Sadeeq Mohammed | Loughborough University (original) (raw)

Papers by Sadeeq Mohammed

Agricultural biomass as sustainable adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from text... more Agricultural biomass as sustainable adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from textile and tannery wastewater used for crop irrigation in developing countries: a case of Nigeria

Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 2012

This work examined the sanitary conditions and water quality standards in Moniya abattoir in Akin... more This work examined the sanitary conditions and water quality standards in Moniya abattoir in Akinyele Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the hand-dug well, bore hole and from strategic locations inside the stream that serves as discharge point for all the slurry from the abattoir. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical and biological parameters. The results showed that parameter like temperature 36.4 0 C was having value outside the WHO limits as a result of microbiological activities since the samples contain high level of BOD. Higher value of iron, 3.99mgL-1 is suspected to come from blood washed into the water and leachates to underground water. There is also higher concentration of manganese, 3.73mgL-1 but this was traced to the properties of aquifer on which the abattoir is located. From the bacteria assessment, the samples were polluted with pathogenic organisms of faecal origin.

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

Federal University Wukari Nigeria: Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2018

A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Gui... more A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria. In each area, samples were taken from various depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, respectively for analysis in order to determine their physical properties. Textural triangle was used to carry out textural classification to determine the percentage dominance of the various textural classes of soil present in the selected areas. The Bougocous hydrometer method was used to determine the particle size distribution for the samples collected at various depths. The soil moisture content for plot A ranged between 9.04 to 9.14% while that of plot B ranged between 8.21 to 8.70%, plot C ranged between 7.83 to 8.51%, plot D ranged between 7.67 to 8.73% and plot E ranged from 8.73 to 9.05%. The permeability rate became stable for plot A at 45 min while at plot B, C, D and E was at 33, 45 min and 48 minutes, respectively. The particle size analysis indicated that the soil type in plot A is mainly sandy loam. It is concluded that the study area is less vulnerable to erosion as only fine soil particles are washed off as a result of the effect of surface runoff which is indicated by the negative erodibility indices obtained for the study area.

Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2018

The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for... more The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for their assessment with a tool that can be understood by all. Thus, this study aims at determining the potability of selected brands of bottled water in Gidan Kwano Area using Bottled Water Quality Index (BWQI). Samples of six brands of bottled water were collected and analysed for six chemical parameters (pH, Conductivity at 24 O C, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chloride, Sulphates) and one microbiological parameter (E. coli). The results of the laboratory analysis were compared with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organisation (WHO). The results were also used for the computation of BWQI. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters showed good quality status of the six brands as all the parameters were within the established limits of NSDWQ and WHO. The respective results (0.9, 0.88, 0.87. 0.84, 0.86 and 0.88) of the BWQI for the six brands assessed showed that while five brands representing 83.33 % can be ranked as excellent, the remaining one which represent 16.67 % had a rating of adequate/good quality. This implies that all the brands are suitable for drinking.

Federal University Wukari Nigeria: Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2017

Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which... more Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which has come to stay over time. This study seeks to establish the effect of age of dugged deep wells and contamination level in Niykangbe community of Niger State, Nigeria. Five sets of samples were collected each from the already identified deep wells for a period of five months during the dry season of the year 2015. The samples were tested for the physical, chemical and bacteriological properties include two years after preliminary study was carried out for the same study location. The results showed that the values recorded for alkalinity ranged between 22 mg/L and 73 mg/L while that of calcium ion ranged between 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L. It was also observed that for the same study location and same deep wells the values for BH1 and BH5 increased by 75% and 50%, respectively for the calcium ion content. Nitrite values in the borehole water samples ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L. It was therefore concluded that the various parameters tested for the various boreholes were within the recommended standard of Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality values although some variations exist when compared with the initial study carried out.

Nigerian Journal of Technological Development. University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2011

Two sets of experiments were conducted in three replicates each on both upper and lower fringes o... more Two sets of experiments were conducted in three replicates each on both upper and lower fringes of Minna inland valley, Niger State, Nigeria. While the.upper fringe was subjected to surface irrigation the residual moisture in the lower fringe provided the maize crop with all water
requirements from planting to maturity. Randomized Complete Block Design was utilized for the study. The results showed that the actual maize yield obtained in plots 1, 2 and 3 on the upper fringe were 100.1S kg/ha, 180.45 kg/ha and 200.4Skg/ha, respectively, whereas 168.78 kg/ha, 240.16 kg/ha and 271.20 kg/ha were recorded in the lower fringe for similar plot conditions. The difference in means of the maize yield grown under irrigation and residual moisture were statistically insignificant at 5% and 1% levels of significance.

Food Science and Quality Management, 2014

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electro... more This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation. The study is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests such as rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of man. An Astable Multi-vibrator (AMV), timer NE555 was used to generate the required ultrasonic frequency and automatically varied in five steps by a pulse generating IC (CA3130) and a counter (CD4017). A D-type flip-flop IC (CD4013) was used to obtain a symmetrical output signal which was amplified in push-pull mode by 2-NPN Transistors (BD-139) and 2-PNP transistors (BD140). Five variable resistors (each 100KΩ) were used to control the different frequencies selection. Two transducers (tweeters) were employed to produce an efficient sound generated. The unit was tested with three groups of white foot mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and a female house mouse Mus musculus which all responded positively from a distance of up to fifteen (15) meters from the source. The average designed efficiency was found to be 86.5%. The device can be utilized by both small and large scale farmers for the purpose of repelling pests. The performance of the device could be greatly improved with little modifications, for instance, using microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the ultrasonic sound in a special band of frequency.

National Journal of Technological Development, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, 2011

Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2018

The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for... more The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for their assessment with a tool that can be understood by all. Thus, this study aims at determining the potability of selected brands of bottled water in Gidan Kwano Area using Bottled Water Quality Index (BWQI). Samples of six brands of bottled water were collected and analysed for six chemical parameters (pH, Conductivity at 24 O C, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chloride, Sulphates) and one microbiological parameter (E. coli). The results of the laboratory analysis were compared with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organisation (WHO). The results were also used for the computation of BWQI. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters showed good quality status of the six brands as all the parameters were within the established limits of NSDWQ and WHO. The respective results (0.9, 0.88, 0.87. 0.84, 0.86 and 0.88) of the BWQI for the six brands assessed showed that while five brands representing 83.33 % can be ranked as excellent, the remaining one which represent 16.67 % had a rating of adequate/good quality. This implies that all the brands are suitable for drinking.

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2017

Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which... more Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which has come to stay over time. This study seeks to establish the effect of age of dugged deep wells and contamination level in Niykangbe community of Niger State, Nigeria. Five sets of samples were collected each from the already identified deep wells for a period of five months during the dry season of the year 2015. The samples were tested for the physical, chemical and bacteriological properties include two years after preliminary study was carried out for the same study location. The results showed that the values recorded for alkalinity ranged between 22 mg/L and 73 mg/L while that of calcium ion ranged between 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L. It was also observed that for the same study location and same deep wells the values for BH1 and BH5 increased by 75% and 50%, respectively for the calcium ion content. Nitrite values in the borehole water samples ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L. It was therefore concluded that the various parameters tested for the various boreholes were within the recommended standard of Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality values although some variations exist when compared with the initial study carried out.

FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2018

A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Gui... more A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria. In each area, samples were taken from various depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, respectively for analysis in order to determine their physical properties. Textural triangle was used to carry out textural classification to determine the percentage dominance of the various textural classes of soil present in the selected areas. The Bougocous hydrometer method was used to determine the particle size distribution for the samples collected at various depths. The soil moisture content for plot A ranged between 9.04 to 9.14% while that of plot B ranged between 8.21 to 8.70%, plot C ranged between 7.83 to 8.51%, plot D ranged between 7.67 to 8.73% and plot E ranged from 8.73 to 9.05%. The permeability rate became stable for plot A at 45 min while at plot B, C, D and E was at 33, 45 min and 48 minutes, respectively. The particle size analysis indicated that the soil type in plot A is mainly sandy loam. It is concluded that the study area is less vulnerable to erosion as only fine soil particles are washed off as a result of the effect of surface runoff which is indicated by the negative erodibility indices obtained for the study area.

The seemingly complex nature of river flow and the significant variability it exhibits in both ti... more The seemingly complex nature of river flow and the significant variability it exhibits in both time and space, have largely led to the development and application of the stochastic process concept for its modelling, forecasting, and other ancillary purposes. Towards this end, in this study, attempt was made at stochastic modelling of the daily streamflow process of the Benue River. In this regard, Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models and its derivative, the Periodic Autoregressive (PAR) model were developed and used for forecasting. Comparative forecast performances of the different models indicate that despite the shortcomings associated with univariate time series, reliable forecasts can be obtained for lead times, 1 to 5 day-ahead. The forecast results also showed that the traditional ARMA model could not robustly simulate high flow regimes unlike the periodic AR (PAR). Thus, for proper understanding of the dynamics of the river flow and its management, especially, flood defense, in the light of this study, the traditional ARMA models may not be suitable since they do not allow for real-time appraisal. To account for seasonal variations, PAR models should be used in forecasting the streamflow processes of the Benue River. However, since almost all mechanisms involved in the river flow processes present some degree of nonlinearity thus, how appropriate the stochastic process might be for every flow series may be called to question.

This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electro... more This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation. The study is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests such as rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of man.

Wastewater use for agriculture is on the increase due to the growing world population and the inc... more Wastewater use for agriculture is on the increase due to the growing world population and the increasing scarcity of good quality water resources. The performance of wastewater from a refinery treatment plant regarding its use for agricultural purpose was evaluated. Samples of the wastewater were collected at points A, B, C and D at specified distances of 10 meters apart. Samples were analyzed for both physical and chemical parameters. The pH value of the results of samples at points A, B, C and D were 7.90, 10.38, 10.27 and 9.92 respectively which are outside the standard range with higher alkalinity. The dissolved oxygen ranges between 7.06 and 13.41 mg/L while the Chloride values ranged between 31.99 and 58.48 mg/L and that of Sodium ranges between 6.50 and 130 mg/L. Ammonia and Nitrate were observed to have a high conductivity in sample at point B. Thus the harmful effect on the environment could be corrected if the wastewater Plant operations supervision is intensified; capable hands (experts) are used coupled with periodic training of personnel.

An assessment of the physio-chemical and bacteriological properties of domesticated open shallow ... more An assessment of the physio-chemical and bacteriological properties of domesticated open shallow wells was carried out in order to ascertain the effect of dump sites on water quality in Kpakungu area of Minna, Nigeria. Three different water samples were collected from three different shallow open wells, 120m to 150m apart. Laboratory analyses were carried out on the samples using the suitable reagents for each case. The results obtained from all the samples show that the chemical contaminants Mn (0.022, 0.07, 0.106), Zn (0.04, 0.07, 0.11), Cr (0.00043, 0.00043, 0.00014) were within the limits of both World Health Organization and Nigerian Industrial Standards. The bacteriological contaminant was found to be more in all the samples for total coli-form (204, 160, 75) and E-coli (4, 3, 15), indicating that the water is not suitable for drinking. These results show that there is a strong correlation between the refuse dump sites and ground water pollution. Therefore, Sanitary Regulatory Agencies and Households need to take adequate measures to guide against this crude way of waste disposal so as to forestall the outbreak of epidemics.

The current status of solid waste management in Minna has been reviewed and recommendations for i... more The current status of solid waste management in Minna has been reviewed and recommendations for improvements are made. The existing solid waste management system is affected by unfavourable economic, institutional, legislative, technical and operational constraints. A reliable waste collection service is needed and waste collection vehicles need to be appropriate to local conditions. More vehicles are required to cope with increasing waste generation. Wastes need to be sorted at source as much as possible, to reduce the amount requiring disposal. Co-operation among communities, the informal sector, the formal waste collectors and the authorities is necessary if recycling rates are to increase. Markets for recycled materials need to be encouraged. Despite recent improvements in the operation of the existing dumpsite, a properly sited engineered landfill should be constructed with operation contracted to the private sector. Wastes dumped along roads, underneath bridges, in culverts and in drainage channels need to be cleared. Smallscale waste composting plants could promote employment, income generation and poverty alleviation. Enforcement of waste management legislation and a proper policy and planning framework for waste management are required. The mean per capital generation rate for the study areas ranges from 0.513 to 0.515 kg/cap/day. Accurate population and generated waste data should be kept for future planning. Leachates influx through the soil affects groundwater quality. Funding and affordability remain major constraints and challenges.

Journal of Water Resource and …, 2011

The Various physical mechanisms governing river flow dynamics act on a wide range of temporal and... more The Various physical mechanisms governing river flow dynamics act on a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. This spatio-temporal variability has been believed to be influenced by a large number of variables. In the light of this, an attempt was made in this paper to examine whether the daily flow sequence of the Benue River exhibits low-dimensional chaos; that is, if or not its dynamics could be explained by a small number of effective degrees of freedom. To this end, nonlinear analysis of the flow sequence was done by evaluating the correlation dimension based on phase space reconstruction and maximal Lyapunov estimation as well as nonlinear prediction. Results obtained in all instances considered indicate that there is no discernible evidence to suggest that the daily flow sequence of the Benue River exhibit nonlinear deterministic chaotic signatures. Thus, it may be conjectured that the daily flow time series span a wide dynamical range between deterministic chaos and periodic signal contaminated with additive noise; that is, by either measurement or dynamical noise. However, contradictory results abound on the existence of low-dimensional chaos in daily streamflows. Hence, it is paramount to note that if the existence of low-dimension deterministic component is reliably verified, it is necessary to investigate its origin, dependence on the space-time behavior of precipitation and therefore on climate and role of the inflow-runoff mechanism.

Agricultural biomass as sustainable adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from text... more Agricultural biomass as sustainable adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from textile and tannery wastewater used for crop irrigation in developing countries: a case of Nigeria

Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 2012

This work examined the sanitary conditions and water quality standards in Moniya abattoir in Akin... more This work examined the sanitary conditions and water quality standards in Moniya abattoir in Akinyele Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the hand-dug well, bore hole and from strategic locations inside the stream that serves as discharge point for all the slurry from the abattoir. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical and biological parameters. The results showed that parameter like temperature 36.4 0 C was having value outside the WHO limits as a result of microbiological activities since the samples contain high level of BOD. Higher value of iron, 3.99mgL-1 is suspected to come from blood washed into the water and leachates to underground water. There is also higher concentration of manganese, 3.73mgL-1 but this was traced to the properties of aquifer on which the abattoir is located. From the bacteria assessment, the samples were polluted with pathogenic organisms of faecal origin.

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

Federal University Wukari Nigeria: Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2018

A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Gui... more A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria. In each area, samples were taken from various depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, respectively for analysis in order to determine their physical properties. Textural triangle was used to carry out textural classification to determine the percentage dominance of the various textural classes of soil present in the selected areas. The Bougocous hydrometer method was used to determine the particle size distribution for the samples collected at various depths. The soil moisture content for plot A ranged between 9.04 to 9.14% while that of plot B ranged between 8.21 to 8.70%, plot C ranged between 7.83 to 8.51%, plot D ranged between 7.67 to 8.73% and plot E ranged from 8.73 to 9.05%. The permeability rate became stable for plot A at 45 min while at plot B, C, D and E was at 33, 45 min and 48 minutes, respectively. The particle size analysis indicated that the soil type in plot A is mainly sandy loam. It is concluded that the study area is less vulnerable to erosion as only fine soil particles are washed off as a result of the effect of surface runoff which is indicated by the negative erodibility indices obtained for the study area.

Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2018

The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for... more The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for their assessment with a tool that can be understood by all. Thus, this study aims at determining the potability of selected brands of bottled water in Gidan Kwano Area using Bottled Water Quality Index (BWQI). Samples of six brands of bottled water were collected and analysed for six chemical parameters (pH, Conductivity at 24 O C, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chloride, Sulphates) and one microbiological parameter (E. coli). The results of the laboratory analysis were compared with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organisation (WHO). The results were also used for the computation of BWQI. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters showed good quality status of the six brands as all the parameters were within the established limits of NSDWQ and WHO. The respective results (0.9, 0.88, 0.87. 0.84, 0.86 and 0.88) of the BWQI for the six brands assessed showed that while five brands representing 83.33 % can be ranked as excellent, the remaining one which represent 16.67 % had a rating of adequate/good quality. This implies that all the brands are suitable for drinking.

Federal University Wukari Nigeria: Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2017

Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which... more Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which has come to stay over time. This study seeks to establish the effect of age of dugged deep wells and contamination level in Niykangbe community of Niger State, Nigeria. Five sets of samples were collected each from the already identified deep wells for a period of five months during the dry season of the year 2015. The samples were tested for the physical, chemical and bacteriological properties include two years after preliminary study was carried out for the same study location. The results showed that the values recorded for alkalinity ranged between 22 mg/L and 73 mg/L while that of calcium ion ranged between 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L. It was also observed that for the same study location and same deep wells the values for BH1 and BH5 increased by 75% and 50%, respectively for the calcium ion content. Nitrite values in the borehole water samples ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L. It was therefore concluded that the various parameters tested for the various boreholes were within the recommended standard of Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality values although some variations exist when compared with the initial study carried out.

Nigerian Journal of Technological Development. University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2011

Two sets of experiments were conducted in three replicates each on both upper and lower fringes o... more Two sets of experiments were conducted in three replicates each on both upper and lower fringes of Minna inland valley, Niger State, Nigeria. While the.upper fringe was subjected to surface irrigation the residual moisture in the lower fringe provided the maize crop with all water
requirements from planting to maturity. Randomized Complete Block Design was utilized for the study. The results showed that the actual maize yield obtained in plots 1, 2 and 3 on the upper fringe were 100.1S kg/ha, 180.45 kg/ha and 200.4Skg/ha, respectively, whereas 168.78 kg/ha, 240.16 kg/ha and 271.20 kg/ha were recorded in the lower fringe for similar plot conditions. The difference in means of the maize yield grown under irrigation and residual moisture were statistically insignificant at 5% and 1% levels of significance.

Food Science and Quality Management, 2014

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electro... more This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation. The study is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests such as rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of man. An Astable Multi-vibrator (AMV), timer NE555 was used to generate the required ultrasonic frequency and automatically varied in five steps by a pulse generating IC (CA3130) and a counter (CD4017). A D-type flip-flop IC (CD4013) was used to obtain a symmetrical output signal which was amplified in push-pull mode by 2-NPN Transistors (BD-139) and 2-PNP transistors (BD140). Five variable resistors (each 100KΩ) were used to control the different frequencies selection. Two transducers (tweeters) were employed to produce an efficient sound generated. The unit was tested with three groups of white foot mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and a female house mouse Mus musculus which all responded positively from a distance of up to fifteen (15) meters from the source. The average designed efficiency was found to be 86.5%. The device can be utilized by both small and large scale farmers for the purpose of repelling pests. The performance of the device could be greatly improved with little modifications, for instance, using microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the ultrasonic sound in a special band of frequency.

National Journal of Technological Development, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, 2011

Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2018

The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for... more The health implication of consuming packaged water of compromised quality necessitates a need for their assessment with a tool that can be understood by all. Thus, this study aims at determining the potability of selected brands of bottled water in Gidan Kwano Area using Bottled Water Quality Index (BWQI). Samples of six brands of bottled water were collected and analysed for six chemical parameters (pH, Conductivity at 24 O C, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chloride, Sulphates) and one microbiological parameter (E. coli). The results of the laboratory analysis were compared with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organisation (WHO). The results were also used for the computation of BWQI. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters showed good quality status of the six brands as all the parameters were within the established limits of NSDWQ and WHO. The respective results (0.9, 0.88, 0.87. 0.84, 0.86 and 0.88) of the BWQI for the six brands assessed showed that while five brands representing 83.33 % can be ranked as excellent, the remaining one which represent 16.67 % had a rating of adequate/good quality. This implies that all the brands are suitable for drinking.

This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of s... more This study was conducted on sachet water samples mostly consumed in Minna Nigeria. Six types of sachet water samples were collected (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the six were randomly selected from the numerous sachet water factory in Minna. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sachet water used as drinking water and domestic purpose by looking into the microbiological aspect and several physicochemical analyses such as turbidity, pH and total suspended solid (TSS). The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and total coliform count. However, the total coliforms and E. coli were detected to range between 0 and 43 cfu/100mL while the E. coli ranged between 0.00 and 7.00 cfu/100mL. The pH value was slightly alkaline (pH >6.5) but below 9.5 which within the recommended standards. The TSS for the samples ranged between 45 and 190 mg/L which were very low compared with the recommended values and the turbidity for all the samples were recorded below 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) thus, complying with the regulations. All the water samples were fit to be consumed except those with high values of E. coli and total coliform count.

FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2017

Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which... more Pollution of groundwater at any level has been linked to industrialization and urbanization which has come to stay over time. This study seeks to establish the effect of age of dugged deep wells and contamination level in Niykangbe community of Niger State, Nigeria. Five sets of samples were collected each from the already identified deep wells for a period of five months during the dry season of the year 2015. The samples were tested for the physical, chemical and bacteriological properties include two years after preliminary study was carried out for the same study location. The results showed that the values recorded for alkalinity ranged between 22 mg/L and 73 mg/L while that of calcium ion ranged between 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L. It was also observed that for the same study location and same deep wells the values for BH1 and BH5 increased by 75% and 50%, respectively for the calcium ion content. Nitrite values in the borehole water samples ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L. It was therefore concluded that the various parameters tested for the various boreholes were within the recommended standard of Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality values although some variations exist when compared with the initial study carried out.

FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2018

A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Gui... more A field experiment was conducted to determine erodibility index of selected soils in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria. In each area, samples were taken from various depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, respectively for analysis in order to determine their physical properties. Textural triangle was used to carry out textural classification to determine the percentage dominance of the various textural classes of soil present in the selected areas. The Bougocous hydrometer method was used to determine the particle size distribution for the samples collected at various depths. The soil moisture content for plot A ranged between 9.04 to 9.14% while that of plot B ranged between 8.21 to 8.70%, plot C ranged between 7.83 to 8.51%, plot D ranged between 7.67 to 8.73% and plot E ranged from 8.73 to 9.05%. The permeability rate became stable for plot A at 45 min while at plot B, C, D and E was at 33, 45 min and 48 minutes, respectively. The particle size analysis indicated that the soil type in plot A is mainly sandy loam. It is concluded that the study area is less vulnerable to erosion as only fine soil particles are washed off as a result of the effect of surface runoff which is indicated by the negative erodibility indices obtained for the study area.

The seemingly complex nature of river flow and the significant variability it exhibits in both ti... more The seemingly complex nature of river flow and the significant variability it exhibits in both time and space, have largely led to the development and application of the stochastic process concept for its modelling, forecasting, and other ancillary purposes. Towards this end, in this study, attempt was made at stochastic modelling of the daily streamflow process of the Benue River. In this regard, Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models and its derivative, the Periodic Autoregressive (PAR) model were developed and used for forecasting. Comparative forecast performances of the different models indicate that despite the shortcomings associated with univariate time series, reliable forecasts can be obtained for lead times, 1 to 5 day-ahead. The forecast results also showed that the traditional ARMA model could not robustly simulate high flow regimes unlike the periodic AR (PAR). Thus, for proper understanding of the dynamics of the river flow and its management, especially, flood defense, in the light of this study, the traditional ARMA models may not be suitable since they do not allow for real-time appraisal. To account for seasonal variations, PAR models should be used in forecasting the streamflow processes of the Benue River. However, since almost all mechanisms involved in the river flow processes present some degree of nonlinearity thus, how appropriate the stochastic process might be for every flow series may be called to question.

This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electro... more This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation. The study is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests such as rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of man.

Wastewater use for agriculture is on the increase due to the growing world population and the inc... more Wastewater use for agriculture is on the increase due to the growing world population and the increasing scarcity of good quality water resources. The performance of wastewater from a refinery treatment plant regarding its use for agricultural purpose was evaluated. Samples of the wastewater were collected at points A, B, C and D at specified distances of 10 meters apart. Samples were analyzed for both physical and chemical parameters. The pH value of the results of samples at points A, B, C and D were 7.90, 10.38, 10.27 and 9.92 respectively which are outside the standard range with higher alkalinity. The dissolved oxygen ranges between 7.06 and 13.41 mg/L while the Chloride values ranged between 31.99 and 58.48 mg/L and that of Sodium ranges between 6.50 and 130 mg/L. Ammonia and Nitrate were observed to have a high conductivity in sample at point B. Thus the harmful effect on the environment could be corrected if the wastewater Plant operations supervision is intensified; capable hands (experts) are used coupled with periodic training of personnel.

An assessment of the physio-chemical and bacteriological properties of domesticated open shallow ... more An assessment of the physio-chemical and bacteriological properties of domesticated open shallow wells was carried out in order to ascertain the effect of dump sites on water quality in Kpakungu area of Minna, Nigeria. Three different water samples were collected from three different shallow open wells, 120m to 150m apart. Laboratory analyses were carried out on the samples using the suitable reagents for each case. The results obtained from all the samples show that the chemical contaminants Mn (0.022, 0.07, 0.106), Zn (0.04, 0.07, 0.11), Cr (0.00043, 0.00043, 0.00014) were within the limits of both World Health Organization and Nigerian Industrial Standards. The bacteriological contaminant was found to be more in all the samples for total coli-form (204, 160, 75) and E-coli (4, 3, 15), indicating that the water is not suitable for drinking. These results show that there is a strong correlation between the refuse dump sites and ground water pollution. Therefore, Sanitary Regulatory Agencies and Households need to take adequate measures to guide against this crude way of waste disposal so as to forestall the outbreak of epidemics.

The current status of solid waste management in Minna has been reviewed and recommendations for i... more The current status of solid waste management in Minna has been reviewed and recommendations for improvements are made. The existing solid waste management system is affected by unfavourable economic, institutional, legislative, technical and operational constraints. A reliable waste collection service is needed and waste collection vehicles need to be appropriate to local conditions. More vehicles are required to cope with increasing waste generation. Wastes need to be sorted at source as much as possible, to reduce the amount requiring disposal. Co-operation among communities, the informal sector, the formal waste collectors and the authorities is necessary if recycling rates are to increase. Markets for recycled materials need to be encouraged. Despite recent improvements in the operation of the existing dumpsite, a properly sited engineered landfill should be constructed with operation contracted to the private sector. Wastes dumped along roads, underneath bridges, in culverts and in drainage channels need to be cleared. Smallscale waste composting plants could promote employment, income generation and poverty alleviation. Enforcement of waste management legislation and a proper policy and planning framework for waste management are required. The mean per capital generation rate for the study areas ranges from 0.513 to 0.515 kg/cap/day. Accurate population and generated waste data should be kept for future planning. Leachates influx through the soil affects groundwater quality. Funding and affordability remain major constraints and challenges.

Journal of Water Resource and …, 2011

The Various physical mechanisms governing river flow dynamics act on a wide range of temporal and... more The Various physical mechanisms governing river flow dynamics act on a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. This spatio-temporal variability has been believed to be influenced by a large number of variables. In the light of this, an attempt was made in this paper to examine whether the daily flow sequence of the Benue River exhibits low-dimensional chaos; that is, if or not its dynamics could be explained by a small number of effective degrees of freedom. To this end, nonlinear analysis of the flow sequence was done by evaluating the correlation dimension based on phase space reconstruction and maximal Lyapunov estimation as well as nonlinear prediction. Results obtained in all instances considered indicate that there is no discernible evidence to suggest that the daily flow sequence of the Benue River exhibit nonlinear deterministic chaotic signatures. Thus, it may be conjectured that the daily flow time series span a wide dynamical range between deterministic chaos and periodic signal contaminated with additive noise; that is, by either measurement or dynamical noise. However, contradictory results abound on the existence of low-dimensional chaos in daily streamflows. Hence, it is paramount to note that if the existence of low-dimension deterministic component is reliably verified, it is necessary to investigate its origin, dependence on the space-time behavior of precipitation and therefore on climate and role of the inflow-runoff mechanism.

40th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK. In Local Action with International Cooperation to Improve and Sustain Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services, 2017

Freshwater scarcity has prompted farmers in developing countries to rely on wastewater for agricu... more Freshwater scarcity has prompted farmers in developing countries to rely on wastewater for agriculture. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in the wastewaters are found to be above the WHO/FAO recommended thresholds. This inherently presents concern particularly as it relates human health. Although, several conventional wastewater treatment technologies exist; their applications are limited by high procurement, operation and maintenance costs. Currently, studies on biomass wastes as low cost adsorbents are gaining momentum. In this study, coco-peat was considered for heavy metals removal. In this context, batch experiments were carried out in triplicates at 3 different contact times and pH. After 2hr of contact time at pH9, the coco-peat was proven to have Cr removal efficiency of 91.6% against 73.2% using an activated bone char; and 95.0% for Pb(II) against 91.2% for the bone char. This suggests that the use of coco-peat can provide cost effective means for metal removal from industrial wastewaters.