depends on various factors. A P3R mechanism has been considered in this paper. A detailed position and compensation analysis is carried out and the effect of joint clearances are considered. The orientation of input and output links under the effect of joint clearances and their deviation and errors are calculated. A mathematical computer model is developed to compute the positional and orientation error.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2022

Four-bar linkages form a primitive configuration of many mechanisms. The output of these mechanis... more Four-bar linkages form a primitive configuration of many mechanisms. The output of these mechanisms deviates from the desired one due to many factors including tolerance on links. For satisfactory application, the mechanism performance needs to be characterized. This article presents a treatment on the synthesis and analysis of linear-input P3R (1-Prismatic, 3-Revolute) and rotary-input 4R (4-Revolute) planar mechanism configurations, and the estimation of mechanical error under the influence of link tolerances. A detailed methodology is presented for error estimation as part of performance analysis for each mechanism. As an illustrative case, mechanisms are considered to operate under identical output generation conditions and comparative performance evaluation is carried out. Effect of link proportion is studied to investigate the mechanism behavior related to mechanical error. Comparison of error provides the basis for selecting the mechanism that gives better performance. The pr...

Highlighting the dominance & supremacy of CMOS digital logic design over its counterparts & furth... more Highlighting the dominance & supremacy of CMOS digital logic design over its counterparts & further coming up with a unique solution to minimize the power losses prevalent in switching implementations using CMOS, this brief introduces a novel SDLC (Switching-Diode- Inductor-Capacitor) design. It presentsa design which in ideal case may lead to a circuit capable of performing logic operations with no switching losses. In traditional CMOS logic design, energy is stored in a load capacitor when the output is high & it dissipates this stored energy during low level output. Attempt has been made to harness this discharging energy by storing it inside an inductor in the form of magnetic fieldin the proposed SDLC architecture. This significantly reduces the switching dissipation energy. The proposed SDLC architecture has been illustrated via MULTISIM software simulation. A brief description of existing logic design implementations and scope for future research in this domain has also been ...

Force transducers are capable of determining the magnitude of force applied by measuring strain d... more Force transducers are capable of determining the magnitude of force applied by measuring strain deformations. The strain induced on the transducer is measured using strain gauges. Usually, the force transducers, being unidirectional, are able to sense only axial force or torque. This paper presents an innovative force transducer for sensing triaxial loads and moments pertaining to its unique shape which allows strategic placement of strain gauges. The transducer is designed in a frame-like structure by stacking three cantilever beams one in each orthogonal axis. Each frame is sensitive to the load applied in the corresponding orthogonal direction. This configuration provides advantage of uniform sensitivity in triaxial loading applications with negligible cross sensitivity. The transducer is having a proportional force and moment conversion due to its single body structure and isotropic material properties. A new design for the transducer is also proposed and the comparative behavio...

Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2020

Carbon dioxide (CO2), being an important greenhouse gas (GHG) significantly present in Earth'... more Carbon dioxide (CO2), being an important greenhouse gas (GHG) significantly present in Earth's atmosphere, has been increasing because of several anthropogenic activities leading to global warming. Globally, various efforts have been made to confront climate change, and various CO2 capture and storage methods have been designed. This review aims at describing detailed studies about algae and the methods used by algae to capture and sequester carbon from the atmospheric environment. Algae exist in varied terrestrial and aqueous habitats. Under certain conditions, microalgae are potential accumulators of lipids, which act as a biofuel. Algal biofuel production promotes carbon sequestration and future energy production. This review explicates the opportunities and challenges for biological systems in CO2 sequestration by algae. In addition, the CO2 fixation by algae is explored and leading biochemical channels and enzymes involved in it are studied.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

Abstract The proposed work describes about application of evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic... more Abstract The proposed work describes about application of evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic algorithm (GA), Teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) and newly developed algorithms JAYA algorithms for minimization of irregularities of machined surface. Objective function for machining response is developed using response surface methodology (RSM) after performing systematic face milling operation based on design of experiment. Response model is examined for better prediction using additional milling trials other than the ones used in main design of experiments (DoE). Later on, minimization of irregularity of machined surface was done with response surface based desirability approach. Correlation coefficient (R2) of 98% shows goodness of the model which means 98% of data is explained by the developed model. Results shows that newly developed algorithms TLBO and JAYA are outperforming RSM and GA in terms of minimizing irregularities of machined surface.

Indian Science Cruiser, 2019

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018

Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for speciall... more Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for specially synthesis above five precision of coupler points. Thus pertains to large structural error. The methodology for arriving to better precision solution is to use the optimization technique. Work presented herein considers methods of optimization of structural error in closed kinematic chain with single degree of freedom, for generating functions like log(x), ex, tan(x), sin(x) with five precision points. The equation in Freudenstein-Chebyshev method is used to develop five point synthesis of mechanism. The extended formulation is proposed and results are obtained to verify existing results in literature. Optimization of structural error is carried out using least square approach. Comparative structural error analysis is presented on optimized error through least square method and extended Freudenstein-Chebyshev method.Function generation is synthesis of mechanism for specific task, involves complexity for specially synthesis above five precision of coupler points. Thus pertains to large structural error. The methodology for arriving to better precision solution is to use the optimization technique. Work presented herein considers methods of optimization of structural error in closed kinematic chain with single degree of freedom, for generating functions like log(x), ex, tan(x), sin(x) with five precision points. The equation in Freudenstein-Chebyshev method is used to develop five point synthesis of mechanism. The extended formulation is proposed and results are obtained to verify existing results in literature. Optimization of structural error is carried out using least square approach. Comparative structural error analysis is presented on optimized error through least square method and extended Freudenstein-Chebyshev method.

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2018

Many planar manipulators are composed of a basic four-bar mechanism. The output delivered by the ... more Many planar manipulators are composed of a basic four-bar mechanism. The output delivered by the mechanism deviates from desired one due to factors like link tolerances. The performance needs to be characterized for satisfactory application. This article presents investigation of mechanical error in four-bar mechanism with revolute joints (4R) under the influence of link tolerance. The classical partial derivative formulation (PDA) in uncertainty analysis technique is primarily used for estimating the mechanical error. The error estimation is carried out with proposed modification in PDA formulation. A geometric approach is also developed to estimate the mechanical error for 4R configuration. The mechanical error obtained through PDA is verified using geometric approach. The generalized formulation is demonstrated, and comparative estimation is presented. The methods and conclusions proposed herewith are adaptable for other planar configurations.

World Journal of Engineering, 2019

Purpose The force sensing is used in robotic assembly tasks. The sensors developed are much advan... more Purpose The force sensing is used in robotic assembly tasks. The sensors developed are much advanced and costly. The force transducers are generally configured and deployed at the wrist of the robotic arm. The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of an elastic transducer to make available cost-effective force sensor with simple construction and analysis. Design/methodology/approach The analytical formulation is developed herewith for one-, two- and three-axis elastic cantilever configuration. The force to be measured can be calculated analytically using derived strain expressions. The strains are estimated using proposed formulation, further crosschecked through FEA approach. The analytical method for strain estimation using moment equations is presented along with validation using finite element method (FEM) tool (ANSYS 15.0) with the case study. Findings The derivation of expressions for force components from strains is developed. The resulting formulation found to con...

Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2017

Kinematic mechanisms are synthesized for a task. Function generation provides precise displacemen... more Kinematic mechanisms are synthesized for a task. Function generation provides precise displacement at output links that obeys a given functional relations. This article describes the synthesis of four-bar mechanism for the hyperbolic function generation with four and five accuracy point, which is further optimized using least square method. This research is concerned with development of mathematical formulation based on Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation theory, extended to four-and five-point synthesis function generation problem. The objective function is analyzed for the structural error between the generated function and the desired function. Resulting nonlinear equations are converted into set of linear equations applying the compatibility conditions and are solved using Gauss elimination method. The formulation is proposed for five position synthesis for algebraic and trigonometric function generation problem. Associated structural error is estimated. Comparison of estimated error through the formulation is carried out with the reported errors through graphical method. The error for hyperbolic function is estimated. Attempt is made to minimize the error through simple of least square technique. The results obtained are compared with Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation method. Three hyperbolic functions, namely sinh(x), cosh(x) and tanh(x), are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis method.

Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2018

Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to flora as well as fauna for the past few decad... more Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to flora as well as fauna for the past few decades. Industries release effluents into the environment which act as the major source of pollution. The hazardous effects of heavy metals released from these industries impact the soil and due to bioaccumulation of these compounds in the food chain, they ultimately result in a serious human health hazard. The concentration of metals like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), and several others in plants as well as in aquatic animals is above permissible limits according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) guidelines. This is why we need to prevent the aquatic ecosystem and human health from detrimental effects. In this review we will be discussing the harmful effects of these metals on soil, plants, aquatic ecosystems, and human health.

Volume 5B: 40th Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, 2016

This article incorporates formulation and application for the varying position of output link of ... more This article incorporates formulation and application for the varying position of output link of P3R and 4R manipulator configuration and estimation of mechanical error. The behavior of the output link is analyzed for linear and rotary inputs for both the type of configurations. The variation in link tolerance is introduced as input for estimating the mechanical error for P3R and 4R manipulator with the derived formula. Comparison of the errors provides the basis of selecting the best manipulator with the minimum mechanical error. Sample case is illustrated for the identical operational features in these P3R and 4R manipulators and the performance of these manipulators is quantified in this paper. The methodology is successful in considering the effect of source of mechanical errors in general; the proposed methodology is going to be helpful for the analysis of spatial and parallel manipulator.

2015 28th International Conference on VLSI Design, 2015

Energy crisis in multimedia devices causes poor image/video quality. These devices use compressio... more Energy crisis in multimedia devices causes poor image/video quality. These devices use compression standard having Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) as core compute-intensive component. This paper presents novel approximation techniques that provide effective computation based on assumptions namely, transitive behavior of pixels, inter pixel approximation, and multiplicand value decision. We propose an energy aware computation driven approximate DCT architecture by exploiting these approximation techniques. The architecture emerges to have only 25 coefficients as an outcome which further incorporates interdependence among DCT alphabets. This inter-dependence results in squeezing of seven DCT alphabets into three. The efficacy of the proposed architecture is evaluated by different image quality assessment parameters. The architecture is mapped on Virtex - 6 FPGA to obtain top level analysis. A Semi Custom design is also realized using 45nm CMOS technology and simulated on HSIM. The simulation results show around 2.5× and 4.5× reduction in area (58%) and energy (72.6%), respectively, over existing design. This has been tested on Baseline JPEG standard for its effectiveness.

2015 28th International Conference on VLSI Design, 2015

The limited battery lifetime and rapidly increasing functionality of portable multimedia devices ... more The limited battery lifetime and rapidly increasing functionality of portable multimedia devices demand energy-efficient designs. The filters employed mainly in these devices are based on Gaussian smoothing, which is slow and, severely affects the performance. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient approximate 2D Gaussian smoothing filter (2D-GSF) architecture by exploiting "nearest pixel approximation" and rounding-off Gaussian kernel coefficients. The proposed architecture significantly improves Speed-Power-Area-Accuracy (SPAA) metrics in designing energy-efficient filters. The efficacy of the proposed approximate 2D-GSF is demonstrated on real application such as edge detection. The simulation results show 72%, 79% and 76% reduction in area, power and delay, respectively with acceptable 0.4dB loss in PSNR as compared to the well-known approximate 2D-GSF.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008

INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is r... more INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is released from INrf2. Nrf2 is translocated into the nucleus where it binds to the antioxidant response element and coordinately activates the expression of a battery of genes that protect cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An autoregulatory loop between INrf2 and Nrf2 regulates their cellular abundance. Nrf2 activates INrf2 gene expression, and INrf2 serves as an adapter for degradation of Nrf2. In this report, we demonstrate that mutation of tyrosine 141 in bric-a-bric, tramtrack, broad complex domain to alanine rendered INrf2 unstable and nonfunctional. INrf2Y141A mutant degraded rapidly as compared with wild type INrf2, although it could dimerize and bind Nrf2. De novo synthesized INrf2 protein was phosphorylated at tyrosine 141. Tyrosine 141phosphorylated INrf2 was highly stable. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidizing agent, led to dephosphorylation of INrf2Y141, resulting in rapid degradation of INrf2. This resulted in stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of ARE-mediated gene expression. These results demonstrate that stress-induced dephosphorylation of tyrosine 141 is a novel mechanism in Nrf2 activation and cellular protection. The cellular exposure to environmental xenobiotics, antioxidants, drugs, and UV radiation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophiles. These are also generated during endogenous metabolic reactions including fatty acid oxidation. Reactive oxygen species and electrophiles cause stress and, if unchecked, lead to diseases including aging and cancer (1). Initial increase in reactive oxygen species and electrophiles has a profound impact on cell survival, growth, and development of living organisms (1, 2). However, their accumulation leads to adverse effects (1, 2). Cells have developed an adaptive dynamic program to counteract environmental stresses imposed by intrinsic and extrinsic oxidants and electrophiles. The endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system that consists of three essential components, INrf2-Nrf2-ARE, plays an essential role in cellular protection. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor) is a transcription factor that binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) 2 and regulates expression and coordinated induction of an assortment of chemoprotective genes in response to antioxidants (1). Nrf2 is critical to the protection of cells against oxidative stress because Nrf2 null mice express significantly lower levels and lack induction of ARE-containing defensive genes including NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit, and hemeoxygenase-1 (1). Nrf2 is held in the cytoplasm by its cytosolic inhibitor, INrf2 (cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2), also known as Keap1 (3, 4). INrf2-Nrf2 regulation of oxidative and xenobiotic stress response reveals a unique model for nuclear/cytoplasmic collaboration. Under basal conditions Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. This interaction leads to degradation of Nrf2 by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway via INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex (5). A small amount of Nrf2 is present in the nucleus that controls the basal expression of antioxidant genes to maintain cellular homeostasis. In response to oxidative and/or electrophilic stimuli, Nrf2 is liberated from INrf2-mediated cytoplasmic retention. Nrf2 quickly translocates to the nucleus, where it functions as a strong transcriptional activator of a battery of ARE-containing genes in partnership with other transcription factors (1). Nrf2 heterodimerizes with small Mafs and/or c-Jun to induce the ARE-mediated gene expression. Several mechanisms both by modification of Nrf2 and/or INrf2 have been proposed that result in liberation followed by stabilization of Nrf2. Several protein kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) (6, 7), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (8), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (9, 10), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (11) are known to modify Nrf2 and hence activate its release from INrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic stress-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 at serine 40 by PKC is a very well studied and acceptable model for activation mechanism of Nrf2 (6, 7). The abundance of Nrf2 inside the nucleus is controlled by nuclear localization and nuclear export signals (12). Tyrosine phosphorylation of Nrf2 by Fyn kinase inside the nucleus leads to nuclear export of Nrf2 (13). As a delayed response to oxida

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008

INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is r... more INrf2-Nrf2 proteins are sensors of chemical/radiation stress. Nrf2, in response to stresses, is released from INrf2. Nrf2 is translocated into the nucleus where it binds to the antioxidant response element and coordinately activates the expression of a battery of genes that protect cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An autoregulatory loop between INrf2 and Nrf2 regulates their cellular abundance. Nrf2 activates INrf2 gene expression, and INrf2 serves as an adapter for degradation of Nrf2. In this report, we demonstrate that mutation of tyrosine 141 in bric-a-bric, tramtrack, broad complex domain to alanine rendered INrf2 unstable and nonfunctional. INrf2Y141A mutant degraded rapidly as compared with wild type INrf2, although it could dimerize and bind Nrf2. De novo synthesized INrf2 protein was phosphorylated at tyrosine 141. Tyrosine 141phosphorylated INrf2 was highly stable. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidizing agent, led to dephosphorylation of INrf2Y141, resulting in rapid degradation of INrf2. This resulted in stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of ARE-mediated gene expression. These results demonstrate that stress-induced dephosphorylation of tyrosine 141 is a novel mechanism in Nrf2 activation and cellular protection. The cellular exposure to environmental xenobiotics, antioxidants, drugs, and UV radiation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophiles. These are also generated during endogenous metabolic reactions including fatty acid oxidation. Reactive oxygen species and electrophiles cause stress and, if unchecked, lead to diseases including aging and cancer (1). Initial increase in reactive oxygen species and electrophiles has a profound impact on cell survival, growth, and development of living organisms (1, 2). However, their accumulation leads to adverse effects (1, 2). Cells have developed an adaptive dynamic program to counteract environmental stresses imposed by intrinsic and extrinsic oxidants and electrophiles. The endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system that consists of three essential components, INrf2-Nrf2-ARE, plays an essential role in cellular protection. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor) is a transcription factor that binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) 2 and regulates expression and coordinated induction of an assortment of chemoprotective genes in response to antioxidants (1). Nrf2 is critical to the protection of cells against oxidative stress because Nrf2 null mice express significantly lower levels and lack induction of ARE-containing defensive genes including NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit, and hemeoxygenase-1 (1). Nrf2 is held in the cytoplasm by its cytosolic inhibitor, INrf2 (cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2), also known as Keap1 (3, 4). INrf2-Nrf2 regulation of oxidative and xenobiotic stress response reveals a unique model for nuclear/cytoplasmic collaboration. Under basal conditions Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. This interaction leads to degradation of Nrf2 by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway via INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex (5). A small amount of Nrf2 is present in the nucleus that controls the basal expression of antioxidant genes to maintain cellular homeostasis. In response to oxidative and/or electrophilic stimuli, Nrf2 is liberated from INrf2-mediated cytoplasmic retention. Nrf2 quickly translocates to the nucleus, where it functions as a strong transcriptional activator of a battery of ARE-containing genes in partnership with other transcription factors (1). Nrf2 heterodimerizes with small Mafs and/or c-Jun to induce the ARE-mediated gene expression. Several mechanisms both by modification of Nrf2 and/or INrf2 have been proposed that result in liberation followed by stabilization of Nrf2. Several protein kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) (6, 7), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (8), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (9, 10), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (11) are known to modify Nrf2 and hence activate its release from INrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic stress-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 at serine 40 by PKC is a very well studied and acceptable model for activation mechanism of Nrf2 (6, 7). The abundance of Nrf2 inside the nucleus is controlled by nuclear localization and nuclear export signals (12). Tyrosine phosphorylation of Nrf2 by Fyn kinase inside the nucleus leads to nuclear export of Nrf2 (13). As a delayed response to oxida