Cytokines, “Depression Due to A General Medical Condition,” and Antidepressant Drugs (original) (raw)
References
Abbey, S. E. & Garfinkel, P. E. (1991). Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: Cause, effect or covariate. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, S73–83. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Abramowitz, E. S., Baker, A. H., & Fleischer, S. F. (1982). Onset of depressive psychiatric crises and the menstrual cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(4), 475–478. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Khan, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health. American Psychologist, 49(1), 15–24. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Albrecht, J., Helderman, J. H., Schlesser, M. A., & Rush, A. J. (1985). A controlled study of cellular immune function in affective disorders before and during somatic therapy. Psychiatry Research, 15, 185–193. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Anderson, N. B. & Armstead, C. A. (1995). Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: A new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 213–225. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L., & Merali, A. (1996). Interleukin-2 decreases accumbal dopamine efflux and responding for rewarding lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Brain Research, 731, 1–11. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L., Borowski, T., & Merali, A. (1998). Differential effects of interleukin (IL)-l, IL-2, and IL-6 on responding for rewarding lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Brain Research, 779, 177–187. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Arenzana-Seisdedos, F. & Virelizer, J. L. (1983). Interferons as macrophage-activating factors. II. Enhanced secretion of interleukin-1 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes. European Journal of Immunology, 13, 437–440. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Arvin, B., Neville, L. F., Barone, F. C, & Feuerstein, G. Z. (1996). The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 445–452. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Aubert, A., Vega, G, Dantzer, R., & Goodall, G. (1995). Pyrogens specifically disrupt the acquisition of a task involving cognitive processing in the rat. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 9, 129–148. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Aubert, A. & Dantzer, R. (1998). Effects of lipopolysaccharide on taste reactivity in rats. Neuroim-munomodulation, 5, 3. Google Scholar
Audus, K. L. & Gordon, M. A. (1982). Tricyclic antidepressant effects on the murine lymphocyte mitogen response. Journal of Immunopharmacology, 4, 13–27. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Avitsur, R., Pollak, Y., & Yirmiya, R. (1997). Different receptor mechanisms mediate the effects of endotoxin and interleukin-1 on female sexual behavior. Brain Research, 773, 149–161. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Avitsur, R., Cohen, E., & Yirmiya, R. (1998). Effects of interleukin-1 on sexual attractivity in a model of sickness behavior. Physiology and Behavior, 63, 25–30. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ayuso, J. L. (1994). Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with HIV infection. Drugs, 47(4), 599–610. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N., Kiefer, S. W., & Dess, N. K. (1996). Taste reactivity in rats selectively bred for high vs. low saccharin consumption. Physiology and Behavior, 59, 749–755. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Barden, N., Reul, J. M. H. M., & Holsboer, F. (1995). Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system? Trends in Neurosciences, 18, 6–11. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bauer, J., Hohagen, F., Gimmel, E., Bruns, F., Lis, S., Krieger, S., Ambach, W., Guthmann, A., Grunze, H., Fritsch-Montero, R., Weissbach, A., Ganter, U., Frommnerger, U., Riemann, D., & Berger, M. (1995). Induction of cytokines synthesis and fever suppresses REM sleep and improves mood in patients with major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 611–621. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Beers, D. R., Henkel, J. S., Kesner, R. P., & Stroop, W. G. (1995). Spatial recognition memory deficits without notable CNS pathology in rats following herpes simplex encephalitis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 131, 119–127. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Besedovsky, H. O. & Del-Rey, A. (1996). Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses. Endocrine Reviews, 17, 64–102. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bianchi, M., Sacerdote, P., & Panerai, A. E. (1994a). Fluoxetin reduces inflammatory edema in the rat: Involvement of the pituitary-adrenal axis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 263, 81–84. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bianchi, M., Sacerdote, P., & Panerai, A. E. (1994b). Chlomipramine differentially affects inflammatory edema and pain in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 4, 1037–1040. Article Google Scholar
Bianchi, M., Rossoni, G., Sacerdote, P., Panerai, A. E., & Berti, F. (1995). Effects of clomipramine and fluoxetin on subcutaneous carrageenin-induced inflammation in the rat. Inflammation Research, 44, 466–469. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bluthe, R. M., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K.W. (1991). Interleukin-1 mediates behavioral but not metabolic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 209, 281–283. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bluthe, R. M., Crestani, F., Kelley, K. W., & Dantzer, R. (1992). Mechanisms of the behavioral effects of interleukin 1. Role of prostaglandins and CRF. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 650, 268–275. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bluthe, R. M., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (1997). Central mediation of the effects of interleukin-1 on social exploration and body weight in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 1–11. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bode, L., Zimmerman, W., Ferszt, R., Steinbach, F., & Ludwig, H. (1995). Borna disease virus genome transcribed and expressed in psychiatric patients. Nature Medicine, 1, 232–236. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bode, L., Durrwald, R., Rantam, F. A., Ferszt, R., & Ludwig, H. (1996). First isolation of infectious human Borna disease virus from patients with mood disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 200–212. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Borowski, T., Kokkinidis, L., Merali, A., & Anisman, H. (1997). Behavioral and central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and lipopolysaccharide. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 23, 1508. Google Scholar
Brady, L. S., Whitfield, H. J., Fox, R. J., Gold, P. W., & Herkenham, M. (1991). Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 87, 831–837. ArticleCASPubMed Central Google Scholar
Brady, L. S., Gold, P. W., Herkenham, M., Lynn, A. B., & Whitfield, H. J. (1992). The antidepressants fluoxetine, idazoxan, and phenelzine alter corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat brain: therapeutic implications. Brain Research, 572, 117–125. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Breuille, D., Farge, M. C, Rose, F., Arnel, M., Attaix, D., & Obled, C. (1993). Pentoxifylline decreases body weight loss and muscle protein wasting characteristics of sepsis. American Journal of Physiology, 265, E660–E666. CAS Google Scholar
Brown, S. L., Steinberg, R. L., & van Praag, H. M. (1994). The pathogenesis of depression: reconsideration of neurotransmitter data. In J. A. Den Boer & J. M. Sitsen (Eds.), Handbook of Depression and Anxiety: A Biological Approach (pp. 529–542). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Google Scholar
Bruce, M. L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Leaf, P. J. (1991). Poverty and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 470–474. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Buchwald, D. & Komaroff, A. L. (1991). Review of laboratory findings for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, 12–18. Article Google Scholar
Burnet, P. W. J., Michelson, D., Smith, M. A., Gold, P. W., & Sternberg, E. M. (1994). The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors and the abundances of 5-HT receptor and transporter mRNA in the cortex, hippocampus, and dorsal raphe of three strains of rat. Brain Research, 638, 311–324. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cannon, J. G. & Dinarello, C. A. (1985). Increased plasma interleukin-1 activity in woman after ovulation. Science, 227, 1247–1249. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cappel, R., Gregoire, E., Thiry, L., & Sprecher, S. (1978). Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus in psychotic depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 39, 266–268. CAS Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Martin, F. I. R., & Davies, B. (1968). Resistance to suppression by dexamethasone of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosterone levels in severe depressive illness. British Medical Journal, 3, 285–287. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C, & Mendels, J. (1976). Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. I. Limbic system adrenocortical dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1039–1044. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cavallo, M. G., Pozzini, P., & Thorpe, R. (1993). Cytokines and autoimmunity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 96, 1–7. Article Google Scholar
Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K. G., Enns, M., & Lander, S. (1994). Prevalence of depression in the terminally ill: Effects of diagnostic criteria and symptom threshold judgments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 537–540. Google Scholar
Cleare, A. J., Bearn, J., Allain, T., McGregor, A., Wessely, S., Murray, R. M., & O’Keane, V. (1995). Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 283–289. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (1995). Psychological stress and susceptibility to upper respiratory infections. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152, 53–58. Article Google Scholar
Connor, T. J. & Leonard, B. E. (1998). Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sciences, 62, 583–606. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cox, S. M., King, M. R., Casey, M. L., & Macdonald, P. C. (1993). Interleukin-lβ,-lα, and-6 and prostaglandins in vaginal cervical fluids of pregnant women before and during labor. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 77, 805–815. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cunningham, A. J., Murray, C. A., O’Neill, L. A. J., Lynch, M. A., & O’Connor, J. J. (1996). Interleukin-lβ (IL-lβ) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibit long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro. Neuroscience Letters, 203, 17–20. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dantzer, R., Bluthe, R. M., Aubert, A., Goodall, G., Bret-Dibat, J. L., Kent, S., Goujon, E., Laye, S., Parnet, P., & Kelley, K. W. (1996). Cytokine actions on behavior. In N. J. Rothwell (Ed.), Cytokines in the nervous system (pp. 117–144). New York: R. G. Landes Company and Chapman & Hall. Chapter Google Scholar
Day, H. E. W. & Akil, H. (1996). Differential pattern of c-fos mRNA in rat brain following central and systemic administration of interleukin-1 beta: Implications for mechanisms of action. Neuroendocrinology, 63, 207–218. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Denburg, S. D., Carbotte, R. M., & Denburg, J. A. (1997). Psychological aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus: Cognitive Function, mood, and self-report. Journal of Rheumatology, 24, 998–1003. CAS Google Scholar
Dess, N. K. (1993). Saccharin’s aversive taste in rats: Evidence and implications. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 17, 359–372. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dinarello, C. A. & Wolff, S. M. (1993). The role of interleukin-1 in disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 106–113. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1973). Social status and stressful life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 225–235. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition. (1994). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Google Scholar
Dunbar, P. R., Hill, J., Neale, T. J., & Mellsop, G. W. (1992). Neopterin measurement provides evidence of altered cell-mediated immunity in patients with depression, but not with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 22, 1051–1057. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dunn, A. J. & Welch, J. (1991). Stress-and endotoxin-induced increases in brain tryptophan and serotonin metabolism depend on sympathetic nervous system activity. Journal of Neurochemistry, 57, 1615–1622. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dunn, A. J. & Wang, J. (1995). Cytokine effects on CNS biogenic amines. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2, 319–328. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dunn, A. J., Chapman, Y., & Antoon, M. (1993). Endotoxin-induced behavioral changes of mice in the multicompartment chamber are distinct from those of interleukin-1. Neuroscience Research Communications, 10, 63–69. Google Scholar
Eisen, J. N., Irwin, J., Quay, J., & Livnat, S. (1989). The effect of antidepressants on immune function in mice. Biological Psychiatry, 26, 805–817. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fent, K. & Zbinden, G. (1987). Toxicity of interferon and interleukin. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 8, 101–105. Article Google Scholar
Foley, F. W, Traugott, U, LaRocca, N. G, Smith, C. R., Perlman, K. R., Caruso, L. S., & Scheinberg, L. C. (1992). A prospective study of depression and immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 49, 238–244. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gibertini, M. (1996). IL-1 beta impairs relational but not procedural rodent learning in a water maze task. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 402, 207–217. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gibertini, M., Newton, C, Friedman, H., & Klein, T. W. (1995). Spatial learning impairment in mice with legionella pneumophila or administered exogenous interleukin-1-beta. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 9, 113–128. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gold, P. W, Chrousos, G, Kellner, G, Post, R., Roy, A., Auerginos, P., Schulte, H., Oldfield, E., & Loriaux, D. L. (1984). Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotropin releasing factor. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 619–627. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Gottfries, C. G. (1997). Recognition and management of depression in the elderly. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(7), S31–S36. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Goujon, E., Parnet, P., Laye, S., Combe, C, Kelley, K. W, & Dantzer, R. (1995). Stress downregulates lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the spleen, pituitary, and brain of mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 9, 292–303. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Granger, D. A., Hood, K. E., Ikeda, S. C, Reed, C. L., Jones, B. C, & Block, M. L. (1997). Effects of peripheral immune activation on social behavior and adrenocortical activity in aggressive mice: genotype environment interactions. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 93–105. Article Google Scholar
Greenwood, R. (1987). Residual mental disorders after herpesvirus infections. In E. Kurstak, Z. J. Lipowski, & P. V. Morozov (Eds.), Viruses, Immunity, and Mental Disorders (pp. 65–80). New York: Plenum. Chapter Google Scholar
Grill, J. J. & Norgren, R. (1978). The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Research, 143, 281–297. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grossman, C. J. (1985). Interactions between the gonadal steroids and the immune system. Science, 227, 257–261. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hall, S. & Smith, A. P. (1996a). Investigating the effects and aftereffects of naturally occurring upper respiratory tract illnesses on mood and performance. Physiology and Behavior, 59, 569–577. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hall, S. & Smith, A. P. (1996b). Behavioral effects of infectious mononucleosis. Neuropsychobiology, 33, 202–209. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hart, B. (1988). Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 12, 123–37. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hendler, N. (1987). Infectious mononucleosis and psychiatric disorders. In E. Kurstak, Z. J. Lipowski, & P. V. Morozov (Eds.), Viruses, Immunity, and Mental Disorders (pp. 81–94). New York: Plenum. Chapter Google Scholar
Herbert, T. B. & Cohen, S. (1993). Depression and immunity: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 472–486. Article Google Scholar
Heyser, C. X, Masliah, E., Samimi, A., Campbell, I. L., & Gold, L. H. (1997). Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin-6 in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1500–1505. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hickie, I. & Lloyd, A. (1995). Are cytokines associated with neuropsychiatric syndromes in humans? International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 17, 677–683. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Holsboer, F. (1995). Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders. In F. E. Bloom & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (pp. 957–969). New York: Raven Press. Google Scholar
Holsboer, F. & Barden, N. (1996). Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocrine Reviews, 17, 187–205. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Holsboer, F., Liebel, R., & Hofschuster, E. (1982). Repeated dexamethasone test during depressive illness: normalization of test result compared with clinical improvement. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4, 93–101. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. A., Nehall, J. E., & Simeon, D. T. (1996). Psychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythemato-sus. West Indian Medical Journal, 45, 48–50. CAS Google Scholar
Isometsa, E.T., Aro, H. M., Henriksson, M. M., Heikkinen, M. E., & Lonnqvist, J. K. (1994). Suicide and major depression in different treatment settings. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 523–527. CAS Google Scholar
Joffe, R. T., Lippert, G. P., Gray, T. A., Sawa, G., & Horvath, A. (1987). Mood disorder and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 44, 376–378. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Johnson, R. W., Propes, M. J., & Shavit, Y. (1996). Corticosterone modulates the behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide. American Journal of Physiology, 270, R192–R198. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Katon, W. & Sullivan, M. D. (1990). Depression and chronic medical illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 3–11. Google Scholar
Katsuki, H., Nakai, S., Hirai, Y, Akaji, K., Kiso, Y, & Satoh, M. (1990). Interleukin-lβ inhibits long-term potentiation in the CA3 region of mouse hippocampal slices. European Journal of Pharmacology, 191, 323–326. Article Google Scholar
Kavaliers, M., Colwell, D. D., & Galea, L. A. M. (1995). Parasitic infection impairs spatial learning in mice. Animal Behaviour, 50, 223–229. Article Google Scholar
Kent, S., Bluthe, R. M., Kelley, K. W., & Dantzer, R. (1992a). Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 13, 24–28. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kent, S., Bluthe, R. M., Dantzer, R., Hardwick, A. J., Kelley, K. W., Rothwell, N. X, & Vannice, X L. (1992b). Different receptor mechanisms mediate the pyrogenic and behavioral effects of interleukin-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 9117–9120. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. & Glaser, R. (1991). Stress and immune function in humans. In R. Ader, D. L. Feiten, & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneroimmunology (pp. 849–867). San Diego: Academic Press. Chapter Google Scholar
Komaroff, A. L. & Buchwald, D. S. (1991). Symptoms and signs of chronic fatigue syndrome. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, 8–11. Article Google Scholar
Komaroff, A. L. & Buchwald, D. S. (1998). Chronic fatigue syndrome: an update. Annual Review of Medicine, 49, 1–13. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Komaroff, A. L., Fagioli, L. R., Geiger, A. M., Doolittle, T. H., Lee, X, Kornish, X, Gleit, M. A., & Guerriero, R. T. (1996). An examination of the working case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome. American Journal of Medicine, 100, 56–64. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kozak, W., Poli, V., Soszynski, D., Conn, C. A., Leon, L. R., & Kluger, M. (1996). Sickness behavior in mice deficient in interleukin-6 during turpentine abscess and influenza pneumonitis. American Journal of Physiology, 272, R621–R630. Google Scholar
Kozak, W., Soszynski, D., Rudolph, K., Conn, C. A., & Kluger, M. (1997). Dietary n-3 fatty acids differentially affect sickness behavior in mice during local and systemic inflammation. American Journal of Physiology, 272, R1298–R1307. CAS Google Scholar
Krueger, J. M. & Majde, J. A. (1994). Microbial products and cytokines in sleep and fever regulation. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 14, 355–379. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Krueger, J. M., Takahashi, S., Kapas, L., Bredow, S., Roky, R., Fang, J., Floyd, R., Renegar, K. B., Guha-Thakurta, N., Novitsky, S., & Obal, F. (1995). Cytokines in sleep regulation. Advances in Neuroimmunology, 5, 171–188. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kubera, M., Symbirtsev, A., Basta-Kaim, A., Borycz, J., Roman, A., Papp, M., & Claesson, M. (1996). Effect of chronic treatment with imipramine on interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 production by splenocytes obtained from rats subjected to chronic mild stress model of depression. Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 48, 503–506. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Laghrissi-Thode, F., Pollock, B. G., Szanto, K., & Reynolds, C. F. (1996). Depression and suicide in medically ill patients. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 9, 137–140. Article Google Scholar
Landmann, R., Schaub, B., Link, S., & Wacker, H. R. (1997). Unaltered monocyte function in patients with major depression before and after three months of antidepressive therapy. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 675–681. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Laruelle, M., Seghers, A., Goffinet, S., Bouchez, S., & Legros, J. J. (1990). Plasmatic vasopressin neurophysin in depression: Basic levels and relations with HPA axis. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 1249–1263. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lauritzen, L., Bjerg Bendsen, B., Vilmar, T., Bjerg Bendsen, E., Lunde, M., & Bech, P. (1994). Post-stroke depression: combined treatment with imipramine or desipramine and mianserin. Psychopharmacology, 114, 119–122. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Leonard, B. E. (1994). Effect of antidepressants on specific neurotransmitters: Are such effects relevant to the therapeutic actions? In J. A. den Boer & J. M. Siten (Eds.), Handbook of depression and anxiety: A biological approach (pp. 379–404). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Google Scholar
Levenson, J. L. & Fallon, H. J. (1993). Fluoxetine treatment of depression caused by interferon-alpha. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 88(5), 760–761. CAS Google Scholar
Li, Q., Levy, A. D., Cabrera, T. M, Brownfield, M. S., Battaglia, G., & Van de Kar, L. D. (1993). Long-term fluoxetine, but not desipramine, inhibits the ACTH and oxytocin responses to the 5-HT 1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, in male rats. Brain Research, 630, 148–156. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Licinio, J., Kling, M. A., & Hauser, P. (1998). Cytokines and brain function: relevance to interferon-alpha-induced mood and cognitive changes. Seminars in Oncology, 25(1), 30–38. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lieb, J. & Karmali, R. (1983). Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 in depression. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes in Medicine, 10, 361–368. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lim, L., Ron, M. A., Ormerod, I. E., David, J., Miller, D. H., Logsdail, S. J., Walport, M. J., & Harding, A. E. (1988). Psychiatric and neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 66, 27–38. CAS Google Scholar
Linkowski, P., Mendlewicz, 1, Leclercq, R., Brasseur, M., Hubain, P., Goldstein, J., Copinschi, G., & van Cauter, E. (1985). The 24-hr profile of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in major depressive illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 429–438. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Linnoila, M., Whorton, R., Rubinow, D. R., Cowdry, R. W., Ninan, P. T., & Waters, R. N. (1983). CSF prostaglandin levels in depressed and schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 405–406. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, G, Holsboer, F., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1995a). Intraperitoneal administration of bacterial endotoxin enhances noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat preoptic area: relationship with body temperature and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity. European Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 2418–2430. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, C, Muller-Preuss, P., Holsboer, F., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1995b). Effect of bacterial endotoxin and interleukin-1 beta on hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission, behavioral activity, and free corticosterone levels: an in vivo microdialysis study. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 2920–2934. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lycke, E., Norrby, R., & Roos, B. E. (1974). A serological study on mentally ill patients with particular reference to prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 273. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lyketsos, C. G., Steele, C, Baker, L., Galik, E., Kopunek, S., Steinberg, M., & Warren, A. (1997). Major and minor depression in Alzheimer’s disease: prevalence and impact. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9(4), 556–561. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Lynch, E. A., Dinarello, C. A., & Cannon, J. G. (1994). Gender differences in IL-lα, IL-lβ, and IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion from mononuclear cells and urinary excretion. Journal of Immunology, 153, 300–306. CAS Google Scholar
Maes, M. (1995). Evidence for an immune response in major depression: A review and hypothesis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 19, 11–38. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., DeJonckheere, C, Vandervorst, C, Schotte, G, Cosyns, P., Raus, J., & Suy, E. (1991). Abnormal pituitary function during melancholia: Reduced alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone secretion and increased intact ACTH non-suppression. Journal of Affective Diseases, 22, 149–157. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Maes, M., Lambrechts, J., Bosmans, E., Jacobs, J., Suy, E., Vandervorst, G, De Jockheere, G, Minner, B., & Raus, J. (1992a). Evidence for systemic immune activation during depression: results of leukocyte enumeration by flow cytometry in conjunction with monoclonal antibody staining. Psychological Medicine, 22, 45–53. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Van Grootel, L., Uyttenbroeck, W., Cooreman, W., Cosyns, P., & Suy, E. (1992b). Higher alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and lower retinol binding protein plasma levels during depression: further evidence for the existence of an inflammatory response during that illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 183–192. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Meltzer, H. Y., Scharpe, S., & Suy, E. (1993). Interleukin-lβ—A Putative Mediator of HPA Axis Hyperactivity in Major Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1189–1193. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Meltzer, H. Y., Okayli, G., D’Hondt, P., & Cosyns, P. (1994). Increased neopterin and interferon gamma secretion and lower L-tryptophan levels in major depression: further evidence for immune activation in severe depression. Psychiatry Research, 54, 143–160. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y, Bosmans, E., Bergmans, R., Vandoolaeghe, E., Ranjan, R., & Desnyder, R. (1995a). Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2, and transferrin receptor in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 301–309. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Neels, H., Wauters, A., Van Gastel, A., & Cosyns, P. (1995b). Total serum protein and serum protein fractions in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 61–69. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Smith, R., & Scharpe, S. (1995c). The monocyte T-lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 111–116. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Bosmans, E., De Jongh, R., Kenis, G., Vandoolaeghe, E., & Neels, H. (1997a). Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine, 9, 853–858. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maes, M., Vandoolaeghe, E., Van Hunsel, F., Bril, T., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., & Neels, H. (1997b). Immune disturbances in treatment-resistant depression: modulation by antidepressive treatment. Human Psychopharmacology, 12, 153–162. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Magner, M. B. (1991). Psychiatric morbidity in outpatients with systemic lupus erythematosus. South African Medical Journal, 80, 291–293. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Maier, S. F. & Watkins, L. R. (1998). Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bi-directional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychological Review, 105, 83–107. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maj, M. (1996). Depressive syndromes and symptoms in subjects with human immunodefficiency virus (HIV) infection. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 117–122. Article Google Scholar
Marshal, P. S. (1993). Allergy and depression: A neurochemical threshold model of the relation between the illnesses. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 23–43. Article Google Scholar
Mathew, R. J. & Weinman, M. L. (1982). Sexual dysfunctions in depression. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 323–328. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McDonald, E. M., Mann, A. H., & Thomas, H. G(1987). Interferons as mediators of psychiatric morbidity: An investigation in a trial of recombinant α-interferon in hepatitis-B carriers. Lancet, 2, 1175–1179. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McGeer, P. L. & McGeer, E. G. (1995). The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Research Reviews, 21, 195–218. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Meijer, A., Zakay-Rones, Z., & Morag, A. (1988). Post-influenzal psychiatric disorder in adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 176–181. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mendez, M. F., Martin, R. J., Smyth, K. A., & Whitehouse, P. J. (1990). Psychiatric symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2(1), 28–33. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Meyers, G A. & Valentine, A. D. (1995). Neurologic and psychiatric adverse effects of immunological therapy. CNS Drugs, 3, 56–68. Article Google Scholar
Meyers, G A., Valentine, A. D., Wong, F. G L., & Leeds, N. E. (1994). Reversible neurotoxicity of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor: Correlation of SPECT with neurophysiological testing. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 6, 285–288. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Meyerson, B. J. & Lindstrom, L. H. (1973). Sexual motivation in the female rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 389, 1–80. CAS Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1964). Some psychophysiological studies of motivation and of the behavioral effects of illness. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 17, 1–20. Google Scholar
Miller, A. H., Asnis, G. M., Van Praag, H. M., & Norin, A. J. (1986). Influence of desmethylimipramine on natural killer cell activity. Psychiatry Research, 19, 9–15. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Minden, S. L. & Schiffer, R. B. (1990). Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis: Review and recommendations for clinical research. Archives of Neurology, 47, 98–104. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Minden, S. L., Orav, J., & Reich, P. (1987). Depression in multiple sclerosis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 9, 426–434. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mohr, D. C., Goodkin, D. E., Likosky, W., Gatto, N., Baumann, K. A., & Rudick, R. A. (1997). Treatment of depression improves adherence to interferon β-Ib therapy for multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 54(5), 531–533. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Montgomery, S. A. (1994). Antidepressants in long-term treatment. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 447–457. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morag, M., Yirmiya, R., Lerer, B., & Morag, A. (in press). Influence of socioeconomic status on behavioral, emotional, and cognitive effects of rubella vaccination: A prospective, double blind sudy. Psychoneu-roendocrinology. Google Scholar
Mrak, R. E., Sheng, J. G., & Griffin, S. T. (1995). Glial cytokines in Alzheimer’s disease: review and pathogenic implications. Human Pathology, 26(8), 816–823. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Muller, N., Hofschuster, E., Ackenheil, M., Mempel, W., & Eckstein, R. (1993). Investigations of the cellular immunity during depression and the free interval: evidence for an immune activation in affective psychosis. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 17, 713–730. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., Olivier, D. C., Monson, R. R., Sobol, A. M., Federman, E. B., & Leighton, A. H. (1991). Depression and anxiety in relation to social status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 223–229. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Newman, M. E., Shapira, B., & Lerer, B. (1992). Regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor function in rat hippocampus by short-and long-term administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine agonist and antidepressants. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 260, 16–20. CAS Google Scholar
Niiranen, A., Laaksonen, R., Iivanainen, M., Mattson, K., Fakkila, M., & Cantell, K. (1988). Behavioral assessment of patients treated with alpha-interferon. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 622–626. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Oitzl, M. S., van Oers, H., Schobitz, B., & de Kloet, E. R. (1993). Interleukin-lβ, but not interleukin-6, impairs spatial navigation learning. Brain Research, 613, 160–163. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Okanoue, T., Sakamoto, S., Itoh, Y., Minami, M., Yasui, K., Sakamoto, M., Nishioji, K., Katagishi, T., Nakagawa, Y, Tada, H., Sawa, Y, Mizuno, M., Kagawa, K., & Kashima, K. (1996). Side effects of high-dose interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology 25, 283–291. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Owens, M. J. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1993). The role of CRF in the pathophysiology of affective disorders: laboratory and clinical studies. In W. W. Vale (Ed.), Ciba Foundation Symposium on Corticotropin Releasing Factor, 172 (pp. 193–316). New York: John Wiley. Google Scholar
Parker, J., Smarr, K., Anderson, S., Hewett, J., Walker, S., Bridges, A., & Caldwell, W. (1992). Relationship of changes in helplessness and depression to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology, 19, 1901–1905. CAS Google Scholar
Parry, B. L. (1995). Mood disorders linked to the reproductive cycle in women. In F. E. Bloom & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth Generation of Progress (pp. 1029–1042). New York: Raven Press. Google Scholar
Pavol, M. A., Meyers, C. A., Rexer, J. L., Valentine, A. D., Mattis, P. J., & Talpaz, M. (1995). Pattern of neurobehavioral deficits associated with interferon a therapy for leukemia. Neurology, 45, 947–950. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pincus,, Griffith, J., Pearce, S., & Isenberg, D. (1996). Prevalence of self-reported depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology, 35, 879–883. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Plata-Salaman, C. R. (1996). Anorexia during acute and chronic disease. Nutrition, 12, 69–78. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Plata-Salaman, C. R. (1998). Cytokines and anorexia: a brief overview. Seminars in Oncology, 25(1), 64–72. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pollak, Y, Avitsur, R., Canaan, R., & Yirmiya, R. (1998). Central al adrenergic receptors are involved in mediating IL-1 induced sickness behavior. NeuroImmunoModulation, 5, 38. Google Scholar
Rabkin, J. G., Wagner, G., & Rabkin, R. (1994). Effects of setraline on mood and immune status in patients with major depression and HIV illness: an open trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 433–439. CAS Google Scholar
Ranchor, A. V., Bouma, J., & Sanderman, R. (1996). Vulnerability and social class: Differential patterns of personality and social support over the social classes. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 229–237. Article Google Scholar
Renault, P. E, Hoofnagle, J. H., Park, Y, Mullen, K. D., Peters, M., Jones, D. B., Rustgi, V, & Jones, E. A. (1989). Psychiatric complications of long-term interferon alpha therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 1577–1580. Article Google Scholar
Reul, J. M. H. M., Stec, I., Soder, M., & Holsboer, F. (1993). Chronic treatment of rats with antidepressant amitriptyline attenuates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Endocrinology, 133, 312–320. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rivier, C. & Rivest, S. (1993). Mechanisms mediating the effects of cytokines on neuroendocrine functions in the rat. In D. J. Chadwick, J. Marsh, & K. Ackrill (Eds.), Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (pp. 204–225). New York: John Weily & Sons. Google Scholar
Robinson, R. G. (1997). Neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. Annual Review of Medicine, 48, 217–229. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rodin, G. & Voshart, K. (1986). Depression in the medically ill: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 696–705. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Romanovsky, A. A., Kulchitsky, V. A., Akulich, N. V., Koulchitsky, S. V., Simons, C. T., Sessler, D. I., & Gourine, V. N. (1996). First and second phases of biphasic fever: two sequential stages of the sickness syndrome. American Journal of Physiology, 271, R244–R253. CAS Google Scholar
Rothwell, N. J., Luheshi, G., & Toulmond, S. (1996). Cytokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: Physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 69, 85–95. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Hellman, L., Fukushima, D. K., & Gallaghaer, T. F. (1970). Cortisol production in depressive illness: a clinical and biochemical clarification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 289–298. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., Allen, I, Swartz, E., Lee, I. M. L., Eisen, K., Farquhar, R., Hashimoto, S. A., Hooge, I, Kastrukoff, L. F., Morrison, W., Nelson, J., Ogar, J., & Paty, D. W. (1996). Depression and multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 46, 628–632. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sakic, B., Denburg, J. A., Denburg, S. D., & Szechtman, H. (1996). Blunted sensitivity to sucrose in autoimmune MRL-lpr mice: A curve shift study. Brain Research Bulletin, 41, 305–311. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schiffer, R. B. & Babigian, H. M. (1984). Behavioral disorders in multiple sclerosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An epidemiological study. Archives of Neurolology, 41, 1067–1069. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Schiffer, R. B. & Wineman, N. M. (1990). Antidepressant pharmacotherapy of depression associated with multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1493–1497. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Schneebaom, A. B., Singleton, J. D., & West, S. G. (1991). Association of psychiatric manifestations with antibodies to ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Medicine, 90, 54–62. Article Google Scholar
Schobitz, B., De Kloet, E. R., & Holsboer, F. (1994). Gene expression and function of interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor in the brain. Progress in Neurobiology, 44, 391–432. Article Google Scholar
Schrott, L. M. & Crnic, L. S. (1996). Anxiety behavior, exploratory behavior, and activity in NZB X NZW Fl hybrid mice: role of genotype and autoimmune disease progression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 10, 260–274. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schubert, D. S. P. & Foliart, R. H. (1993). Increased depression in multiple sclerosis patients: A meta analysis. Psychosomatics, 34, 124–130. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. A., Speed, N. M., Brunberg, J. A., Brewe, T. L., Brown, M., & Greden, J. F. (1993). Depression in stroke rehabilitation. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 694–699. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Scott, T. F., Nussbaum, P., McConnell, H., & Brill, P. (1995). Measurement of treatment response to sertraline in depressed multiple sclerosis patients using the Carroll scale. Neurological Research, 17, 421–422. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Segall, M. A. & Crnic, L. S (1990). An animal model for the behavioral effects of interferon. Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 612–618. Article Google Scholar
Seidel, A., Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A., & Kirchner, H. (1995). Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 41, 534–538. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seidel, A., Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A., & Kirchner, H. (1996). Major depressive disorder is associated with elevated monocyte counts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 198–204. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seilhean, D., Kobayashi, K., He, Y., Uchihara, T., Rosenblum, O., Katlama, C, Bricaire, F., Duyckaerts, C, & Hauw, J. J. (1997). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, microglia, and astrocytes in AIDS dementia complex. Acta Neuropathologica, 93, 508–517. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J., Laciak, M., Mackiewicz, A., Sobieska, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1995). Interleukin-6 serum levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with fluoxetine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 762, 474–476. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J., Bosmans, E., Sobieska, M., Berghmans, R., Maes, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1996). Indicators of immune activation in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 64, 161–167. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, B. K. & Kluger, M. J. (1993). Anti-TNF-alpha Antibodies Normalized Body Temperature and Enhanced Food Intake in Tumor-Bearing Rats. American Journal of Physiology, 265, R615–R619. CAS Google Scholar
Smith, A. P., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Al-Nakib, W., Coyle, K. B., Donovan, C. B., Higgins, P. G., & Willman, J. S. (1987). Effects of experimentally induced respiratory virus infections and illness on psychomotor performance. Neurosychobiology, 18, 144–148. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Smith, A. P., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Al-Nakib, W., Coyle, K. B., Donovan, C. B., Higgins, P. G., & Willman, J. S. (1988). The effects of experimentally induced respiratory virus infections on performance. Psychological Medicine, 18, 65–71. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, A. P., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Barrow, G. I. (1992). Mood and experimentally induced respiratory virus infections and illness. Psychology and Health, 6, 205–212. Article Google Scholar
Smith, A. P., Thomas, M., Brockman, P., Kent, J., & Nicholson, K. G. (1993). Effect of Influenza B Virus Infection on Human Performance. British Medical Journal, 306, 760–761. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sommer, N., Loschmann, P. A., Northoff, G. H., Weiler, M., Steinbrecher, A., Steinbach, J. P., Lichtenfels, R., Meyermann, R., Riethmuller, A., Fontana, A., Dichgans, J., & Martin, R. (1995). The antidepressant rolipram suppresses cytokine production and prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nature Medicine, 1, 244–248. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Song, C. & Leonard, B. E. (1994). An acute phase protein response in the olfactory bulbectomized rat: Effect of sertraline treatment. Medical Science Research, 22, 313–314. CAS Google Scholar
Song, C, Dinan, T., & Leonard, B. E. (1994). Changes in immunoglobulin, complement and acute phase protein levels in depressed patients, and normal controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 283–288. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sonti, G., Ilyin, S. E., & Plata-Salaman, C. R. (1996). Anorexia induced by cytokine interactions at pathophysiological concentrations. American Journal of Physiology, 270, R1394–R1402. CAS Google Scholar
Spadaro, F. & Dunn, A. J. (1990). Intracerebroventricular administration of interleukin-1 to mice alters investigation of stimuli in a novel environment. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 4, 308–322. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Spriggs, D. R., Sherman, M. L., Michie, H., Arthur, K. A., Imamura, K., Wilmore, D, Frei, E., & Kufe, D. W. (1988). Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor administration as a 24-hr intravenous infusion. A phase I and pharmacologic study. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 80, 1039–1044. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Suzuki, T., Funada, M., Sugano, Y., Misawa, M., Okutomi, T., Soma, G. I., & Mizuno, D. (1994). Effects of a lipopolysaccharide from pantoea agglomerans on the cocaine-induced place preference. Life Sciences, 54, PL75–PL80. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Swiergiel, A. H., Smagin, G. N., & Dunn, A. J. (1996). Influenza virus infection of mice induces anorexia: Comparison with endotoxin and interleukin-1 and the effects of indomethacin. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 57, 389–396. Article Google Scholar
Swiergiel, A. H., Smagin, G. N., Johnson, L. J., & Dunn, A. J. (1997). The role of cytokines in the behavioral responses to endotoxin and influenza virus infection in mice: effects of acute and chronic administration of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (IL-lra). Brain Research, 77, 696–104. Google Scholar
Takahashi, S., Kapas, L., Fang, J., Seyer, J. M., Wang, Y., & Krueger, J. M. (1996). An interleukin-1 receptor fragment inhibits spontaneous sleep and muramyl dipeptide-induced sleep in rabbits. American Journal of Physiology, 271, R101–R108. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Tilders, F. J. H., Derijk, R. H., Van Dam, A. M., Vincent, V. A. M., Schotanus, K., & Persoons, J. H. A. (1994). Activation of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Bacterial Endotoxins—Routes and Intermediates. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 209–232. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Traskman, L., Tybring, G., Asberg, M., Bertilsson, L., & Schalling, D. (1980). Cortisol in the CSF of depressed and suicidal patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 761–767. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tueth, M. J. (1995). How to manage depression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatrics, 50(1), 43–46, 49. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Turnbull, A. V. & Rivier, C. (1995). Regulation of the HPA axis by cytokines. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 9, 253–275. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Uehara, A., Sekiya, C, Takasugi, Y, Namiki, M., & Arimura, A. (1989). Anorexia induced by interleukin 1: involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor. American Journal of Phsyiology, 257, R613–R617. CAS Google Scholar
Valentine, A. D., Meyers, C. A., Kling, M. A., Richelson, E., & Hauser, P. (1998). Mood and cognitive side effects in interferon-alpha therapy. Seminars in Oncology, 25(1), 39–47. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Van der Meer, M. J. M., Fred Sweep, C. G. J., Pesman, G. J., Borm, G. F, & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (1995). Synergism between IL-lβ and TNF-α on the activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis and on food intake in rats. American Journal of Physiology, 268, E551–E557. Google Scholar
Walker, L. G., Wesnes, K. P., Heys, S. D., Walker, M. B., Lolley, J., & Eremin, O. (1996). The cognitive effects of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) therapy: a controlled clinical trial using computerised assessments. European journal of Cancer, 13, 2275–2283. Article Google Scholar
Walker, L. G., Walker, M. B., Heys, S. D., Lolley, J., Wesnes, K. P., & Eremin, O. (1997). The psychological and psychiatric effects of rIL-2 therapy: a controlled clinical trial. Psychooncology, 6(4), 290–301. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Warren, E. J., Finck, B. N., Arkins, S., Kelley, K. W., Scamurra, R. W., Murtaugh, M. P., & Johnson, R. W. (1997). Coincidental changes in behavior and plasma cortisol in unrestrained pigs after intracerebroventricular injection of tumor necrosis factor-α. Endocrinology, 138, 2365–2371. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995a). Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review and analysis of alternative mechanisms. Life Sciences, 57, 1011–1026. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995b). Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses, and pathological pain states. Pain, 63, 289–302. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weidenfeld, J. & Yirmiya, R. (1996). Effect of bacterial endotoxin on the glucocorticoid feedback regulation of adrenocortical response to stress, Neuroimmunomodulation, 3, 352–357. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weizman, R., Laor, N., Podliszewski, E., Notti, I., Djaldetti, M., & Bessler, H. (1994). Cytokine Production in Major Depressed Patients Before and After Clomipramine Treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 42–41. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Whitlock, F. A. & Siskind, M. M. (1980). Depression as a major symptom of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 43, 861–865. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Willner, P. (1994). Animal models of depression. In J. A. den Boer & J. M. Sitsen (Eds.), Handbook of depression and anxiety (pp. 291–316). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Google Scholar
Willner, P. (1997). Validity, reliability, and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: A 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology, 134, 319–329. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Wohlman, A., Gallily, R., Yirmiya, R., & Weidenfeld, J. (1997). Characterization of the effect of Mycoplasma fermentans on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Neuroendocrinology, 66, 221–228. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wong, M. L., Bongiorno, P. B., Rettori, V., McCann, S. M., & Licinio, J. (1997). Interleukin (IL) Iβ, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10, and IL-13 gene expression in the central nervous system and anterior pituitary during systemic inflammation: Pathophysiological implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 227–232. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Xia, Z., DePierre, J. W., & Nassberger, L. (1996). Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit IL-6, IL-lβ, and TNF-α release in human blood monocytes and IL-2 and interferon-γ in T-cells. Immunobiology, 34, 27–37. CAS Google Scholar
Xiao, L. & Eneroth, P. (1996). Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit human natural killer cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 137, 157–162. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yamada, T. & Yamanaka, I. (1995). Microglial localization of alpha interferon receptor in human brain tissues. Neuroscience Letters, 189, 73–76. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yehuda, R. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1994). Neuropeptide alterations in affective and anxiety disorders. In J. A. den Boer & J. M. Sitsen (Eds.), Handbook of depression and anxiaty (pp. 543–571). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Google Scholar
Yirmiya R. (1996). Endotoxin produces a depressive-like syndrome in rats. Brain Research, 711, 163–174. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yirmiya, R. (1997). Behavioral and psychological effects of immune activation: Implications for “depression due to a general medical condition”. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10, 470–476. Article Google Scholar
Yirmiya, R., Rosen, H., Donchin, O., & Ovadia, H. (1994). Behavioral effects of lipopolysaccharide in rats: Involvement of endogenous opioids. Brain Research, 648, 80–86. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yirmiya, R., Avitsur, R., Donchin, O., & Cohen, E. (1995). Interleukin-1 inhibits sexual behavior in female but not in male rats. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 9, 220–33. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yirmiya, R., Barak, O., Avitsur, R., Gallily, R., & Weidenfeld, J. (1997). Intracerebral administration of Mycoplsma fermentans produces sickness behavior: role of prostaglandins. Brain Research, 749, 71–81. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zacharko, R. M., Zalcman, S., Macneil, G., Andrews, M., Mendella, P. D., & Anisman, H. (1997). Differential effects of immunologic challenge on self-stimulation from the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 58, 881–886. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhu, J., Bengtsson, B. O., Mix, E., Thorell, L. H., Olsson, T., & Link, H. (1994). Effect of monoamine reup-take inhibiting antidepressants on major histocompatibility complex expression on macrophages in normal rats and rats with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). lmmunopharmacology, 27(3), 225–244. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Zorzenon, M., Colle, R., Vecchio, D., Bertoli, M., Giavedoni, A., Degrassi, A., Lavaroni, S., & Aguglia, E. (1996). Major depression, viral reactivation, and immune system. European Psychiatry, 11, 332. Article Google Scholar
Zubareva, O. E., Abdurasulova, I. N., Bluthe, R. M., Dantzer, R., & Klimenko, V. M. (1998). Effects of serotonin synthesis blockade on IL-1 beta actions in the brain of rats. NeuroImmunoModulation, 5, 56. Google Scholar