The Non-Amyloidogenic Pathway: Structure and Function of α-Secretases (original) (raw)
References
Anders, A., Gilbert, S., Garten, W., Postina, R., Fahrenholz, F., 2001, Regulation of the alpha-secretase ADAM-10 by its prodomain and proprotein convertases. FASEB J., **15:**1837–1839. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Asai, M., Hattori, C., Szabo, B., Sasagawa, N., Maruyama, K., Tanuma, S., Ishiura, S., 2003, Putative function of ADAM-9, ADAM-10, and ADAM-17 as APP alpha-secretase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., **301:**231–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Arribas, J., Coodly, L., Vollmer, P., Kishimoto, T. K., Rose-John, S., Massague, J., 1996, Diverse cell surface protein ectodomains are shed by a system sensitive to metalloprotease inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem., 271:11376–82. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Avramovich, Y., Amit, T., Youdim, M. B., 2002, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs stimulate secretion of non-amyloidogenic precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. **277:**31466–31473. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bayer, T. A., Schafer, S., Simons, A., Kemmling, A., Kamer, T., Tepests, R., Eckert, A., Schussel, K., Eikenberg, O., Sturchler-Pierrat, C., Abramowski, D., Staufenbiel, M., Multhaup, G., 2003, Dietary Cu stabilizes brain superoxide dismutase 1 activity and reduces amyloid Abeta production in APP23 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **100:**14187–14192. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Black, R. A., Rauch, C. T., Kozlosky, C. J., Peschon, J. J., Slack. J. L., Wolfson, M. F., Castner, B. J., Stocking, K. L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan. S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K. A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R., Fitzner, J. N., Johnson, R. S., Paxton, R. J., March, C. J., Cerretti, D. P., 1997, A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factoralpha from cells. Nature **385:**729–33. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Borchardt, T., Camakaris, J., Cappai, R., Masters, C. L., Beyreuther, K., Multhaup, G., 1999, Copper inhibits beta-amyloid production and stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid-precursor-protein secretion. Biochem. J. **344:**461–467. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brou, C., Logeat, F., Gupta, N., Bessia, C., LeBail, O., Doedens, J. R., Cumano, A., Roux, P., Black, R. A., Israel, A., 2000, A novel proteolytic cleavage involved in Notch signaling: the role of the disintegrin-metalloprotease TACE. Mol.Cell **5:**207–16. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Buxbaum, J. D., Liu, K.-N., Luo, Y., Slack. J. L., Stocking, K. L., Peschon, J. J., Johnson, R. S., Castner, B. J., Cerretti, D. P., Black, R., 1998, Evidence that tumor necrosis factor converting enzyme is involved in regulated α-secretase cleavage of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor. J. Biol. Chem. **273:**27765–67. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chantry, A., Gregson, N. A., Glynn, P., 1989, A novel metalloproteinase associated with brain myelin membranes. Isolation and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. **264:**21603–7. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chantry, A., Glynn, P., 1990, A novel metalloproteinase originally isolated from brain myelin membranes is present in many tissues. Biochem J. **268:**245–8. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Colciaghi, F., Borroni, B., Pastorino, L., Marcello, E., Zimmermann, M., Cattabeni, F., Padovani, A., Di Luca, M., 2002, α-Secretase ADAM-10 as well as αAPPs is reduced in platelets and CSF of Alzheimer disease patients. Mol. Med. **8:**67–74. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., Pericak-Vance, M. A., 1993, Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science **261:**921–3. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cordy, J.M., Hussain, I., Dingwall, C., Hooper, N.M., Turner, A.J., 2003, Exclusively targeting beta-secretase to lipid rafts by GPI-anchor addition up-regulates beta-site processing of the amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A **100:**11735–40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dallas, D. J., Genever, P. G., Patton, A. J., Millichip, M.I., McKie, N., Skerry, T. M., 1999, Localization of ADAM-10 and Notch receptors in bone. Bone25: 9–15. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
De Strooper, B., Umans, L., Van Leuven, F., Van Den Berghe, H., 1993, Study of the synthesis and secretion of normal and artificial mutants of murine amyloid precursor protein (APP): cleavage of APP occurs in a late compartment of the default secretion pathway. J. Cell Biol. **121:**295–304. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ehehalt, R., Keller, P., Haass, C., Thiele, C., Simons, K., 2003, Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein depends on lipid rafts. J. Cell. Biol. **160:**113–23. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Endres, K., Anders, A., Kojro, E., Gilbert, S., Fahrenholz, F., Postina, R., 2003, Tumor necrosis factoralpha converting enzyme is processed by proprotein-convertases to its mature form which is degraded upon phorbol ester stimulation. Ear. J. Biochem. **270:**2386–93. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Fambrough, D., Pan, D., Rubin, G. M., Goodman, C. S., 1996, The cell surface metalloprotease/disintegrin Kuzbanian is required for axonal extension in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **93:**13233–13238. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fassbender, K., Simons, M., Bergmann, C., Stroick, M., Lutjohann, D., Keller, P., Runz, H., Kuhl, S., Bertsch, T., von Bergmann, K., Hennerici, M., Beyreuther, K., Hartmann, T., 2001, Simvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Abeta 40 in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. **98:**5856–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fisher, A., Pittel, Z., Haring, R., Bar-Ner, N., Kliger-Spatz, M., Natan, N., Egozi, I., Sonego, H., Marcovitch, I., Brandeis, R., 2003, M1 muscarinic agonists can modulate some of the hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease: implications in future therapy. J. Mol. Neurosci. **20:**349–356. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Friedhoff, L. T., Cullen, E. I., Geoghagen, N. S., Buxbaum, J. D., 2001, Treatment with controlled-release lovastatin decreases serum concentrations of human beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. **4:**127–30. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Furukawa, K., Sopher, B. L., Rydel, R., Begley, J. G., Pham, D. G., Martin, G. M., Fox, M., Mattson, M. P., 1996, Increased activity-regulating and neuroprotective efficacy of α-secretase-derived secreted amyloid precursor protein conferred by a C-terminal heparin-binding domain. J. Neurochem. **67:**1882–1896. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Garton, K. J., Gough, P. J., Blobel, C. P., Murphy, G., Greaves, D. R., Dempsey, P. J., Raines, E. W., 2001, Tumor necrosis factoralpha-converting enzyme (ADAM-17) mediates the cleavage and shedding of fractalkine (CX3CL1). J. Biol. Chem. **276:**37993–8001. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gouras, G. K., Xu, H., Gross, R. S., Greenfield, J. P., Hai, B., Wang, R., Greengard, P., 2000, Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **97:**1202–1205. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gutwein, P., Mechtersheimer, S., Riedle, S., Stoeck, A., Gast, D., Joumaa, S., Zentgraf, H., Fogel, M., Altevogt, D. P., 2003, ADAM 10-mediated cleavage of L1 adhesion molecule at the cell surface and in released membrane vesicles. FASEB J. **17:**292–4. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haass, C., Selkoe, D. J., 1993, Cellular processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid beta-peptide. Cell. **75:**1039–1042. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haass, C., Koo, E. H., Mellon, A., Hung, A. Y., Selkoe, D. J., 1992, Targeting of cell-surface beta-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments. Nature **357:**500–503. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hartmann, D., De Strooper, B., Serneels, L., Craessaerts, K., Herreman, A., Annaert, W., Umans, L., Lubke, T., Lena, I. A., von Figura, K., Saftig, P., 2002, The disintegrin/metalloprotease ADAM-10 is essential for Notch signalling but not for α-secretase activity in flbroblasts. Hum. Mol. Genet. **11:**2615–2624. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hattori, M. et al., 2000, Regulated cleavage of a contact-mediated axon repellent. Science **289:**1360–1365. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hotoda, N., Koike, H., Sasagawa, N., Ishiura, S., 2002, A secreted form of human ADAM-9 has an alpha-secretase activity for APP. Biochem. Biophys. Research. Commun. **293:**800–5. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Howard, L., Lu, X., Mitchell, S., Griffiths, S., Glynn, P., 1996, Molecular cloning of MADM: a catalytically active mammalian disintegrin-metalloprotease expressed in various cell types. Biochem. J. **317:**45–50. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hundhausen, C., Misztela, D., Berkhout, T. A., Broadway, N., Saftig, P., Reiss, K., Hartmann, D., Fahrenholz, F., Postina, R., Matthews, V., Kallen, K. J., Rose-John, S., Ludwig, A., 2003, The disintegrin-like metalloproteinase ADAM-10 is involved in constitutive cleavage of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and regulates CX3CL1-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Blood **102:**1186–95. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ikezu, T., Trapp, B. D., Song, K. S., Schlegel, A., Lisanti, M. P., Okamoto, T., 1998, Caveolae, plasma membrane microdomains for alpha-secretase-mediated processing of the amyloid precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. **273:**10485–10495. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Izumi, Y., Hirata, M., Hasuwa, H., Iwamoto, R., Umata, T., Miyado, K., Tamai, Y., Kurisaki, T., Sehara-Fujisawa, A., Ohno, S., Mekada, E., 1998, A metalloprotease-disintegrin, MDC9/meltrin-gamma/ADAM9 and PKCdelta are involved in TPA-induced ectodomain shedding of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. EMBO J. **17:**7260–72. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jaffe, A. B., Toran-Allerand, C. D., Greengard, P., Gandy, S. E., 1994, Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. **269:**13065–13068. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jick, H., Zornberg, G. L., Jick, S. S., Seshadri, S., Drachman, D. A., 2000, Statins and the risk of dementia Lancet **356:**1627–31. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jolly-Tornetta, C., Gao, Z. Y., Lee, V. M., Wolf, B. A., 1998, Regulation of amyloid precursor protein secretion by glutamate receptors in human Ntera 2 neurons. J. Biol. Chem. **273:**14015–14021. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kang, J., Lemaire, H. G., Unterbeck, A., Album, L. M., Masters, C. L., Grzeshik, K. G., Multhaup, G., Beyreuther, K., Müller-Hil, B., 1987, The precursor of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell surface receptor. Nature **325:**733–736. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Koike, H., Tomioka, S., Sorimachi, H., Saido, T. C., Maruyama, K., Okuyama, A., Fujisawa-Sehara, A., Ohno, S., Suzuki, K.; Ishiura, S., 1999, Membrane-anchoredmetalloprotease MDC9 has an alpha-secretase activity responsible for processing the amyloid precursor protein. Biochem. J.343: 371–375. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kojro, E., Gimpl, G., Lammich, S., Marz, W., Fahrenholz, F., 2001, Low cholesterol stimulates the nonamyloidogenic pathway by its effect on the alpha-secretase ADAM-10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA98: 5815–20. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kozikowski, A. P., Nowak, I., Petukhov, P. A., Etcheberrigaray, R., Mohamed, A., Tan, M., Lewin, N., Hennings, H., Pearce, L. L., Blumberg, P. M., 2003, New amide-bearing benzolactam-based protein kinase C modulators induce enhanced secretion of the amyloid precursor protein metabolite sAPPalpha. J. Med. Chem.46: 364–373. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kuentzel, S. L., Ali, S. M., Altman, R. A., Greenberg, B. D., Raub, T. J., 1993, The Alzheimer beta-amyloid protein precursor/protease nexin-II is cleaved by secretase in a trans-Golgi secretory compartment in human neuroglioma cells. Biochem. J.295: 367–378. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kuo, Y. M., Emmerling, M. R., Bisgaier, C. L., Essenburg, A. D., Lampert, H. C., Drumm, D., Roher, A. E., 1998, Elevated low-density lipoprotein in Alzheimer’s disease correlates with brain abeta 1-42 levels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.252: 711–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lammich, S., Kojro, E., Postina, R., Gilbert, S., Pfeiffer, R., Jasionowski, M., Haass, C. und Fahrenholz, F., 1999, Constitutive and regulated α-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein by a disintegrin metalloprotease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96: 3922–3927. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lannfelt, L., Basun, H., Wahlund, L. O., Rowe, B. A., Wagner, S. L., 1995, Decreased alpha-secretase-cleaved amyloid precursor protein as a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Med. 1: 829–832. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Leissring, M. A., Farris, W., Chang, A. Y., Walsh, D. M., Wu, X., Sun, X., Frosch, M. P., Selkoe, D. J., 2003, Enhanced proteolysis of beta-amyloid in APP transgenic mice prevents plaque formation, secondary pathology, and premature death. Neuron40: 1087–1093. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin, L., Georgievska, B., Mattsson, A., Isacson, O., 1999, Cognitive changes and modified processing of amyloid precursor protein in the cortical and hippocampal system after cholinergic synapse loss and muscarinic receptor activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A96: 12108–12113. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Loechel, F., Gilpin, B. J., Engvall, E., Albrechtsen, R., Wewer, U. M., 1998, Human ADAM 12 (meltrin alpha) is an active metalloprotease. J. Biol. Chem.273: 16993–16997. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lum, L., Reid, M. S., Blobel, C. P., 1998, Intracellular maturation of the mouse metalloprotease disintegrin MDC15. J. Biol. Chem.273: 26236–26247. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lunn, C. A., Fan, X., Dalie, B., Miller, K., Zavodny, P. J., Narula, S. K., Lundell, D., 1997, Purification of ADAM-10 from bovine spleen as a TNF alpha convertase. FEBS Lett. 400: 333–335. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Maillet, M., Robert, S. J., Cacquevel, M., Gastineau, M., Vivien, D., Bertoglio, J., Zugaza, J. L., Fischmeister, R., Lezoualc’h, F., 2003, Crosstalk between Rapl and Rac regulates secretion of sAPPalpha. Nat. Cell Biol.5: 633–639. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Manthey, D., Heck, S., Engert, S., Behl, C., 2001, Estrogen induces a rapid secretion of amyloid beta precursor protein via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. **268:**4285–4291. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marcinkiewicz, M., Seidah, N., G., 2000, Coordinated expression of β-amyloid precursor protein and the putative β-secretase BACE and α-secretase ADAM-10 in mouse and human brain. J. Neurochem.75: 2133–2143. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Maskos, K., Fernandez-Catalan, C., Huber, R., Bourenkov, G. P., Bartunik, H., Ellestad, G. A., Reddy, P., Wolfson, M. R., Rauch, C. T., Castner, B. J., Davis, R., Clarke, H. R., Petersen, M., Fitzner, J. N., Cerretti, D. P., March, C. J., Paxton, R. J., Black, R. A., Bode, W., 1998, Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95: 3408–3412. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mattson, M. P., Cheng, B., Culwell, A. R., Esch, F. S., Lieberburg, I., Rydel, R. E., 1993, Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein. Neuron10: 243–254. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mazzucchelli M, Porrello E, Villetti G, Pietra C, Govoni S, Racchi M (2003) Characterization of the effect of ganstigmine (CHF2819) on amyloid precursor protein metabolism in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J. Neural Transm.110: 935–947. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mechtersheimer, S., Gutwein, P., Agmon-Levin, N., Stoeck, A., Oleszewski, M., Riedle, S., Postina, R., Fahrenholz, F., Fogel, M., Lemmon, V., Altevogt, P., 2001, Ectodomain shedding of L1 adhesion molecule promotes cell migration by autocrine binding to integrins. J. Cell Biol.155: 661–673. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mezaine, H., Dodart. J.-C., Mathis, C., Little, S., Clemens, J., Paul. S. M., Ungerer, A., 1998, Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95: 12683–12688. Article Google Scholar
Millichip, M. I., Dallas, D. J., Wu, E., Dale, S., McKie, N., 1998, The metallo-disintegrin ADAM-10 (MADM) from bovine kidney has type IV collagenase activity in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.245: 594–598. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Moffat, S. D., Zonderman, A. B., Metter, E. J., Kawas, C., Blackman, M. R., Harman, S. M., Resnick, S. M., 2004, Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer disease in older men. Neurology62: 188–193. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Moss, M. L., Jin, S. L., Milla, M. E., Bickett, D. M., Burkhart, W., Carter, H. L., Chen, W. I, Clay, W. C., Didsbury, J. R., Hassler, D., Hoffman, C. R., Kost, T. A., Lambert, M. H., Leesnitzer, M. A., McCauley, P., McGeehan, G., Mitchell, J., Moyer, M., Pahel, G., Rocque, W., Overton, L. K., Schoenen, F., Seaton, T., Su, J. L., Becherer, J. D., 1997, Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature385: 733–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mucke, L., Abraham, C. R., Masliah, E., 1996, Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of hAPP in transgenic mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.777: 82–88. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nath, D., Slocombe, P. M., Webster, A., Stephens, P. E., Docherty, A. J, Murphy, G., 2000, Meltrin gamma(ADAM-9) mediates cellular adhesion through alpha(6)beta(l )integrin, leading to a marked induction of fibroblast cell motility. J. Cell. Sci.113: 2319–28. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nitsch, R. M., Deng, A., Wurtman, R. J., Growdon, J. H., 1997, Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluRl alpha stimulates the secretion of the amyloid beta-protein precursor ectodomain. J. Neurochem.69: 704–712. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nitsch, R. M., Deng, M., Growdon, J. H., Wurtman, R. J., 1996, Serotonin 5-HT2a and 5-HT2c receptors stimulate amyloid precursor protein ectodomain secretion. J. Biol. Chem. **271:**4188–4194. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nitsch, R. M., Deng, M., Tennis, M., Schoenfeld, D., Growdon, J. H., 2000, The selective muscarinic M1 agonist AF102B decreases levels of total Abeta in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol.48: 913–918. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nitsch, R. M., Slack, B. E., Wurtman, R. J., Growdon, J. H., 1992, Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science258: 304–307. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pakaski, M., Rakonczay, Z., Kasa, P., 2001, Reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors cause changes in neuronal amyloid precursor protein processing and protein kinase C level in vitro. Neurochem. Int.38: 219–226. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pan, D., Rubin, G. M., 1997, Kuzbanian controls proteolytic processing of Notch and mediates lateral inhibition during Drosophila and vertebrate neurogenesis. Cell90: 271–80. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pandiella, A., Massague, J., 1991, Multiple signals activate cleavage of the membrane transforming growth factor-precursor. J. Biol. Chem.266: 5769–5773. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Parkin, E. T., Trew, A., Christie, G., Faller, A., Mayer, R., Turner, A. J., Hooper, N. M., 2002, Structure-activity relationship of hydroxamate-based inhibitors on the secretases that cleave the amyloid precursor protein, angiotensin converting enzyme, CD23, and pro-tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Biochemistry41: 4972–81. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Parvathy, S., Hussain, I., Karran, E. H., Turner, A. J., Hooper, N. M., 1998, Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein alpha-secretase is inhibited by hydroxamic acid-based zinc tnetalloprotease inhibitors: similarities to the angiotensin converting enzyme secretase. Biochemistry37: 1680–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Peschon, J. J., Slack, J. L., Reddy, P., Stocking, K. L., Sunnarborg, S. W., Lee, D. C., Russell, W. E., Castner, B. J., Johnson, R. S., Fitzner, J. N., Boyce, R. W., Nelson, N., Kozlosky, C. J., Wolfson, M. F., Rauch, C. T., Cerretti, D. P., Paxton, R. J., March, C. I, Black, R. A., 1998, An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science282: 1281–4. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Postina, R., Schroeder, A., Dewachter, I., Bohl, J., Schmitt, U., Kojro, E., Prinzen, C., Endres, K., Hiemke. C., Blessing, M., Flamez, P., Dequenne, A., Godaux, E., van Leuven, F., Fahrenholz, F., 2004, A disintegrin-metalloproteinase prevents amyloid plaque formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. J. Clin. Invest.113: 1456–1464. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Qi, H., Rand, M.D., Wu, X., Sestan, N., Wang, W., Rakic, P., Xu, T., Artavanis-Tsakonas, S., 1999, Processing of the notch ligand delta by the metalloprotease Kuzbanian. Science. **283:**91–94. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Racchi, M., Ianna, P., Binetti, G., Trabucchi, M., Govoni, S., 1998, Bradykinin-induced amyloid precursor protein secretion: a protein kinase C-independent mechanism that is not altered in fibroblasts from patients with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem. J.330: 1271–1275. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Racchi, M., Solano, D. C., Sironi, M., Govoni, S., 1999, Activity of alpha-secretase as the common final effector of protein kinase C-dependent and-independent modulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism. J. Neurochem.72: 2464–70. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Refolo, L. M., Malester, B., LaFrancois, J., Bryant-Thomas, T., Wang, R., Tint, G. S., Sambamurti, K., Duff, K., Pappolla, M. A., 2000, Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer’s amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neumbiol. Dis.7: 321–31. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Riddell, D. R., Christie, G., Hussain, I., Dingwall, C., 2001, Compartmentalization of beta-secretase (Asp2) into low-buoyant density, noncaveolar lipid rafts. Curr. Biol.11: 1288–93. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rio, C., Buxbaum, J. D., Peschon, J. J., Corfas, G., 2000, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme is required for cleavage of erbB4/HER4. J. Biol. Chem.275: 10379–87. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robert, S. J., Zugaza, J. L., Fischmeister, R., Gardier, A. M., Lezoualc’h, F., 2001, The human serotonin 5-HT4 receptor regulates secretion of non-amyloidogenic precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem.276: 44881–44888. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Roberts, S. B., Ripellino, J. A., Ingalls, K. M., Robakis, N. K., Felsenstein, K. M., 1994, Non-amyloidogenic cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein by an integral membrane metalloendopeptidase. J. Biol. Chem.269: 3111–3116. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Roghani, M., Becherer, J. D., Moss, M. L., Atherton, R. E., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Arribas, J., Blackburn, R. K., Weskamp, G., Tempst, P., Blobel, C. P., 1999, Metalloprotease-disintegrin MDC9: intracellular maturation and catalytic activity. J. Biol. Chem.274: 3531–40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rooke, J., Pan, D., Xu, T., Rubin, G. M., 1996, KUZ, a conserved metalloprotease-disintegrin protein with two roles in Drosophila neurogenesis. Science273: 1227–1231. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rosendahl, M. S., Ko, S. C., Long D. L., Brewer, M. T., Rosenzweig, B., Hedl, E., Anderson L., Pyle, S. M., Moreland J., Meyers, M. A., Kohno, T., Lyons D., Lichenstein, H. S., 1997, Identification and characterization of a pro-tumor necrosis factor-α-processing enzyme from the ADAM family of zinc metalloproteases. J. Biol. Chem.272: 24588–24593. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rossner, S., Beck, M., Stahl, T., Mendla, K., Schliebs, R., Bigl, V., 2000, Constitutive overactivation of protein kinase C in guinea pig brain increases alpha-secretory APP processing without decreasing beta-amyloid generation. Eur. J. Neurosci.12: 3191–3200. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sahasrabudhe, S. R., Spruyt, M. A., Muenkel, H. A., Blume, A. J., Vitek, M. P., Jacobsen, J. S., 1992, Release of amino-terminal fragments from amyloid precursor protein reporter and mutated derivatives in cultured cells. J. Biol. Chem.267: 25602–25608. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sambamurti, K., Shioi, J., Anderson, J. P., Pappolla, M. A., Robakis, N. K., 1992, Evidence for intracellular cleavage of the Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor in PC 12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. **33:**319–329. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schlondorff, J., Becherer, J. D., Blobel, C. P., 2000, Intracellular maturation and localization of the tumour necrosis factor alpha convertase (TACE). Biochem. J.347: 131–8. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seals, D. F., Courtneidge, S. A., 2003, The ADAMs family of metalloproteases: multidomain proteins with multiple functions. Genes Dev. 17: 7–30. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Selkoe, D. J., 1996, Amyloid beta-protein and the genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Biol. Chem.271: 18595–18298. Google Scholar
Sennvik, K., Fastbom, J., Blomberg, M., Wahlund, L. O., Winblad, B., Benedikz, E., 2000, Levels of alpha-and beta-secretase-cleaved amyloid precursor protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Neurosc. Lett.278: 169–172. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Simons, K., Toomre, D., 2000, Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. **1:**31–39. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Simons, M., De Strooper, B., Multhaup, G., Tienari, P. J., Dotti, C. G., Beyreuther, K., 1996, Amyloidogenic processing of the human amyloid precursor protein in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci.16: 899–908. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Simons, M., Schwarzler, F., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Beyreuther, K., Dichgans, J., Wormstall, H., Hartmann, T., Schulz, J. B., 2002, Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann. Neurol.52: 346–350. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sisodia, S. S., 1992, β-amyloid precursor protein cleavage by a membrane-bound protease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89: 6075–6079. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Six, E., Ndiaye, D., Laabi, Y., Brou, C., Gupta-Rossi, N., Israel, A., Logeat, F., 2003, The Notch ligand Delta 1 is sequentially cleaved by an ADAM protease and gamma-secretase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA100: 7638–43. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Skovronsky, D. M., Fath, S., Lee, V. M., Milla, M. E., 2001, Neuronal localization of the TNFalpha converting enzyme (TACE) in brain tissue and its correlation to amyloid plaques. J. Neurobiol.49: 40–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Slack, B. E., Breu, J., Muchnicki, L., Wurtman, R. J., 1997, Rapid stimulation of amyloid precursor protein release by epidermal growth factor: role of protein kinase C. Biochem. J.327: 245–249. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Solano, D.C., Sironi, M., Bonfini, C., Solerte, S.B., Govoni, S., Racchi, M., 2000, Insulin regulates soluble amyloid precursor protein release via phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase-dependent pathway. FASEB J. 14: 1015–1022 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Srour, N., Lebel, A., McMahon, S., Fournier, I., Fugere, M., Day, R., Dubois, C. M., 2003, TACE/ADAM-17 maturation and activation of sheddase activity require proprotein convertase activity. FEBS Lett. 554: 275–83. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tomita, S., Kirino, Y., Suzuki, T., 1998, Cleavage of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretases occurs after O-glycosylation of APP in the protein secretory pathway. Identification of intracellular compartments in which APP cleavage occurs without using toxic agents that interfere with protein metabolism. J. Biol. Chem.273: 6277–6284. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tyler, S. J., Dawbarn, D., Wilcock, G. K., Allen, S. J., 2002, Alpha-and beta-secretase: profound changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.299: 373–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wada, S., Morishima-KLawashima, M., Qi, Y., Misono, H., Shimada, Y., Ohno-Iwashita, Y., Ihara, Y., 2003, Gamma-secretase activity is present in rafts but is not cholesterol-dependent. Biochemistry. 42: 13977–86. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wahrle, S., Das, P., Nyborg, A. C., McLendon, C., Shoji, M., Kawarabayashi, T., Younkin, L. H., Younkin, S. G., Golde, T. E., 2002, Cholesterol-dependent gamma-secretase activity in buoyant cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Neurobiol. Dis.9: 11–23. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weidemann, A., König, G., Bunke, D., Fischer, P., Salbaum, J., Masters, C. L., Beyreuther, K., 1989, Identification, biogenesis, and localization of precursors of Alzheimer’s disease A4 amyloid protein. Cell57: 115–126. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolozin, B., Kellman, W., Ruosseau, P., Celesia, G. G., Siegel, G., 2000, Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch. Neurol.57: 1439–43. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weskamp, G., Cai, H., Brodie, T. A., Higashyama, S., Manova, K., Ludwig, T., Blobel, C. P., 2002, Mice lacking the metalloprotease-disintegrin MDC9 (ADAM-9) have no evident major abnormalities during development or adult life. Mol. Cell. Biol.22: 1537–44. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wu, E., Croucher, P. I., McKie, N., 1997, Expression of members of the novel membrane linked metalloproteinase family ADAM in cells derived from a range of hematological malignancies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.235: 437–42. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xu, H., Gouras, G. K., Greenfield, J. P., Vincent, B., Naslund, J., Mazzarelli, L., Fried, G., Jovanovic, J. N., Seeger, M., Relkin, N. R., Liao, F., Checler, F., Buxbaum, J. D., Chait, B. T., Thinakaran, G., Sisodia, S. S., Wang, R., Greengard, P., Gandy, S., 1998, Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides. Nat. Med.4: 447–451. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Youdim, M. B., Amit, T., Bar-Am, O., Weinstock, M., Yogev-Falach, M., 2003, Amyloid processing and signal transduction properties of antiparkinson-antialzheimer neuroprotective drugs rasagiline and TV3326. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.993: 378–386. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhong, Z., Higaki, J., Murakami, K., Wang., Y., Catalano, R., Quon, D., Cordell, B., 1994, Secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein involves multiple cleavage sites. J. Biol. Chem.269: 627–632. PubMedCAS Google Scholar