Everett NB, Caffrey RW, Rieke WO: Recirculation of lymphocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1964;113:887. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Matsuyama M, Wiadrowski MN, Metcalf D: Autoradiographic analysis of lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte migration in mice bearing multiple thymus grafts. J Exp Med 1966; 123:559. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bryant BJ: Renewal and fate in the mammalian thymus: Mechanisms and inferences of thymocytokinetics. Eur J Immunol 1972;2:38. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shortman K, Jackson H: The differentiation of T lymphocytes. I. Proliferation kinetics and interrelationships of subpopulations of mouse thymus cells. Cell Immunol 1974; 12:230. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scollay RG, Butcher EC, Weissman IL: Thymus cell migration. Quantitative aspects of cellular traffic from the thymus to the periphery in mice. Eur J Immunol 1980;10:210. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scollay R, Shortman K: Cell traffic in the adult thymus: Cell entry and exit, cell birth and death; in Watson JD, Marbrook J (eds): Recognition and Regulation in Cell Mediated Immunity. New York, Dekker, 1985, p. 3. Google Scholar
Egerton, M, Scollay R, Shortman K: Kinetics of mature T-cell development in the thymus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:2579. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Huesmann M, Scott B, Kisielow P, von Boehmer H: Kinetics and efficacy of positive selection in the thymus of normal and T cell receptor transgenic mice. Cell 1991;66:533. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hogquist KA, Jameson SC, Heath WR, Howard JL, Bevan MJ, Carbone FR: T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection. Cell 1994;76:17. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ashton-Rickardt PG, Bandeira A, Delaney JR, Kaer LV, Pircher HP, Zinkernagel RM, Tonegawa S: Evidence for a differential avidity model of T cell selection in the thymus. Cell 1994;76:651. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Groettrup M, Ungewiss K, Azogui O, Palacios R, Owen MJ, Hayday AC, von Boehmer H: A novel disulfide-linked heterodimer on pre-T cells consists of the T cell receptor β chain and a 33 kD glycoprotein. Cell 1993;75:283. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mombaerts P, Clarke AR, Rudnicki MA, Iacomini J, Itohara S, Lafaille JJ, Wang L, Ichikawa Y, Jaenisch R, Hooper ML, Tonegawa S: Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes α and β block thymocyte development at different stages. Nature 1992;360:225. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Osmond DG, Nossal GJV: Differentiation of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow: II. Kinetics of maturation and renewal of antiglobulin-binding cells studied by double labeling. Cell Immunol 1974;13:132. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lassila O: Emigration of B cells from chicken bursa of Fabricius. Eur J Immunol 1989;19:955. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pabst R, Reynolds JD: Evidence of extensive lymphocyte death in sheep Peyer’s patches. II. The number and fate of newly-formed lymphocytes that emigrate from Peyer’s patches. J Immunol 1986;136:2011. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Opstelten D, Osmond DG: Pre-B cells in mouse bone marrow: Immunofluorescence stathmokinetic studies of the proliferation of cytoplasmice μ-chain-bearing cells in normal mice. J Immunol 1983;131:2635. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Deenen GJ, Van Balen I, Opstelten D: In rat B lymphocyte genesis sixty percent is lost from the bone marrow at the transition of nondividing pre-B cell to sIgM+ B lymphocyte, the stage of Ig light chain gene expression. Eur J Immunol 1990;20: 557. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gu H, Tarlinton D, Müller W, Rajewsky K, Förster I: Most peripheral B cells in mice are ligand selected. J Exp Med 1991;173:1357. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kitamura D, Roes J, Kühn R, Rajewsky K: A B cell-deficient mouse by targeted disruption of the membrane exon of the immunoglobulin μ chain gene. Nature 1991;350:423. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Melchers F, Karasuyama H, Haasner D, Bauer S, Kudo A, Sakaguchi N, Jameson B, Rolink A: The surrogate light chain in B-cell development. Immunol Today 1993;14:60. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lawton AR, Cooper MD: Modification of B lymphocyte differentiation by anti-immunoglobulins. Contemp Top Immunobiol 1974;3:193. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nemazee DA, Bürki K: Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes. Nature 1989;337: 562. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hartley SB, Crosbie J, Brink R, Kantor AA, Basten A, Goodnow CC: Elimination from peripheral lymphoid tissues of self-reactive B lymphocytes recognizing membrane-bound antigens. Nature 1991; 353:765. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fulcher DA, Basten A: Reduced life-span of anergic self-reactive B cells in a double-transgenic model. J Exp Med 1994;179:125. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tough DF, Sprent J: Turnover of naive- and memory-phenotype T cells. J Exp Med 1994;179:1127. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kelly KA, Scollay R: Analysis of recent thymic emigrants with subset- and maturity-related markers. Int Immunol 1990;2:419. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hosseinzadeh H, Goldschneider I: Recent thymic emigrants in the rat express a unique antigenic phenotype and undergo post-thymic maturation in peripheral lymphoid tissues J Immunol 1993;150:1670. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yang C, Bell EB: Functional maturation of recent thymic emigrants in the periphery: Development of alloreactivity correlates with the cyclic expression of CD45RC isoforms. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:2261. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miller JFAP, Mitchell GF: Thymus and antigen-reactive cells. Transplant Rev 1969;1:3. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sprent J, Schaefer M, Hurd M, Surh CD, Ron Y: Mature murine B and T cells transferred to scid mice can survive indefinitely and many maintain a virgin phenotype. J Exp Med 1991;174:717. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Freitas AA, Rocha BB: Lymphocyte lifespans: Homeostasis, selection and competition. Immunol Today 1993;14:25. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rocha B, Freitas AA, Coutinho AA: Population dynamics of T lymphocytes. Renewal rate and expansion in the peripheral organs. J Immunol 1983;131:2158. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sprent J: Lifespans of naive, memory and effector lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 1993;5:433. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Norman A, Sasaki MS, Ottoman RE, Fingerhut AG: Lymphocyte lifetime in women. Science 1965; 147:745. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Buckton KE, Court Brown WM, Smith PG: Lymphocyte survival in men treated with x-rays for ankylosing spondylitis. Nature 1967;214: 470. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Michie CA, McLean A, Alcock C, Beverley PCL: Lifespan of human lymphocyte subsets defined by CD45 isoforms. Nature 1992;360: 264. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
von Boehmer H, Hafen K: The life span of naive α/β T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. J Exp Med 1993;177:891. Article Google Scholar
Unutmaz D, Pileri P, Abrignani S: Antigen-independent activation of naive and memory resting T cells by a cytokine combination. J Exp Med 1994;180:1159. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yang H, Dundon PL, Nahill SR, Welsh RM: Virus-induced polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation. J Immunol 1989;142:1710. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Motyka B, Reynolds JD: Apoptosis is associated with the extensive B cell death in the sheep ileal peyer’s patch and the chicken bursa of Fabricius: A possible role in B cell selection. Eur J Immunol 1991;21: 1951. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chan EYT, MacLennan ICM: Only a small proportion of splenic B cells in adults are short-lived virgin cells. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:357. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
MacLennan I, Chan E: The dynamic relationship between B-cell populations in adults. Immunol Today 1993;14:29. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pietrangeli CE, Osmond DG: Regulation of B-lymphocyte production in the bone marrow: Medication of the effects of exogeneous stimulants by adoptively transferred spleen cells. Cell Immunol 1987;107:348. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Freitas AA, Rocha B, Forni L, Coutinho A: Population dynamics of B lymphocytes and their precursors: Demonstration of high turnover in the central and peripheral lymphoid organs. J Immunol 1982;128:54. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Freitas AA, Coutinho A: Very rapid decay of mature B lymphocytes in the spleen. J Exp Med 1981;154: 994. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Anderson J, Coutinho A, Melchers F: Frequencies of mitogen reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice. J Exp Med 1977;145:1511. Article Google Scholar
Sprent J, Basten A: Circulating T and B lymphocytes of the mouse. II. Lifespan. Cell Immunol 1973;7:40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Förster I, Rajewsky K: The bulk of the peripheral B-cell pool in mice is stable and not rapidly renewed from the bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:4781. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Allman DM, Ferguson SE, Lentz VM, Cancro MP: Peripheral B cell maturation. II. Heat-stable antigenhi splenic B cells are an immature development intermediate in the production of long-lived marrow derived B cells. J Immunol 1993;151: 4431. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ying-zi C, Rabin E, Wortis HH: Treatment of murine CD5− B cells with anti-Ig, but not LPS, induces surface CD5: Two B-cell activation pathways. Int Immunol 1991;3:467. Article Google Scholar
Deenen GJ, Kroese FGM: Kinetics of B cell subpopulations in peripheral lymphoid tissues: evidence for the presence of phenotypically distinct short-lived and long-lived B cell subsets. Int Immunol 1993;5:735. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Webb S, Morris C, Sprent J: Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: Clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity. Cell 1990;63:1249. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kawabe Y, Ochi A: Programmed cell death and extrathymic reduction of Vβ8+ CD4+ T cells in mice tolerant to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Nature 1991;349: 245. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, Zinkernagel RM: Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 1993;362:758. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rocha B, von Boehmer H: Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire. Science 1991;251:1225. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sprent J: Fate of H-2-activated T lymphocytes in syngeneic hosts. I. Fate in lymphoid tissues and intestines traced with3H-thymidine,125I-deoxyuridine and51chromium. Cell Immunol 1976;21:278. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liu Y-J, Zhang J, Lane PJL, Chan EY-T, Maclennan ICM: Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-indepencent antigens. Eur J Immunol 1991;21: 2591. Article Google Scholar
Liu Y-J, Joshua DE, Williams GT, Smith CA, Gordon J, MacLennan ICM: Mechanisms of antigen-drive selection in germinal centers. Nature 1989;342:929. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ho F, Lortan JE, MacLennan ICM, Kkan M: Distinct short-lived and long-lived antibody-producing cell populations. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16:1297. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gray D, Skarvall H: B-cell memory is short lived in the absence of antigen. Nature 1988;336:70. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gray D, Skarvall H: B-cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. J Exp Med 1974;174:969. Article Google Scholar
Lau LL, Jamieson BD, Somasundaram T, Ahmed R: Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen. Nature 1994;369:648. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hou S, Hyland L, Ryan KW, Portner A, Doherty PC: Virus-specific CD8+ T-cell memory determined by clonal burst size. Nature 1994;369: 652. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beverley PCL: Is T-cell memory maintained by crossreactive stimulation? Immunol Today 1990;11: 203. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mackay CR, Marston WL, Dudler L: Naive and memory T cells show distinct pathways of lymphocyte recirculation. J Exp Med 1990;171: 801. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stout RD, Suttles J: T cells bearing the CD44hi ‘memory’ phenotype display characteristics of activated cells in G1 stage of cell cycle. Cell Immunol 1992;141:433. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schittek B, Rajewski K: Maintenance of B-cell memory by long-lived cells generated from proliferating precursons. Nature 1990;346: 749. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bell EB, Sparshott SM: Interconversion of CD45R subsets of CD4 T cells in vivo. Nature 1990;348:163. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar