Carbohydrate Fermentation, Energy Transduction and Gas Metabolism in the Human Large Intestine (original) (raw)

• Allison C, Macfarlane GT (1988) Effect of nitrate on methane production by slurries of human faecal bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 134: 1397–1405.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Allison C, Macfarlane GT (1989a) Influence of pH, nutrient availability, and growth rate on amine production by Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 2894–2898.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Allison C, Macfarlane GT (1989b) Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by Propionibacterium acnes. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 2899–2903.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Andreesen JR, Scaupp A, Neurater C, Brown A, Ljungdahl LG (1973) Fermentation of glucose fructose, and xylose by Clostridium thermoaceticum: effects of metals on growth yield, enzymes, and the synthesis of acetate from CO2. J Bacteriol 114: 743–751.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Andreesen JR, Bahl H, Gottschalk G (1989) Introduction to the physiology and biochemistry of the genus Clostridium. In: Minton NP, Clarke DJ, eds. Clostridia, Biotechnology Handbooks 3, pp. 27–62. New York: Plenum Press.
  Google Scholar
• Archer DB, Harris JE (1986) Methanogenic bacteria and methane production in various habitats. In: Barnes EM, Mead GC, eds. Anaerobic Bacteria in Habitats Other Than Man, pp. 185–223. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
  Google Scholar
• Bader J, Simon H (1983) ATP formation is coupled to the hydrogenation of 2-enoates in Clostridium sporogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 20: 171–175.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Balch WE, Fox GE, Magrum LJ, Woese CL, Wolfe RS (1979) Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol Rev 43: 260–296.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barker HA (1981) Amino acid degradation by anaerobic bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 50: 23–40.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Beeken W, Northwood I, Beliveau C, Gump D (1987) Phagocytes in cell suspensions of human colonic mucosa. Gut 28: 976–980.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bell GR, LeGall J, Peck HD (1974) Evidence for the periplasmic location of hydrogenase in Desulfovibrio gigas. J Bacteriol 120: 994–997.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bezkorovainy A (1989) Nutrition and metabolism of bifidobacteria. In: Bezkorovainy A, Miller-Catchpole R, eds. Biochemistry and Physiology of Bifidobacteria. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press
  Google Scholar
• Biesterveld S, Zehnder AJB, Stams AJM (1994) Regulation of product formation in Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 by interspecies electron transfer. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 1347–1352.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Blaut M, Muller V, Gottschalk G (1990) Energetics of methanogens. In: Krulwich TA, ed. Bacterial Energetics, pp. 505–537. London: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Bond JH, Engel RR, Levitt MD (1971) Factors influencing pulmonary methane excretion in man. An indirect method of studying the in situ metabolism of the methane-producing colonic bacteria. J Exp Med 133: 572–588.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Booth IR (1988) Bacterial transport: energetics and mechanisms. In: Anthony C, ed. Bacterial Energy Transduction, pp. 377–429. London: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Booth IR, Mitchell WJ (1987) Sugar transport and metabolism in clostridia. In: Reizer J, Peterkofsky A, eds. Sugar Transport and Metabolism in Gram-Positive Bacteria, pp. 165–185. Chichester: EllisHorwood.
  Google Scholar
• Breznak JA, Switzer JM (1986) Acetate synthesis from H2 and CO2 by termite gut microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 623–630.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bronder M, Mell H, Stupperich E, Kroger A (1982) Biosynthetic pathways of Vibrio succinogenes with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor and sole carbon source. Arch Microbiol 131: 216–223.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Caspari D, Macy JM (1983) The role of carbon dioxide in glucose metabolism of Bacteroides fragilis. Arch Microbiol 135: 16–24.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chassey BM, Thompson J (1983) Regulation of lactase-phosphoenol-pyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system and ß-D-phosphogalactoside and galactohydrolase activities in Lactobacillus casei. J Bacteriol 154: 1195–1203.
  Google Scholar
• Christi SU, Murgatroyd PR, Gibson GR, Cummings JH (1992) Quantitative measurement of hydrogen and methane from fermentation using a whole body calorimeter. Gastroenterology 102: 1269–1277.
  Google Scholar
• Coleman GS (1960) A sulfate reducing bacterium from the sheep rumen. J Gen Microbiol 22: 423–436.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Conrad R, Phelps TJ, Zeikus JG (1985) Gas metabolism evidence in support of the juxtaposition of hydrogen-producing and methanogenic bacteria in sewage sludge and lakesediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 50: 595–601.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cord-Ruwisch R, Sietz HJ, Conrad R (1988) The capacity of hydrogenotrophic anaerobic bacteria to compete for traces of hydrogen depends on the redox potential of the terminal electron acceptor. Arch Microbiol 149: 295–299.
  Article Google Scholar
• Cummings JH (1995) Short chain fatty acids. In: Gibson GR, Macfarlane GT, eds. Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Health, pp. 101–130. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Gibson GR, Macfarlane GT (1989) Quantitative estimates of fermentation in the hindgut of man. In: Skadhauge E, Norgaard P, eds. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Comparative Aspects of the Physiology of Digestion in Ruminant and Hindgut Fermenters. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 86: 76–82.
  Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT (1991) The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. J Appl Bacteriol 70: 443–459.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CPE, Macfarlane GT (1987) Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28: 1221–1227.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cummins CS, Johnson JL (1992) The genus Propionibacterium. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schliefer KH, eds. The Prokaryotes, 2nd Ed. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, pp. 834–849. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  Google Scholar
• Cypionka H (1989) Characterization of sulfate transport in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Arch Microbiol 152: 237–243.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Degnan BA (1992) Transport and Metabolism of Carbohydrates by Anaerobic Gut Bacteria. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
  Google Scholar
• Degnan BA, Macfarlane GT (1991) Comparison of carbohydrate substrate preferences in eight species of bifidobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Letts 84: 151–156.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Degnan BA, Macfarlane GT (1993) Transport and metabolism of glucose and arabinose in Bifidobacterium breve. Arch Microbiol 160: 144–151.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Degnan BA, Macfarlane GT (1994) Effect of dilution rate and carbon availability on Bifidobacterium breve fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 40: 800–805.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Demeyer DI, DeGraeve K (1991) Differences of stoichiometry between rumen and hindgut fermentation. Adv Animal Physiol Nutr 22: 50–61.
  Google Scholar
• DeVries W, Stouthamer, AH (1968) Fermentation of glucose, lactose, galactose, mannitoland xylose by bifidobacteria. J Bacteriol 96: 472–478.
  CAS Google Scholar
• DeVries W, Gerbrandy SJ, Stouthamer, AH (1967) Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacterium bifidum. Biochim Biophys Acta 136: 415–425.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• DeVries W, Kapteijn WMC, Van der Beek EG, Stouthamer AH (1970) Molar growth yields and fermentation balances of Lactobacillus casei L3 in batch cultures and in continuous cultures. J Gen Microbiol 63: 333–345.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Diekert G (1992) The acetogenic bacteria. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH, eds. The Prokaryotes, 2nd Edn. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, pp. 517–533. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  Google Scholar
• Dills SS, Apperson A, Schmidt MR, Saier MH (1980) Carbohydrate transport in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 44: 385–418.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dore J, Rieu-Lesme F, Fonty G, Gouet P (1992) Preliminary study of non-methanogenic hydrogenotrophic microflora in the rumen of new-born lambs. Ann Zootech 41: 82.
  Article Google Scholar
• Driessen AJM, Konings WN (1990) Energetic problems of bacterial fermentations: Extrusion of metabolic products. In: Krulwich TA, ed. Bacterial Energetics, pp. 449–478. London: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Duncan AJ, Henderson C (1990) A study of the fermentation of dietary fibre by human colonic bacteria grown in vitro in semi-continuous culture. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 3: 87–93.
  Article Google Scholar
• Engelhardt W, Busche R, Gros G, Rechkemmer G (1991) Absorption of short-chain fatty acids: Mechanisms and regional differences in the large intestine. In: Cummings JH, Rombeau, JL, Sakata T, eds. Short-chain Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Clinical Importance, pp. 60–62. Columbus: Ross Laboratories Press.
  Google Scholar
• Etterlin C, McKeowen A, Bingham SA, Elia M, Macfariane GT, Cummings JH (1992). D-lactate and acetate as markers of fermentation in man. Gastroenterology 102: A551.
  Google Scholar
• Fauque G, Peck HD, Moura JJG. et al. (1988) The three classes of hydrogenases from sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio. FEMS Microbiol Rev 54: 299–344.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fauque G, LeGall J, Barton LL (1991) Sulfate-reducing and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In: Shively JM, Barton LL, eds. Variations in Autotrophic Life, pp. 271–337. New York: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Ferro-Luzzi Ames, G (1990) Energetics of periplasmic transport mechanisms. In: Krulwisch TA, ed. Bacterial Energetics, pp. 225–246. San Diego: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983) Normal indigenous intestinal flora. In: Hentges DJ, ed. Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, pp. 3–31. London: Academic Press.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Florin THJ, Neale G, Gibson GR, Christi SU, Cummings JH (1991) Metabolism of dietary sulphate: absorption and excretion in humans. Gut 32: 766–773.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Florin THJ, Neale G, Cummings JH (1990) The effect of dietary nitrate on nitrate and nitrite excretion in man. Br J Nutr 64: 387–397.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fuchs G (1986) CO2 fixation in acetogenic bacteria: variations on a theme. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39: 181–213.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Cummings JH, Macfariane GT (1988a) Competition for hydrogen between sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria from the human large intestine. J Appl Bacteriol 65: 241–247.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Cummings JH, Macfariane GT (1988b) Use of a three-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of mucin on dissimilatory sulfate reduction and methanogenesis by mixed populations of human gut bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 2750–2755.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Macfariane GT, Cummings JH (1988c) Occurrence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in human faeces and the relationship of dissimilatory sulphate reduction to methanogenesis in the large gut. J Appl Bacteriol 65: 103–111.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Cummings JH, Macfariane GT, et al. (1990) Alternative pathways for hydrogen disposal during fermentation in the human colon. Gut 31: 679–683.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Cummings JH, Macfariane GT (1991) Growth and activities of sulphatereducing bacteria in gut contents of healthy subjects and patients with ulcerative colitis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 86: 103–112.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Macfariane S, Macfariane GT (1993) Metabolic interactions involving sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 12: 117–125.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gottschalk G, Peinemann S (1992) The anaerobic way of life. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH, eds. The Prokaryotes, 2nd Ed. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, pp. 301–311. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  Google Scholar
• Greening RC, Leedle JAZ (1989) Enrichment and isolation of Acetitomaculum ruminis, gen. nov., sp. nov. acetogenic bacteria from the bovine rumen. Arch Microbiol 151: 399–405.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hamilton WA (1988) Energy transduction in anaerobic bacteria. In: Anthony C, ed. Bacterial Energy Transduction, pp. 83–149. London: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Hidaka H, Eida T, Takizawa T, Tokunaga T, Tashiro Y (1986) Effects of fructooligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifid Microflora 5: 37–50.
  Google Scholar
• Higgins CF, Hiles ID, Whalley K, Jamieson DK (1985) Nucleotide binding by membrane components of bacterial periplasmic binding protein-dependent transport systems. EMBO J 4: 1033–1040.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hilton MG, Mead GC, Elsden SR (1975) The metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic clostridia. Arch Microbiol 102: 145–149.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hino T, Kuroda S (1993) Presence of lactate dehydrogenase and lactate racemase in Megasphaera elsdenii grown on glucose or lactate. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 255–259.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hino T, Shimada K, Maruyama T (1994) Substrate preference in a strain of Megasphaera elsdenii, a ruminai bacterium, and its implications in propionate production and growth competition. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 1827–1831.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huisingh J, McNeill JJ, Matrone G (1974) Sulfate reduction by a Desulfovibrio species isolated from sheep rumen. Appl Microbiol 28: 489–497.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hungate RE (1966) The Rumen and Its Microbes, pp. 8-90. New York: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Hylemon PB, Young JL, Roadcap RF, Phibbs PV (1977) Uptake and incorporation of glucose and mannose by whole cells of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Appl Environ Microbiol 34: 488–494.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Iyengar R, Stueke DJ, Mareletta MA (1987) Macrophage synthesis of nitrite, nitrate and N-nitrosamines: precursors and role of the respiratory burst. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6369–6373.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jones CW (1988) Membrane associated energy conservation in bacteria: a general introduction. In: Anthony C, ed. Bacterial Energy Transduction, pp. 1–82. London: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Kandier O (1983) Carbohydrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Anton van Leeuwen 49: 209–224.
  Article Google Scholar
• Keith SM, Macfarlane GT, Herbert RA (1982) Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by a strain of Clostridium butyricum isolated from estuarine sediments. Arch Microbiol 132: 62–66.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kirk E (1949) The quantity and composition of human colonie flatus. Gastroenterology 12: 782–794.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kundig W (1974) Molecular interactions in the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system (PTS). J Supramol Struc 2: 695–714.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lajoie SF, Bank S, Miller TL, Wolin MJ (1988) Acetate production from hydrogen and [13C]carbon dioxide by the microflora of human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 2723–2727.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Levitt MD (1969) Production and excretion of hydrogen gas in man. N Engl J Med 281: 122–127.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Levitt MD (1971) Volume and composition of human intestinal gas determined by means of an intestinal washout technique. N Engl J Med 284: 1394–1398.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Levitt MD, Gibson GR, Christi SU (1995) Gas metabolism in the large intestine. In: Gibson GR, Macfarlane GT, eds. Human Colonie Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Health, pp. 131–154. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH (1991) The colonic flora, fermentation, and large bowel digestive function. In: Philips SF, Pemberton JH, Shorter RG, eds. The large intestine: physiology, pathophysiology and disease. New York: Raven Press, pp. 51–92.
  Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Englyst HE (1986) Starch utilization by the human large intestinal microflora. J Appl Bacteriol 60: 195–201.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR (1991) Co-utilization of polymerized carbon sources by Bacteroides ovatus grown in a two-stage continuous culture system. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 1–6.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR (1994) Metabolic activities of the normal colonie flora. In: Gibson SAW, ed. Human health: the contribution of microorganisms. London: Springer Verlag, pp. 17–52.
  Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR, Cummings JH (1992) Comparison of fermentation reactions in different regions of the human colon. J Appl Bacteriol 72: 57–64.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR, Macfarlane S (1994) Short chain fatty acid and lactate production by human intestinal bacteria grown in batch and continuous culture. In: Binder HJ, Cummings JH, Soergel KH, eds. Short Chain Fatty Acids. Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 44–60.
  Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Hay S, Macfarlane S, Gibson GR (1990) Effect of different carbohydrates on growth, polysaccharidase and glycosidase produduction by Bacteroides ovatus, in batch and continuous culture. J Appl Bacteriol 68: 179–187.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macy JM, Ljungdahl LG, Gottschalk G (1978) Pathway of succinate and propionate formation in Bacteroides fragilis. J Bacteriol 134: 84–91.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macy JM, Probst I, Gottschalk G (1975) Evidence for cytochrome involvement in fumarate reduction and adenosine 5′-triphosphate synthesis by Bacteroides fragilis grown in the presence of hemin. J Bacteriol 123: 436–442.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Magasanik B (1970) Glucose effects: inducer exclusion and repression. In: The Lactose Operon, pp. 189–319. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories.
  Google Scholar
• Martin SA, Russell JB (1986) Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of hexoses by ruminai bacteria: evidence for the phosphotransferase transport system. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 1348–1352.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Martin SA, Russell JB (1988) Mechanisms of sugar transport in the rumen bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. J Gen Microbiol 134: 819–828.
  CAS Google Scholar
• McBride BC, Wolfe RS (1971) Biochemistry of methane formation. In: Gould RF, ed. Advances in Chemistry Series 105, pp. 11–22. Washington: American Chemical Society.
  Google Scholar
• McGinnis JF, Paigen K (1969) Catabolite inhibition: a general phenomenon in the control of carbohydrate utilization. J Bacteriol 100: 902–913.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McGinnis JF, Paigen K (1973) Site of catabolite inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism. J Bacteriol 114: 885–887.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McKay FL, Eastwood MA, Brydon WG (1985) Methane excretion in man: a study of breath, flatus and feces. Gut 26: 69–74.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McNeil NI (1984) The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am J Clin Nutr 39: 338–342.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Michels PAM, Michels JPJ, Boonstra J, Konings WN (1979) Generation of an electrochemical gradient in bacteria by excretion of metabolic end products. FEMS Microbiol Lett 5: 357–364.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Miller TL, Wolin MJ (1982) Enumeration of Methanobrevibacter smithii in human feces. Arch Microbiol 131: 14–18.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mitchell P (1963) Molecule, group, and electron translocation through natural membranes. Biochem Soc Symp 22: 142–168.
  Google Scholar
• Mitchell WJ, Sadegh Roolin M, Mosely MJ, Booth IR (1987) Regulation of carbohydrate utilization in Clostridium pasteurianum. J Gen Microbiol 133: 31–36.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Mitsuoka T (1982) Recent trends in research on intestinal flora. Bifid Microflora 1: 3–24.
  Google Scholar
• Modler HW, McKellar RC, Yaguchi M (1990) Bifidobacteria and bifidogenic factors. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 23: 29–41.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Morris JG (1986) Anaerobiosis and energy-yielding metabolism. In: Barnes EM, Mead GC, eds. Anaerobic Bacteria in Habitats Other Than Man, pp. 1–21. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  Google Scholar
• Neu HC, Heppel LA (1965) The release of enzymes from Escherichia coli during theformation of spheroplasts. J Biol Chem 240: 3685–3692.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ng SKC, Hamilton IR (1973) Carbon dioxide fixation by Veillonella parvula M4 and its relation to propionic acid formation. Can J Microbiol 19: 715–723.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Parkes RJ, Gibson GR, Mueller-Harvey I, Buckingham WJ, Herbert RA (1989) Determination of the substrates for sulphate-reducing bacteria within marine and estuarine sediments with different rates of sulphate reduction. J Gen Microbiol 135: 175–187.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Patni NJ, Alexander JK (1971) Catabolism of fructose and mannitol in Clostridium thermocellurn: presence of phophoenolpyruvate: fructose phosphotransferase, fructose-1-phosphate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate: mannitol phosphotransferase, and mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase in cell extracts. J Bacteriol 105: 226–231.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Peck HD (1993) Bioenergetic strategies of the sulfate-reducing bacteria. In: Odom JM, Singleton R, eds. The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Contemporary Perspectives, pp. 41–76. New York: Springer Verlag.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Peck HD, LeGall J (1982) Biochemistry of dissimilatory sulphate reduction. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B298: 443–466.
  Google Scholar
• Peled Y, Gilat T, Libermann T, Bujanover Y (1985) The development of methane production in childhood and adolescence. J Pedriatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4: 575–579.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pettifer GL, Latham MJ (1979) Production of enzymes degrading plant cell walls and fermentation of cellobiose by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in batch and continuous culture. J Gen Microbiol 110: 29–38.
  Article Google Scholar
• Postgate JR (1984) The Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Postma P, Roseman S (1976) The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. Biochim Biophys Acta 457: 213–257.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Postma P, Lengeier LW (1985) Phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system of bacteria. Microbiol Rev 49: 232–269.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Prins RA, Lankhorst A (1977) Synthesis of acetate from CO2 in the cecum of some rodents. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1: 255–258.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rasic JL (1983) The role of dairy foods containing bifido-and acidophilus bacteria in nutrition and health? North Eur Dairy J 48: 80.
  Google Scholar
• Roediger WEW, Duncan A, Kapaniris O, Millard S (1993) Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 104: 802–809.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rogers P (1986) Genetics and biochemistry of Clostridium relevant to development of fermentation processes. Adv Appl Microbiol 3: 1–60.
  Article Google Scholar
• Rouviere PE, Wolfe RS (1988) Novel biochemistry of methanogenesis. J Biol Chem 263: 7913–7916.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Russell JB, Strobel HJ, Martin SA (1990). Strategies of nutrient transport by ruminai bacteria. J Dairy Sci 73: 2996–3012.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Russell JB, Baldwin RL (1978) Substrate preferences in rumen bacteria: evidence of catabolite regulatory mechanisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 36: 319–329.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Saier MH, Chin M (1990) Energetics of the bacterial phosphotransferase system in sugar transport and the regulation of carbon metabolism. In: Krulwich TA, ed. Bacterial Energetics, pp. 273–299. San Diego: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar
• Saier MH, Fagan MJ, Hoischen C, Reizer J (1993) Transport mechanisms. In: Sonenshein A, Hoch JA, Losick R, eds. Bacillus subtilus and Other Gram Positive Bacteria, pp. 133–156. Washington: American Society for Microbiology.
  Google Scholar
• Saier MH, Roseman S (1976) Sugar transport. Inducer exclusion and regulation of the melibiose, maltose, glycerol, and lactose transport systems by the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. J Biol Chem 251: 6606–6615.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Salyers AA (1984) Bacteroides of the human lower intestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol 38: 293–313.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Salyers AA, Arthur R, Kuritza A (1981) Digestion of larch arabinogalactan by a strain of human colonic Bacteroides growing in continuous culture. J Agric Food Chem 29: 475–480.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schlegel HG (1986) General Microbiology, 6th Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Segal I, Walker ARP, Lord S, Cummings JH (1988) Breath methane and large bowel cancer risk in contrasting African populations. Gut 29: 608–613.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Weimer PJ (1992) Response surface analysis of the effects of pH and dilution rate on Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 in cellulose-fed continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 2583–2591.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Silhavy TJ, Ferenci T, Boos W (1978) Sugar transport systems in Escherichia coli. In: Rosen BP, ed. Bacterial Transport, pp. 127–169. New York: Marcel Dekker.
  Google Scholar
• Sorensen J, Christensen D, Jorgensen BB (1981) Volatile fatty acids and hydrogen as substrates for sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 42: 5–11.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stevani J, Durand M, DeGraeve K, Demeyer D, Grivet JP (1991) Degradative abilities and metabolism of rumen and hindgut microbial ecosystems. In: Sakata T, Snipes RL, eds. Hindgut ′91, pp. 123–135. Tokyo: Senshu University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Stille W, Truper HG (1984) Adenylylsulfate reductase in some new sulfate-reducing bacteria. Arch Microbiol 41: 1230–1237.
  Google Scholar
• Strobel HJ (1992) Vitamin B12-dependent propionate production by the ruminai bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 2331–2333.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Strobel HJ (1993) Evidence for catabolite inhibition in regulation of pentose utilization and transport in the ruminai bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 40–46.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Strocchi A, Levitt MD (1992) Factors affecting hydrogen production and consumption by human fecal flora: The critical role of hydrogen tension and methanogenesis. J Clin Invest 89: 1304–1311.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Taylor CD, Wolfe RS (1974) Structure and methylation of Coenzyme M, (HSCH2CH2SO3). J Biol Chem 240: 4879–4885.
  Google Scholar
• Thauer R, Jungermann K, Decker K (1977) Energy conservation in anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41: 100–180.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thurston B, Dawson KA, Strobel HJ (1993) Cellobiose versus glucose utilization by the ruminai bacterium Ruminococcus albus. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 261–2637.
  Google Scholar
• Thurston B, Dawson KA, Strobel HJ (1994) Pentose utilization by the ruminai bacterium Ruminococcus albus. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 1087–1092.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsai HH, Sunderland D, Gibson GR, Hart CA, Rhodes JM (1992) A novel mucin sulphatase from human faeces: its identification, purification and characterization. Clin Sci 82: 447–454.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Turton LJ, Drucker DB, Ganguli LA (1983) Effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral and acidic fermentation end-products of Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium sporogenes and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Med Microbiol 16: 61–67.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Veryrat A, Monedero V, Perez-Martinez G (1994) Glucose transport by the phosphoenolpyruvate: mannose phosphotransferase system in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and its role in carbon catabolite repression. J Gen Microbiol 140: 1141–1149.
  Google Scholar
• Wallnofer P, Baldwin RL (1967) Pathway of propionate formation in Bacteroides ruminicola. J Bacteriol 93: 504–505.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Weiseger RA, Pinkus LM, Jakoby WB (1980) Thiol-S-methyltransferase: suggested role in detoxification of intestinal hydrogen sulphide. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 2885–2887.
  Article Google Scholar
• West IC (1970) Lactose transport coupled to proton movements in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 41: 655–661.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• West IC, Mitchell P (1973) Stoichiometry of lactose-proton symport across the plasmamembrane of Escherichia coli. Biochem J 132: 587–592.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Whitman WB, Bowen TL, Boone DR (1992) The methanogenic bacteria. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH, eds. The Prokaryotes, 2nd Ed. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, pp. 719–767. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  Google Scholar
• Widdel F, Hansen TA (1992) The dissimilatory sulfate-and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH, eds. The Prokaryotes, 2nd Ed. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, pp. 582–624. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  Google Scholar
• Williams AG, Withers SE (1985) Formation of polysaccharide depolymerase and glycoside hydrolase enzymes by Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola grown in batch and continuous culture. Curr Microbiol 12: 79–84.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wilson DM, Wilson TH (1987) Cation specificity for sugar substrates of melibiose carriers in Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta 904: 191–200.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wisker E, Feldheim W (1994) Energy value of fermentation. In: Binder HJ, Cummings JH, Soergel KH, eds. Short Chain Fatty Acids, pp. 20–28. Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  Google Scholar
• Wood HG, Ragsdale SW, Pezacka E (1986) The acetyl-CoA pathway: a newly discovered pathway of autotrophic growth. Trends Biochem Sci 11: 14–18.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Woods WA (1961) Fermentation of carbohydrates and related compounds. In: Gunsalus IC, Stanier RY, eds. The Bacteria: A Treatise on Structure and Function, pp. 59–100. New York: Academic Press.
  Google Scholar