Richard Walshaw | University of Leeds (original) (raw)
Papers by Richard Walshaw
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), Jan 19, 2015
A "crystal hotel" microfluidic device that allows crystal growth in confined volumes to... more A "crystal hotel" microfluidic device that allows crystal growth in confined volumes to be studied in situ is used to produce large calcite single crystals with predefined crystallographic orientation, microstructure, and shape by control of the detailed physical environment, flow, and surface chemistry. This general approach can be extended to form technologically important, nanopatterned single crystals.
Sulfides, while commonly present in volumetrically minor amounts (< 0.1 modal %; e.g.[1]) in t... more Sulfides, while commonly present in volumetrically minor amounts (< 0.1 modal %; e.g.[1]) in the mantle, impart a strong control over many of the highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile elements. The mass balance of some elements, such as Os, are almost completely controlled by heterogeneously distributed sulfide grains[2][3]. Hence, processes that re-distribute sulfides and / or alter their composition can have profound effects on the information preserved within them regarding primary mantle processes. Different generations of interstitial sulfide may partly or completely re-equilibrate with one another or may be exposed to open-system processes that mobilize and / or precipitate sulfides[4]. In mantle xenoliths in particular, supergene weathering at the Earth's surface can oxidize sulfide to soluble sulfate, and its removal affects highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile element abundances [6]. Here we present the initial results from a study of interstitial mantle...
Journal of Structural Geology, 2015
Phyllosilicate-rich fault rocks are common in large-scale fault zones and can dramatically impact... more Phyllosilicate-rich fault rocks are common in large-scale fault zones and can dramatically impact fault rheology. Experimental evidence suggests that multi-mechanism frictional-viscous flow (FVF) may operate in such lithologies, potentially significantly weakening mature fault cores. We report microstructures indicative of FVF in exhumed phyllonites of the Karakoram Fault Zone (KFZ), NW India. These include interconnected muscovite foliae, lack of quartz/feldspar crystal preferred orientations, and sutured grains and overgrowths indicative of fluid-assisted diffusive mass transfer. FVF microphysical modelling, using microstructural observations from the natural fault rock and experimentally-derived friction and diffusion coefficients, predicts low peak shear strengths of <20 MPa within the frictionalviscous transition zone. Chlorite geothermometry indicates that synkinematic chlorites grew at 351 ± 34 C (c. 10 km depth) during FVF, immediately above the transition to quartz crystal plasticity. The deformation processes and interpreted low shear strength of the exhumed KFZ fault rocks provide analogues for processes operating currently at depth in active faults of similar scale. If similar lithologies are present at depth, then the Quaternary seismic characteristics of the KFZ support faults with phyllonitic cores being able to accommodate large seismic ruptures. The results also provide rare rheological constraints for mechanical models of the India-Asia collision zone.
New Journal of Chemistry, 2009
ABSTRACT The cyclotriveratrylene-type ligands tris(4-[4-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl]methyl)cyclotriguai... more ABSTRACT The cyclotriveratrylene-type ligands tris(4-[4-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl]methyl)cyclotriguaiacylene1 and tris(isonicotinoyl)cyclotriguaiacylene2 form metallo-gels with Cu(II) and Ag(I) (for 1 only), while tris(3-(3-pyridyl)-1-thiourea)cyclotriguaiacylene3 is a low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) for 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid tris(4-hydroxyquinoline) ester4 is a LMWG for acetone, while 1,3,5-tris(2-quinoline-methoxyl)benzene5 forms Cu(II) metallo-gels. All gels have fibrous structures and show different thermal behaviour. Aside from the hydrogen bonding organo-gel of 3, an important intermolecular interaction within these gels is likely to be π–π stacking interactions. Crystal structures of a geometric isomer of 4 and of a discrete [Ag2(5)2]2+ complex are also reported herein.
2013 Joint IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectric and Workshop on Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (ISAF/PFM), 2013
The template grain growth technique was used to synthesis textured 60BiFeO3-PbTiO3 (60:40BFPT) by... more The template grain growth technique was used to synthesis textured 60BiFeO3-PbTiO3 (60:40BFPT) by using platelets of BaTiO3 as template. Synchrotron measurement clearly showed textured 60:40BFPT. Moreover, in situ high energy synchrotron radiation was employed to investigate the influence of an external electric filed on crystallographic structure of mixed phase 60:40BFPT. Application of an electric field ≥ 1 kV/mm resulted in phase transformation from mixed rhombohedral/tetragonal phases (≈ 73.5% tetragonal / 26.5% rhombohedral) to predominately tetragonal phase (≈ 95%) at applied field of 6 kV/mm.
Veterinary Surgery, 2000
To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. ... more To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply. In vivo comparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft. Nine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg. An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique. The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts. The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model. A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
The purpose of this study was to identify the angiosome of the medial saphenous artery and vein a... more The purpose of this study was to identify the angiosome of the medial saphenous artery and vein and to evaluate the use of this cutaneous angiosome as a free skin flap in the dog. In phase 1 of this study, selective angiography of the medial saphenous artery performed in ...
Veterinary Surgery, 2009
To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog. Ex... more To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog. Experimental study. Canine cadavers (n=7). The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection. Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens. The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself. A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
This study evaluates the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap as the sole blood supply fo... more This study evaluates the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap as the sole blood supply for the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. This flap was composed of a cranially based rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap that was attached to the caudal superficial epigastric island skin flap (including mammary glands 2 to 5) via the pudendoepigastric trunk. Selective angiography of the cranial epigastric artery in eight cadaver dogs proved that the arterial vasculature in the cranial rectus abdominus was contiguous with that in the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. In the live dog study, three of six of the flaps failed because of venous insufficiency. Necrosis of mammary gland 2 occurred in two of six flaps. One of six flaps survived with the exception of the cranial most aspect of mammary gland 2. Angiography of the cranial epigastric artery proved that arterial blood supply to these flaps was intact. Histological evaluation of the failed flaps showed full-thickness necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, the presence of severe congestion, and venous thrombosis. Retrograde venous blood flow through the flap was inconsistent, and hence resulted in failure of this myocutaneous flap. Use of this flap for clinical wound reconstruction cannot be recommended.
Veterinary Surgery, 1998
To evaluate the outcomes and complications in a consecutive series of animals undergoing microvas... more To evaluate the outcomes and complications in a consecutive series of animals undergoing microvascular reconstructive procedures at two veterinary institutions. Retrospective study. A total of 44 client-owned dogs and one red-necked wallaby. The medical records of all animals undergoing reconstructive microsurgical procedures at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Michigan State University were reviewed. Microvascular flap survival and related complications were described. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of relationships between operative factors and outcome. A total of 57 microvascular procedures were performed on 55 animals. Reconstruction was required after trauma in 42 animals, after ablative cancer surgery in 11 animals and for correction of congenital tissue aplasia in I animal. Donor tissues included the superficial cervical cutaneous, medial saphenous fasciocutaneous or musculofasciocutaneous, caudal superficial epigastric cutaneous, trapezius muscle or musculocutaneous, caudal sartorius muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle or musculocutaneous, cranial abdominal myoperitoneal, carpal footpad, digital footpad, and vascularized ulnar bone flaps. A total of 53 of 57 flaps (93%) survived. There was a significant relationship between flap failure and level of assistant surgeon experience (P < .05). Latissimus dorsi flaps were significantly more likely to fail when compared with pooled data from all other flap types (P < .01). The success of microvascular tissue transfer in this case series compares favorably with those reported in human reconstructive microsurgery. Both the primary and assistant surgeon should be practiced in microsurgical technique. Failure of latissimus dorsi flaps was not likely caused by an inherently deficient flap design, but was more likely attributed to the location and severity of trauma at the recipient site, the difficulty in isolating suitable recipient vessels for anastomosis or the absence of a trained assistant surgeon during these procedures. Clinical Relevance-This retrospective study documents the successful application of microvascular technique in a series of clinical cases requiring tissue reconstruction.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
The purpose of the anatomical study was to identify potential myoperitoneal microvascular free fl... more The purpose of the anatomical study was to identify potential myoperitoneal microvascular free flaps, in dogs, that are based on a single artery and vein. The angiosomes of the right deep circumflex iliac artery and left phrenicoabdominal (cranial abdominal) artery were ...
Veterinary Surgery, 1997
Skin defects on the distal extremity (n = 7) or face (n = 1) of eight dogs were repaired using a ... more Skin defects on the distal extremity (n = 7) or face (n = 1) of eight dogs were repaired using a medial saphenous fasciocutaneous or myocutaneous flap. The cause of the wounds were ablative oncological surgery (n = 4), trauma (n = 3), or radiation burn (n = 1). The flap was removed from the medial femorotibial region, and transferred to the wound bed. The vascular supply to the flap was reestablished via microvascular anastomosis of the medial saphenous vessels of the flap to recipient vessels isolated adjacent to the wound. Three flaps incorporated the distal half of the caudal head of the sartorius muscle to form a myocutaneous free flap. All flaps survived completely. The medial saphenous fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flaps were found to be reliable and cosmetically acceptable for repair of skin defects in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 2004
To evaluate the primary critical ischemia time for the deep circumflex iliac (DCI) cutaneous flap... more To evaluate the primary critical ischemia time for the deep circumflex iliac (DCI) cutaneous flap in cats. In vivo model. Thirteen young adult female cats. An island skin flap was created on the right side of each cat based on the angiosome of the ventral branches of the DCI vessels. The cats were randomly assigned to a flap ischemia time ranging from 1 to 3 hours in 10-minute intervals. Microvascular clamps were used to occlude the artery and vein for the designated time. Flaps were sutured into position after the ischemic period. On day 3, fluorescein dye was administered and the flaps were evaluated under ultraviolet light to assess percent area of perfusion. On days 7 and 14, the percent area of survival was determined for each flap based on cutaneous morphometry. All flaps had 100 percent area of survival throughout the study. On day 3, all flaps fluoresced uniformly compared with the surrounding skin. On days 7 and 14, all flaps were uniformly viable as confirmed by skin color, consistency, bleeding, and hair re-growth. The DCI cutaneous flap in cats can withstand up to 3 hours of ischemia with predictable survival. In a clinical setting, high success rates can be expected with microvascular transfer of the DCI cutaneous flap in cats when the ischemia time is &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;3 hours and precise surgical technique is used.
Veterinary Surgery, 1992
The urinary bladder of 10 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into ... more The urinary bladder of 10 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into an isolated, vagotomized gastric segment derived from the fundic region of the stomach. The gastric segment was closed to form a conduit. Continence was maintained with a modified Kock "nipple valve" created from an isolated segment of ileum. Four dogs were euthanatized by day 30 because of complications related to the early onset of renal failure and electrolyte alterations. Six dogs were euthanatized on day 150. Ureteral dilatation, hydronephrosis, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance rates were measured in all dogs at the end of the survival period. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed histologically in seven dogs. Positive renal cultures were obtained from seven dogs at necropsy. It was concluded that gastric conduit urinary diversion is unsatisfactory for long-term or short-term clinical use in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 2003
To determine if CO(2) laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation o... more To determine if CO(2) laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation of skin flaps in dogs as determined by hemostasis, wound healing, and wound tensile strength. In-vivo model Six large, mixed-breed dogs. On each dog&amp;amp;amp;#39;s trunk, 3 pairs of identical, dorsally based, pedicled skin flaps were created and sutured back into position. Based on a Latin Square design, flaps on one side were created with a CO(2) laser and on the other side by CST. Intraoperative hemorrhage was measured by weighing sponges used to absorb blood. On days 7, 10, and 14, specimens from the flap-skin junction and the central portion of each pair of flaps were collected. Specimens were subjected to tensile strength testing and histologic examination to evaluate wound healing. Mean (+/- standard error of mean [SEM]) hemorrhage was significantly less (P =.02) with CO(2) laser (4.70 +/- 1.37 g) than CST (10.82 +/- 1.37 g). Wound tensile strength (N/m(2)) after CST (0.49 +/- 0.049) was significantly greater (P =.01) than with CO(2) laser (0.17 +/- 0.049). Laser incisions had partial necrosis of the wound edges and a more extensive inflammatory response; however, healing of the wound beds were similar regardless of technique. The CO(2) laser provided better intraoperative hemostasis than CST. However, overall healing and increase in tensile strength of the skin-flap junction of the flaps created by the laser may be delayed during the first few weeks of wound healing. Skin flaps used to repair large skin defects in dogs can be created and elevated with a CO(2) laser. In areas of increased skin mobility or tension, skin flaps created with CO(2) laser may be more susceptible to complications such as dehiscence, and care should be taken to minimize these complications.
Veterinary Surgery, 2004
To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the head and neck for us... more To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the head and neck for use as potential recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. Experimental anatomic study. Eleven canine cadavers; 2 preserved cadavers and 9 fresh cadavers. The head and neck of one preserved cadaver injected with pigmented silicone/barium, through the common carotid artery and external jugular vein, was cut in 1 cm sagittal sections and cross-sections. These tissue sections were used to identify the location of recipient vessels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm that could be used as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. The other preserved cadaver was used to develop surgical approaches to these vessels. Three board certified surgeons evaluated the written descriptions and illustrations of the approaches using fresh cadavers. Modifications to the surgical approaches were made based on recommendations from these surgeons. Seven approaches were developed to isolate recipient vessels of the head and neck region. The infraorbital, temporal, and sublingual approaches were easily performed and provided excellent access to the vessels in the region. The approach to the caudal auricular vessels was found to be more difficult but modification of the approach resolved this problem. Access to the facial artery was difficult; it was consistently &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;1 mm in diameter and thus its use could not be recommended. The approach to the vessels in the cervical region was easily performed. Because of the large size of the external jugular vein and the common carotid artery, end-to-side anastomosis of the donor to recipient vessels is necessary. The large superficial cervical vessels were easily accessed by a lateral shoulder approach. Surgical approaches to potential recipient vessels of the head and neck were consistently achieved and provided relatively easy access to the vessels. Clinical Relevance- The surgical approaches described in this report can be used to isolate arteries and veins of the head and neck that are &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm in diameter. These vessels are suitable for use as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer for reconstruction of complex wounds of the head and neck.
Veterinary Surgery, 2005
To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the fore- and hindlimbs ... more To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the fore- and hindlimbs for use as potential recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. Experimental anatomic study. Canine cadavers (11): 2 preserved and 9 fresh cadavers. Fore- and hindlimbs from 1 preserved cadaver injected with a pigmented silicone/barium mixture, through the common carotid artery and external jugular vein, were cut in 1 cm cross-sections. Tissue sections were used to identify the location of vessels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm that could be used as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. The other preserved cadaver was used to develop surgical approaches to these vessels. Three surgeons evaluated the written descriptions and illustrations for these approaches using fresh cadavers. Modifications to the surgical approaches were made based on recommendations from these surgeons. Six approaches were developed to isolate forelimb recipient vessels: palmar access, distal medial antebrachial, mid-antebrachial, proximal antebrachial, distal humeral, and mid-humeral vascular access. Twelve approaches were developed to isolate recipient vessels of the hindlimb: plantar access, dorsal tarsal, cranial distal tibial, craniomedial distal tibial, lateral distal tibial, medial distal tibial, medial femorotibial, lateral distal femoral, medial femoral, proximal medial femoral, groin, and proximal lateral femoral vascular access. Six forelimb and 12 hindlimb sites were identified for surgical access to recipient vessels (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm diameter) suitable for use in free tissue transfer for wound reconstruction. For reconstruction of complex wounds of the extremities of dogs, surgeons should consider use of readily accessible recipient vessels that would allow for free tissue transfer to the fore- and hindlimbs.
Veterinary Pathology, 2008
A cranial cervical mass was surgically removed from a dog. On histologic examination, the mass wa... more A cranial cervical mass was surgically removed from a dog. On histologic examination, the mass was consistent with an esophageal duplication cyst, a condition rare in humans and not reported in the dog.
The American Journal of Surgery, 1984
A high incidence of dissolution and disruption of infected autogenous vein grafts has been demons... more A high incidence of dissolution and disruption of infected autogenous vein grafts has been demonstrated. PTFE, on the other hand, has been shown to maintain its structural integrity in the presence of well-entrenched infection, with a relatively small incidence of anastomotic disruption related to host artery necrosis. In addition, PTFE performed as well as autogenous vein when antibiotics were administered. Therefore, PTFE graft material is advocated for controlled clinical trials in patients with contaminated vascular injuries.
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), Jan 19, 2015
A "crystal hotel" microfluidic device that allows crystal growth in confined volumes to... more A "crystal hotel" microfluidic device that allows crystal growth in confined volumes to be studied in situ is used to produce large calcite single crystals with predefined crystallographic orientation, microstructure, and shape by control of the detailed physical environment, flow, and surface chemistry. This general approach can be extended to form technologically important, nanopatterned single crystals.
Sulfides, while commonly present in volumetrically minor amounts (< 0.1 modal %; e.g.[1]) in t... more Sulfides, while commonly present in volumetrically minor amounts (< 0.1 modal %; e.g.[1]) in the mantle, impart a strong control over many of the highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile elements. The mass balance of some elements, such as Os, are almost completely controlled by heterogeneously distributed sulfide grains[2][3]. Hence, processes that re-distribute sulfides and / or alter their composition can have profound effects on the information preserved within them regarding primary mantle processes. Different generations of interstitial sulfide may partly or completely re-equilibrate with one another or may be exposed to open-system processes that mobilize and / or precipitate sulfides[4]. In mantle xenoliths in particular, supergene weathering at the Earth's surface can oxidize sulfide to soluble sulfate, and its removal affects highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile element abundances [6]. Here we present the initial results from a study of interstitial mantle...
Journal of Structural Geology, 2015
Phyllosilicate-rich fault rocks are common in large-scale fault zones and can dramatically impact... more Phyllosilicate-rich fault rocks are common in large-scale fault zones and can dramatically impact fault rheology. Experimental evidence suggests that multi-mechanism frictional-viscous flow (FVF) may operate in such lithologies, potentially significantly weakening mature fault cores. We report microstructures indicative of FVF in exhumed phyllonites of the Karakoram Fault Zone (KFZ), NW India. These include interconnected muscovite foliae, lack of quartz/feldspar crystal preferred orientations, and sutured grains and overgrowths indicative of fluid-assisted diffusive mass transfer. FVF microphysical modelling, using microstructural observations from the natural fault rock and experimentally-derived friction and diffusion coefficients, predicts low peak shear strengths of <20 MPa within the frictionalviscous transition zone. Chlorite geothermometry indicates that synkinematic chlorites grew at 351 ± 34 C (c. 10 km depth) during FVF, immediately above the transition to quartz crystal plasticity. The deformation processes and interpreted low shear strength of the exhumed KFZ fault rocks provide analogues for processes operating currently at depth in active faults of similar scale. If similar lithologies are present at depth, then the Quaternary seismic characteristics of the KFZ support faults with phyllonitic cores being able to accommodate large seismic ruptures. The results also provide rare rheological constraints for mechanical models of the India-Asia collision zone.
New Journal of Chemistry, 2009
ABSTRACT The cyclotriveratrylene-type ligands tris(4-[4-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl]methyl)cyclotriguai... more ABSTRACT The cyclotriveratrylene-type ligands tris(4-[4-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl]methyl)cyclotriguaiacylene1 and tris(isonicotinoyl)cyclotriguaiacylene2 form metallo-gels with Cu(II) and Ag(I) (for 1 only), while tris(3-(3-pyridyl)-1-thiourea)cyclotriguaiacylene3 is a low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) for 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid tris(4-hydroxyquinoline) ester4 is a LMWG for acetone, while 1,3,5-tris(2-quinoline-methoxyl)benzene5 forms Cu(II) metallo-gels. All gels have fibrous structures and show different thermal behaviour. Aside from the hydrogen bonding organo-gel of 3, an important intermolecular interaction within these gels is likely to be π–π stacking interactions. Crystal structures of a geometric isomer of 4 and of a discrete [Ag2(5)2]2+ complex are also reported herein.
2013 Joint IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectric and Workshop on Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (ISAF/PFM), 2013
The template grain growth technique was used to synthesis textured 60BiFeO3-PbTiO3 (60:40BFPT) by... more The template grain growth technique was used to synthesis textured 60BiFeO3-PbTiO3 (60:40BFPT) by using platelets of BaTiO3 as template. Synchrotron measurement clearly showed textured 60:40BFPT. Moreover, in situ high energy synchrotron radiation was employed to investigate the influence of an external electric filed on crystallographic structure of mixed phase 60:40BFPT. Application of an electric field ≥ 1 kV/mm resulted in phase transformation from mixed rhombohedral/tetragonal phases (≈ 73.5% tetragonal / 26.5% rhombohedral) to predominately tetragonal phase (≈ 95%) at applied field of 6 kV/mm.
Veterinary Surgery, 2000
To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. ... more To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply. In vivo comparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft. Nine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg. An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique. The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts. The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model. A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
The purpose of this study was to identify the angiosome of the medial saphenous artery and vein a... more The purpose of this study was to identify the angiosome of the medial saphenous artery and vein and to evaluate the use of this cutaneous angiosome as a free skin flap in the dog. In phase 1 of this study, selective angiography of the medial saphenous artery performed in ...
Veterinary Surgery, 2009
To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog. Ex... more To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog. Experimental study. Canine cadavers (n=7). The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection. Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens. The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself. A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
This study evaluates the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap as the sole blood supply fo... more This study evaluates the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap as the sole blood supply for the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. This flap was composed of a cranially based rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap that was attached to the caudal superficial epigastric island skin flap (including mammary glands 2 to 5) via the pudendoepigastric trunk. Selective angiography of the cranial epigastric artery in eight cadaver dogs proved that the arterial vasculature in the cranial rectus abdominus was contiguous with that in the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. In the live dog study, three of six of the flaps failed because of venous insufficiency. Necrosis of mammary gland 2 occurred in two of six flaps. One of six flaps survived with the exception of the cranial most aspect of mammary gland 2. Angiography of the cranial epigastric artery proved that arterial blood supply to these flaps was intact. Histological evaluation of the failed flaps showed full-thickness necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, the presence of severe congestion, and venous thrombosis. Retrograde venous blood flow through the flap was inconsistent, and hence resulted in failure of this myocutaneous flap. Use of this flap for clinical wound reconstruction cannot be recommended.
Veterinary Surgery, 1998
To evaluate the outcomes and complications in a consecutive series of animals undergoing microvas... more To evaluate the outcomes and complications in a consecutive series of animals undergoing microvascular reconstructive procedures at two veterinary institutions. Retrospective study. A total of 44 client-owned dogs and one red-necked wallaby. The medical records of all animals undergoing reconstructive microsurgical procedures at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Michigan State University were reviewed. Microvascular flap survival and related complications were described. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of relationships between operative factors and outcome. A total of 57 microvascular procedures were performed on 55 animals. Reconstruction was required after trauma in 42 animals, after ablative cancer surgery in 11 animals and for correction of congenital tissue aplasia in I animal. Donor tissues included the superficial cervical cutaneous, medial saphenous fasciocutaneous or musculofasciocutaneous, caudal superficial epigastric cutaneous, trapezius muscle or musculocutaneous, caudal sartorius muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle or musculocutaneous, cranial abdominal myoperitoneal, carpal footpad, digital footpad, and vascularized ulnar bone flaps. A total of 53 of 57 flaps (93%) survived. There was a significant relationship between flap failure and level of assistant surgeon experience (P < .05). Latissimus dorsi flaps were significantly more likely to fail when compared with pooled data from all other flap types (P < .01). The success of microvascular tissue transfer in this case series compares favorably with those reported in human reconstructive microsurgery. Both the primary and assistant surgeon should be practiced in microsurgical technique. Failure of latissimus dorsi flaps was not likely caused by an inherently deficient flap design, but was more likely attributed to the location and severity of trauma at the recipient site, the difficulty in isolating suitable recipient vessels for anastomosis or the absence of a trained assistant surgeon during these procedures. Clinical Relevance-This retrospective study documents the successful application of microvascular technique in a series of clinical cases requiring tissue reconstruction.
Veterinary Surgery, 1996
The purpose of the anatomical study was to identify potential myoperitoneal microvascular free fl... more The purpose of the anatomical study was to identify potential myoperitoneal microvascular free flaps, in dogs, that are based on a single artery and vein. The angiosomes of the right deep circumflex iliac artery and left phrenicoabdominal (cranial abdominal) artery were ...
Veterinary Surgery, 1997
Skin defects on the distal extremity (n = 7) or face (n = 1) of eight dogs were repaired using a ... more Skin defects on the distal extremity (n = 7) or face (n = 1) of eight dogs were repaired using a medial saphenous fasciocutaneous or myocutaneous flap. The cause of the wounds were ablative oncological surgery (n = 4), trauma (n = 3), or radiation burn (n = 1). The flap was removed from the medial femorotibial region, and transferred to the wound bed. The vascular supply to the flap was reestablished via microvascular anastomosis of the medial saphenous vessels of the flap to recipient vessels isolated adjacent to the wound. Three flaps incorporated the distal half of the caudal head of the sartorius muscle to form a myocutaneous free flap. All flaps survived completely. The medial saphenous fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flaps were found to be reliable and cosmetically acceptable for repair of skin defects in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 2004
To evaluate the primary critical ischemia time for the deep circumflex iliac (DCI) cutaneous flap... more To evaluate the primary critical ischemia time for the deep circumflex iliac (DCI) cutaneous flap in cats. In vivo model. Thirteen young adult female cats. An island skin flap was created on the right side of each cat based on the angiosome of the ventral branches of the DCI vessels. The cats were randomly assigned to a flap ischemia time ranging from 1 to 3 hours in 10-minute intervals. Microvascular clamps were used to occlude the artery and vein for the designated time. Flaps were sutured into position after the ischemic period. On day 3, fluorescein dye was administered and the flaps were evaluated under ultraviolet light to assess percent area of perfusion. On days 7 and 14, the percent area of survival was determined for each flap based on cutaneous morphometry. All flaps had 100 percent area of survival throughout the study. On day 3, all flaps fluoresced uniformly compared with the surrounding skin. On days 7 and 14, all flaps were uniformly viable as confirmed by skin color, consistency, bleeding, and hair re-growth. The DCI cutaneous flap in cats can withstand up to 3 hours of ischemia with predictable survival. In a clinical setting, high success rates can be expected with microvascular transfer of the DCI cutaneous flap in cats when the ischemia time is &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;3 hours and precise surgical technique is used.
Veterinary Surgery, 1992
The urinary bladder of 10 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into ... more The urinary bladder of 10 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into an isolated, vagotomized gastric segment derived from the fundic region of the stomach. The gastric segment was closed to form a conduit. Continence was maintained with a modified Kock "nipple valve" created from an isolated segment of ileum. Four dogs were euthanatized by day 30 because of complications related to the early onset of renal failure and electrolyte alterations. Six dogs were euthanatized on day 150. Ureteral dilatation, hydronephrosis, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance rates were measured in all dogs at the end of the survival period. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed histologically in seven dogs. Positive renal cultures were obtained from seven dogs at necropsy. It was concluded that gastric conduit urinary diversion is unsatisfactory for long-term or short-term clinical use in dogs.
Veterinary Surgery, 2003
To determine if CO(2) laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation o... more To determine if CO(2) laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation of skin flaps in dogs as determined by hemostasis, wound healing, and wound tensile strength. In-vivo model Six large, mixed-breed dogs. On each dog&amp;amp;amp;#39;s trunk, 3 pairs of identical, dorsally based, pedicled skin flaps were created and sutured back into position. Based on a Latin Square design, flaps on one side were created with a CO(2) laser and on the other side by CST. Intraoperative hemorrhage was measured by weighing sponges used to absorb blood. On days 7, 10, and 14, specimens from the flap-skin junction and the central portion of each pair of flaps were collected. Specimens were subjected to tensile strength testing and histologic examination to evaluate wound healing. Mean (+/- standard error of mean [SEM]) hemorrhage was significantly less (P =.02) with CO(2) laser (4.70 +/- 1.37 g) than CST (10.82 +/- 1.37 g). Wound tensile strength (N/m(2)) after CST (0.49 +/- 0.049) was significantly greater (P =.01) than with CO(2) laser (0.17 +/- 0.049). Laser incisions had partial necrosis of the wound edges and a more extensive inflammatory response; however, healing of the wound beds were similar regardless of technique. The CO(2) laser provided better intraoperative hemostasis than CST. However, overall healing and increase in tensile strength of the skin-flap junction of the flaps created by the laser may be delayed during the first few weeks of wound healing. Skin flaps used to repair large skin defects in dogs can be created and elevated with a CO(2) laser. In areas of increased skin mobility or tension, skin flaps created with CO(2) laser may be more susceptible to complications such as dehiscence, and care should be taken to minimize these complications.
Veterinary Surgery, 2004
To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the head and neck for us... more To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the head and neck for use as potential recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. Experimental anatomic study. Eleven canine cadavers; 2 preserved cadavers and 9 fresh cadavers. The head and neck of one preserved cadaver injected with pigmented silicone/barium, through the common carotid artery and external jugular vein, was cut in 1 cm sagittal sections and cross-sections. These tissue sections were used to identify the location of recipient vessels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm that could be used as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. The other preserved cadaver was used to develop surgical approaches to these vessels. Three board certified surgeons evaluated the written descriptions and illustrations of the approaches using fresh cadavers. Modifications to the surgical approaches were made based on recommendations from these surgeons. Seven approaches were developed to isolate recipient vessels of the head and neck region. The infraorbital, temporal, and sublingual approaches were easily performed and provided excellent access to the vessels in the region. The approach to the caudal auricular vessels was found to be more difficult but modification of the approach resolved this problem. Access to the facial artery was difficult; it was consistently &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;1 mm in diameter and thus its use could not be recommended. The approach to the vessels in the cervical region was easily performed. Because of the large size of the external jugular vein and the common carotid artery, end-to-side anastomosis of the donor to recipient vessels is necessary. The large superficial cervical vessels were easily accessed by a lateral shoulder approach. Surgical approaches to potential recipient vessels of the head and neck were consistently achieved and provided relatively easy access to the vessels. Clinical Relevance- The surgical approaches described in this report can be used to isolate arteries and veins of the head and neck that are &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm in diameter. These vessels are suitable for use as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer for reconstruction of complex wounds of the head and neck.
Veterinary Surgery, 2005
To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the fore- and hindlimbs ... more To develop and evaluate surgical approaches to the arteries and veins of the fore- and hindlimbs for use as potential recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. Experimental anatomic study. Canine cadavers (11): 2 preserved and 9 fresh cadavers. Fore- and hindlimbs from 1 preserved cadaver injected with a pigmented silicone/barium mixture, through the common carotid artery and external jugular vein, were cut in 1 cm cross-sections. Tissue sections were used to identify the location of vessels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm that could be used as recipient vessels for free tissue transfer. The other preserved cadaver was used to develop surgical approaches to these vessels. Three surgeons evaluated the written descriptions and illustrations for these approaches using fresh cadavers. Modifications to the surgical approaches were made based on recommendations from these surgeons. Six approaches were developed to isolate forelimb recipient vessels: palmar access, distal medial antebrachial, mid-antebrachial, proximal antebrachial, distal humeral, and mid-humeral vascular access. Twelve approaches were developed to isolate recipient vessels of the hindlimb: plantar access, dorsal tarsal, cranial distal tibial, craniomedial distal tibial, lateral distal tibial, medial distal tibial, medial femorotibial, lateral distal femoral, medial femoral, proximal medial femoral, groin, and proximal lateral femoral vascular access. Six forelimb and 12 hindlimb sites were identified for surgical access to recipient vessels (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1 mm diameter) suitable for use in free tissue transfer for wound reconstruction. For reconstruction of complex wounds of the extremities of dogs, surgeons should consider use of readily accessible recipient vessels that would allow for free tissue transfer to the fore- and hindlimbs.
Veterinary Pathology, 2008
A cranial cervical mass was surgically removed from a dog. On histologic examination, the mass wa... more A cranial cervical mass was surgically removed from a dog. On histologic examination, the mass was consistent with an esophageal duplication cyst, a condition rare in humans and not reported in the dog.
The American Journal of Surgery, 1984
A high incidence of dissolution and disruption of infected autogenous vein grafts has been demons... more A high incidence of dissolution and disruption of infected autogenous vein grafts has been demonstrated. PTFE, on the other hand, has been shown to maintain its structural integrity in the presence of well-entrenched infection, with a relatively small incidence of anastomotic disruption related to host artery necrosis. In addition, PTFE performed as well as autogenous vein when antibiotics were administered. Therefore, PTFE graft material is advocated for controlled clinical trials in patients with contaminated vascular injuries.