Wise use of statistical tools in ecological field studies (original) (raw)

• Applegate R.D. (1999): Diversity and natural history observation in ecology.Oikos 87: 587–588.
  Article Google Scholar
• Austin M.P. (1981): Permanent quadrats: an interface for theory and practice.Vegetatio 46–47: 1–10.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bakker J.P., Olff H., Willems J.H. &Zobel M. (1996): Why do we need permanent plots in the study of long-term vegetation dynamics?J. Veg. Sci. 7: 147–156.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bergeron Y. &Dansereau P.-R. (1993): Predicting the composition of Canadian southern boreal forest in different fire cycles.J. Veg. Sci. 4: 827–832.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bonet A. &Pausas J.G. (2004): Species richness and cover along a 60-year chronosequence in old-fields of southeastern Spain.Pl. Ecol. 174: 257–270.
  Article Google Scholar
• Crawley M.J. (2002):Statistical computing: an introduction to data analysis using S-Plus. Wiley, Chichester.
  Google Scholar
• Dahl E. (1957): Rondane: Mountain vegetation in South Norway and its relation to the environment.Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo, Mat.-Naturvidensk. Kl. 1956: 3: 1–374.
  Google Scholar
• Dixon P.M., Ellison A.M. &Gotelli N.J. (2005): Improving the precision of estimates of the frequency of rare events.Ecology 86: 1114–1123.
  Article Google Scholar
• Dungan J.L., Perry J.N., Dale M.R.T., Legendre P., Citron-Pousty S., Fortin M.-J., Jakomulska A., Miriti M. &Rosenberg M.S. (2002): A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis.Ecography 25: 626–640.
  Article Google Scholar
• Dutilleul P. (1993): Modifying the_t_-test for assessing the correlation between two spatial processes.Biometrics 49: 305–314.
  Article Google Scholar
• Eilertsen O. (1991): Vegetation patterns and structuring processes in coastal shell-beds at Akerøya, Hvaler, SE Norway.Sommerfeltia 12: 1–90.
  Google Scholar
• Foster B.L. &Tilman D. (2000): Dynamic and static views of succession: testing the descriptive power of the chronosequence approach.Pl. Ecol. 146: 1–10.
  Article Google Scholar
• Fransson S. (1972): Myrvegetation i sydvästra Värmland (Mire vegetation in SW Värmland).Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 57: 1–133.
  Google Scholar
• Gjærevoll O. (1956): The plant communities of the Scandinavian alpine snow-beds.Kongel. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. (Trondheim) 1956: 1: 1–405.
  Google Scholar
• Halvorsen R. (1980): Numerical analysis and successional relationships of shell-bed vegetation at Akeroya, Hvaler, SE Norway.Norweg. J. Bot. 27: 71–95.
  Google Scholar
• Harper K.A., Bergeron Y., Drapeau P., Gauthier S. &de Grandpré L. (2005): Structural development following fire in black spruce boreal forest.Forest Ecol. Managem. 206: 293–306.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hastie T., Tibshirani R. &Friedman J. (2001):The elements of statistical learning. Springer, New York.
  Google Scholar
• Heegaard E. (2002): A model of alpine species distribution in relation to snowmelt time and altitude.J. Veg. Sci. 13: 493–504.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hurlbert S.H. (1984): Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments.Ecol. Monogr. 54: 187–211.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hurlbert S.H. (2004): On misinterpretation of pseudoreplication and related matters: a reply to Oksanen.Oikos 104: 591–597.
  Article Google Scholar
• Jonsson B.G. &Moen J. (1998): Patterns in species associations in plant communities: the importance of scale.J. Veg. Sci. 9: 327–332.
  Article Google Scholar
• Kent M. &Balllard J. (1988): Trends and problems in the application of classification and ordination methods in plant ecology.Vegetatio 78: 109–124.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lájer K. (2007): Statistical tests as inappropriate tools for data analysis performed on non-random samples of plant communities.Folia Geobot. 42: 115–122.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lawesson J.E. &Oksanen J. (2002): Niche characteristics of Danish woody species as derived from coenoclines.J. Veg. Sci. 13: 279–290.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lawton J.H. (1996): Patterns in ecology.Oikos 75: 145–147.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lawton J.H. (1999): Are there general laws in ecology?Oikos 84: 177–192.
  Article Google Scholar
• Legendre P. (1993): Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm?Ecology 74: 1659–1673.
  Article Google Scholar
• Legendre P., Dale M.R.T., Fortin M.-J., Gurevitch J., Hohn M. &Myers D. (2002): The consequences of spatial structure for the design and analysis of ecological field surveys.Ecography 25: 601–615.
  Article Google Scholar
• Legendre P. &Legendre L. (1998):Numerical ecology, Ed. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  Google Scholar
• Lehmann E.L. (1993): The Fisher, Neyman-Pearson theories of testing hypotheses: one theory or two?J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 88: 1242–1249.
  Article Google Scholar
• Malmer N. (1962): Studies on mire vegetation in the Archaean area of Southwestern Götaland (South Sweden). I. Vegetation and habitat conditions on the Åkhult mire.Opera Bot. 7: 1: 1–322.
  Google Scholar
• Mathiassen G. & Økland R.H. (2007): Relative importance of host tree species and environmental gradients for epiphytic species composition, exemplified by_Pyrenomycetes_ s.lat. (Ascomycota) on_Salix_ in Central North Scandinavia.Ecography 30: in press.
• McCullagh P. &Nelder J.A. (1989):Generalized linear models, Ed. 2. Chapman & Hall, London.
  Google Scholar
• McCulloch C.E. &Searle S.R. (2002):Generalized, linear, and mixed models. Wiley, New York.
  Google Scholar
• Minchin P.R. (1987): An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination.Vegetatio 69: 89–107.
  Article Google Scholar
• Murray B.G.J. (2000): Universal laws and predictive theory in ecology and evolution.Oikos 89: 403–408.
  Article Google Scholar
• Murray B.G.J. (2001): Are ecological and evolutionary theories scientific?Biol. Rev. 76: 255–289.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nekola J.C. &White P.S. (1999): The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology.J. Biogeogr. 26: 867–878.
  Article Google Scholar
• Nordhagen R. (1943): Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter.Bergens Mus. Skr. 22: 1–607.
  Google Scholar
• Noss R.F. (1996): The naturalists are dying off.Conservation Biol. 10: 1–3.
  Article Google Scholar
• Ohlson M., Økland R.H., Nordbakken J.-F. &Dahlberg B. (2001): Fatal interactions between Scots pine and Sphagnum mosses in bog ecosystems.Oikos 94: 425–432.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1986): Rescaling of ecological gradients. II. The effect of scale on symmetry of species response curves.Nord. J. Bot. 6: 661–670.
  Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1989): A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, SE Norway. I. Introduction, flora, vegetation and ecological conditions.Sommerfeltia 8: 1–172.
  Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1990a): Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia.Sommerfeltia Suppl. 1: 1–233.
  Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1990b): A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, Rødenes, SE Norway. II. Identification of gradients by detrended (canonical) correspondence analysis.Nord. J. Bot. 10: 79–108.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1996): Are ordination and constrained ordination alternative or complementary strategies in general ecological studies?J. Veg. Sci. 7: 289–292.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. (1999): On the variation explained by ordination and constrained ordination axes.J. Veg. Sci. 10: 131–136.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland R.H. &Eilertsen O. (1993): Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal coniferous forests in the Solhomfjell area, Gjerstad, S Norway.Sommerfeltia 16: 1–254.
  Google Scholar
• Økland R.H., Økland T. &Rydgren K. (2001): Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal spruce swamp forests in Østmarka Nature Reserve, SE Norway.Sommerfeltia 29: 1–190.
  Google Scholar
• Økland R.H., Rydgren K. &Økland T. (1999): Single-tree influence on understorey vegetation in a Norwegian boreal spruce forest.Oikos 87: 488–498.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland R.H., Rydgren K. &Økland T. (2003): Plant species composition of boreal spruce swamp forests: closed doors and windows of opportunity.Ecology 84: 1909–1919.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland T. (1988): An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE Norway.Nord. J. Bot. 8: 375–407.
  Article Google Scholar
• Økland T. (1996): Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal spruce forest in ten monitoring reference areas in Norway.Sommerfeltia 22: 1–349.
  Google Scholar
• Økland T., Rydgren K., Økland R.H., Storaunet K.O. &Rolstad J. (2003): Variation in environmental conditions, understorey species richness, abundance and composition among natural and managed_Picea abies_ forest stands.Forest Ecol. Managem. 177: 17–37.
  Article Google Scholar
• Oksanen L. (2001): Logic of experiments in ecology: is pseudoreplication a pseudoissue?Oikos 94: 27–38.
  Article Google Scholar
• Oksanen L. (2004): The devil lies in details: reply to Hurlbert.Oikos 104: 598–605.
  Article Google Scholar
• Palmer M.W. (1988): Fractal geometry: a tool for describing spatial patterns of plant communities.Vegetatio 75: 91–102.
  Article Google Scholar
• Peters R.H. (1991):A critique for ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  Google Scholar
• Pinheiro J.C. &Bates D.M. (2000):Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York.
  Google Scholar
• Popper K.R. (1989):Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. Routledge, London.
  Google Scholar
• Pukkala T., Kuuluvainen T. &Stenberg P. (1993): Below-canopy distribution of photosynthetically active radiation and its relation to seedling growth in a boreal_Pinus sylvestris_ stand. A simulation approach.Scand. J. Forest Res. 8: 313–325.
  Google Scholar
• Rossi R.E., Mulla D.J., Journel A.G. &Franz E.H. (1992): Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence.Ecol. Monogr. 62: 277–314.
  Article Google Scholar
• Rydgren K., Økland R.H. &Økland T. (2003): Species response curves along environmental gradients. A case study from SE Norwegian swamp forests.J. Veg. Sci. 14: 869–880.
  Article Google Scholar
• Sjörs H. (1948): Myrvegetation i Bergslagen (Mire vegetation in Bergslagen).Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 21: 1–299.
  Google Scholar
• Skrindo A. &Økland R.H. (1998): Fertilization effects and vegetation-environment relationships in a boreal pine forest in Åmli, S Norway.Sommerfeltia 25: 1–90.
  Google Scholar
• Söderqvist T. (1986):The ecologists: from merry naturalists to saviours of the nation: a sociologically informed narrative survey of the ecologization of Sweden 1895–1975. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
  Google Scholar
• Sokal R.R. &Rohlf F.J. (1995):Biometry, Ed. 3. Freeman, New York.
  Google Scholar
• Stewart-Oaten A. (1995): Rules and judgments in statistics: three examples.Ecology 76: 2001–2009.
  Article Google Scholar
• ter Braak C.J.F. &Looman C.W.N. (1986): Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model.Vegetatio 65: 3–11.
  Article Google Scholar
• Trass H. &Malmer N. (1978): North European approaches to classification. In:Whittaker R.H. (ed.),Classification of plant communities, Junk, The Hague, pp. 201–245.
  Google Scholar
• Tuomikoski R. (1942): Untersuchungen über die Untervegetation der Bruchmoore in Ostfinnland I. Zur Methodik der pflanzensoziologischen Systematik.Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 17: 1–203.
  Google Scholar
• Venables W.N. &Ripley B.D. (2002):Modern applied statistics with S. Springer, New York.
  Google Scholar
• Weber T.P. (1999): A plea for a diversity of scientific styles in ecology.Oikos 84: 526–529.
  Article Google Scholar
• Whittaker R.H. (1962): Classification of natural communities.Bot. Rev. 28: 1–239.
  Article Google Scholar
• Whittaker R.H. (1967): Gradient analysis of vegetation.Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 42: 207–264.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wiens J.A. (1989): Spatial scaling in ecology.Funct. Ecol. 3: 385–397.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wilson J.B. (2003): The deductive method in community ecology.Oikos 101: 216–218.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wood S.N. (2006):Generalized additive models. Chapman & Hall, London.
  Google Scholar
• Yee T. W. (2006): Constrained additive ordination.Ecology 87: 203–213.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar