The Molecular Mechanism of the Insulin-mimetic/sensitizing Activity of the Antidiabetic Sulfonylurea Drug Amaryl (original) (raw)

• Lebovitz HE. (1990) Oral hypoglycemic agents. In: Rifkin H, Porte D. (eds.) Ellenberg and Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Theory and Practise. Elsevier, New York, pp. 554–574.
  Google Scholar
• Ashcroft SJH, Ashcroft FM. (1992) The sulfonylurea receptor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1175: 45–59.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Philipson LH. (1995) ATP-sensitive K+ channels: paradigm lost, paradigm regained. Science 270: 1159.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J. (1999) Molecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Endocr. Rev. 20: 101–135.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tabuchi H, Yamamoto H, Matsumoto K, et al. (2000) Regulation of insulin secretion by overexpression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in insulinoma MIN6 cells. Endocrinology 141: 2350–2360.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Easom RA. (1999) CaM kinase II: a protein kinase with extraordinary talents germane to insulin exocytosis. Diabetes 48: 675–684.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Popoli M. (1993) Synaptotagmin is endogenously phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II in synaptic vesicles. FEBS Lett. 317: 85–88.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K, Ebihara K, Yamamoto H, et al. (1999) Cloning from insulinoma cells of synapsin I associated with insulin secretory granules. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 2053–2059.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mshlig M, Wolter S, Mayer P, et al. (1997) Insulinoma cells contain an isoform of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ associated with insulin secretion vesicles. Endocrinology 138: 2577–2584.
  Article Google Scholar
• Skeer JM, Degano P, Coles B, Potier M, Ashcroft FM, Ashcroft SJH. (1994) Determination of the molecular mass of the native beta-cell sulfonylurea receptor. FEBS Lett. 338: 98–102.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bryan J, Aguilar-Bryan L. (1999) Sulfonylurea receptors: ABC transporters that regulate ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1461: 285–303.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Clement IV JP, Kunjilwar K, Gonzalez G, et al. (1997) Association and stoichiometry of KATP channel subunits. Neuron 18: 827–838.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bryan LA, Nichols CG, Wechsler SW, et al. (1995) Cloning of the β cell high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor: a regulator of insulin secretion. Science 268: 423–426.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Inagaki N, Gonoi T, Clement JP, et al. (1996) Reconstitution of IKATP: an inward rectifier subunit plus the sulfonylurea receptor. Science 270: 1167–1170.
  Google Scholar
• Ueda K, Komine J, Matsuo M, Seino S, Amachi T. (1999) Cooperative binding of ATP and MgADP in the sulfonylurea receptor is modulated by glibenclamide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 1268–1272.
  Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Babenko AP, Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J. (1998) A view of SUR/KIR6.X, KATP channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 667–687.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ashfield R, Gribble FM, Ashcroft SJ, Ashcroft FM. (1999) Identification of the high-affinity tolbutamide site on the SUR1 subunit of the K(ATP) channel. Diabetes 48: 1341–1347.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Babenko AP, Gonzalez G, Bryan J. (1999) The tolbutamide site of SUR1 and a mechanism for its functional coupling to KATP channel closure. FEBS Lett. 459: 367–376.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Bryan L, Clement JP, Gonzalez G, Kunjilwar K, Babenko A, Bryan J. (1998) Toward understanding the assembly and structure of KATP channels. Physiol. Rev. 78: 227–245.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Uhde I, Toman A, Gross I, Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M. (1999) Identification of the potassium channel opener site on sulfonylurea receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 28079–28082.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thomas PM, Cote GJ, Wohlik N, et al. (1995) Mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor gene in familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Science 268: 426–429.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thomas P, Ye Y, Lightner E. (1996) Mutations of the pancreatic islet inward rectifier also lead to familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Hum. Mol. Gen. 5: 1809–1812.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kane C, Shepherd RM, Squires PE, et al. (1996) Loss of functional KATP channels in pancreatic β cells causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Nature Med. 2: 1344–1347.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gribble FM, Tucker SJ, Ashcroft FM. (1997) The essential role of the Walker A motifs of SUR1 in K-ATP channel activation by MgADP and diazoxide. EMBO J. 16: 1145–1152.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Nichols CG, Shyng S-L, Nestorowicz A. (1996) Adenosine diphosphate as an intracellular regulator of insulin secretion. Science 272: 1785–1787.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shyng S-L, Ferrigni T, Sheppard JB. (1998) Functional analysis of novel mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor 1 associated with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Diabetes 47: 1145–1151.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Hartz D, Pünter J, Ökonomopulos R, Kramer W. (1994) Differential interaction of glimepiride and glibenclamide with the _β_-cell sulfonylurea receptor: I. Binding characteristics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1191: 267–277.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kramer W, Müller G, Girbig F, et al. (1995) The molecular interaction of sulfonylureas with _β_-cell ATP-sensitive K+-channels. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28(Suppl.): S67–S80.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer W, Müller G, Girbig F, et al. (1994) Differential interaction of glimepiride and glibenclamide with the _β_-cell sulfonylurea receptor: II. Photoaffinity labeling of a 65-kDa protein with [3H]glimepiride. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1191: 278–290.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer W, Geisen K, Müller G. (1996) Characterization of the molecular mode of action of the sulfonylurea, glimepiride, at pancreatic _β_-cells. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 464–468.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer W, Ökonomopulos R, Pünter J, Summ H-D. (1988) Direct photoaffinity labeling of the putative sulfonylurea receptor in rat _β_-cell tumor membranes by [3H]glibenclamide FEBS Lett. 229: 355–359.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ashcroft FM. (1996) Mechanisms of the glycaemic effects of sulfonylureas. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 456–463.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ashcroft FM, Gribble FM. (1999) ATP-sensitive K+ channels and insulin secretion: their role in health and disease. Diabetologia 42: 903–919.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Draeger E. (1995) Clinical profile of glimepiride. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28: S139–S146.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Langtry HD, Balfour JA. (1998) Glimepiride—a review of its pharmacological and clinical efficacy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 55: 563–584.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsumura K. (1995) Clinical evaluation of glimepiride (HOE490) in NIDDM, including a double blind comparative study versus gliclazide. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28: S147–S149.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dills DG, Schneider J, Glimepiride/Glyburide Research Group. (1996) Clinical evaluation of glimepiride versus glyburide in NIDDM in a double-blind comparative study. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 426–429.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Draeger KE, Wernicke-Panten K, Lomp HJ. (1996) Long-term treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with a new oral anti-diabetic agent glimepiride (Amaryl): a double-blind comparison with glibenclamide. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 419–425.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Satoh Y, Geisen K. (1995) Extrapancreatic effects of sulfonylureas — a comparison between glimepiride and conventional sulfonylureas. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28(Suppl.): S115–S137.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Müller G, Geisen K. (1996) Characterization of the molecular mode of action of the sulfonylurea, glimepiride, at adipocytes. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 469–487.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Geisen K. (1988) Special pharmacology of the new sulfonylurea glimepiride. Drug. Res. 38: 1120–1130.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S, Wetekam E-M, Crecelius A, Unkelbach A, Pünter J. (1994) Stimulation of glucose utilization in 3T3 adipocytes and rat diaphragm in vitro by the sulfonylureas, glimepiride and glibenclamide, is correlated with modulations of the cAMP regulatory cascade. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48: 985–996.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Davidson MB, Molnar G, Furman A, Yamaguchi D. (1991) Glyburide-stimulated glucose transport in cultured muscle cells via protein kinase C-mediated pathway requiring new protein synthesis. Diabetes 40: 1531–1538.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rogers BJ, Standaert ML, Pollet RJ. (1987) Direct effects of sulfonylurea agents on glucose transport BC3H-1 myocyte. Diabetes 36: 1292–1296.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bak JF, Schmitz O, Sorensen NS, Pedersen O. (1989) Post-receptor effects of sulfonylurea on skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes 38: 1343–1350.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jacobs DB, Jung CY. (1985) Sulfonylurea potentiates insulin-induced recruitment of glucose transport carrier in rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2593–2596.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Altan N, ALtan VM, Mikolay L, Larner J, Schwartz CFW. (1985) Insulin-like and insulin-enhancing effects of the sulfonylurea glyburide on rat adipose glycogen synthase. Diabetes 34: 281–286.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jacobs DB, Jung CY. (1985) Sulfonylurea potentiates insulin-induced recruitment of glucose transport carrier in rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2593–2596.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Martz A, Jo I, Jung CY. (1988) Sulfonylurea binding to adipocyte membrane and potentiation of insulin stimulated hexose transport. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 13672–13678.
  Google Scholar
• Maloff BL, Lockwood DH. (1981) In vitro effects of a sulfonylurea on insulin action in adipocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 68: 85–90.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S. (1993) The sulfonylurea drug, glimepiride, stimulates glucose transport, glucose transporter translocation, and dephosphorylation in insulin-resistant rat adipocytes in vitro. Diabetes 42: 1852–1867.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Pessin JE, Thurmond DC, Elmendorf JS, Coker KJ, Okada S. (1999) Molecular basis of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 2593–2596.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Holman GD, Kasuga M. (1997) From receptor to transporter: insulin signalling to glucose transport. Diabetologia 40: 991–1003.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Czech MP, Corvera S. (1999) Signaling mechanisms that regulate glucose transport. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 1865–1868.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bähr M, v. Holtey M, Müller G, Eckel J. (1995) Direct stimulation of myocardial glucose transport and glucose transporter (Glut1) and Glut4 protein expression by the sulfonylurea glimepiride. Endocrinology 136: 2547–2553.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Eckel J. (1996) Direct effects of glimepiride on protein expression of cardiac glucose transporters. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 508–511
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gustafson TA, Moodie SA, Lavan BE. (1999) The insulin receptor and metabolic signaling. In: Blaustein, Greger, Grunicke, et al (eds.) Reviews in Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol. 137. Springer, Berlin, pp. 71–192.
  Google Scholar
• White MF. (1997) The insulin signalling system and the IRS proteins. Diabetologia 40: S2–S17.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• White MF. (1998) The IRS-signalling system: a network of docking proteins that mediate insulin action. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 182: 3–11.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Coffer PJ, Jin J, Woodgett JR. (1998) Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidyl 3-kinase activation. Biochem. J. 335: 1–13.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Cohen P, Alessi DR, Cross DAE. (1997) PDK1, one of the missing links in insulin signal transduction? FEBS Lett. 410: 3–10.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• White MF. (1998) The IRS-signalling system: a network of docking proteins that mediate insulin action. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 182: 3–11.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shepherd PR, Withers DJ, Siddle K. (1998) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase: the key switch mechanism in insulin signalling. Biochem. J. 333: 471–490.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Nystrom FH, Quon MJ. (1999) Insulin signalling: Metabolic pathways and mechanisms for specificity. Cell. Signal. 11: 563–574.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Araki E, Lipes MA, Patti ME, et al. (1994) Alternative pathway of insulin signaling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372: 186–190.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tamemoto H, Kadowaki T, Tobe K, et al. (1994) Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature 372: 182–186.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Withers DJ, Gutierrez JS, Towery H, et al. (1998) Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 391: 900–904.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lavan BE, Fantin VR, Chang ET, Lane WS, Keller SR, Lienhard GE. (1997) A novel 160-kDa phosphotyrosine protein in insulin-treated embryonic kidney cells is a new member of the insulin receptor substrate family. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 21403–21407.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu SCH, Wang Q, Lienhard GE, Keller SR. (1999) Insulin receptor substrate 3 is not essential for growth or glucose homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 18093–18099.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Takada Y, Takata Y, Iwanishi M, et al. (1996) Effect of glimepiride (HOE490) on insulin receptors of skeletal muscles from genetically diabetic KK-Ay mouse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 308: 205–210.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nosjean O, Briolay A, Roux B. (1997) Mammalian GPI proteins: sorting, membrane residence and functions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1331: 153–186.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wetekam E-A, Jung C, Bandlow W. (1994) Membrane association of lipoprotein lipase and a cAMP-binding ectoprotein in rat adipocytes. Biochemistry 33: 12149–12159.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Müller G, Dearey E-A, Pünter J. (1993) The sulfonylurea drug, glimepiride, stimulates release of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositolanchored plasma membrane proteins from 3T3 adipocytes. Biochem. J. 289: 509–521.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Saltiel AR, Fox JA, Sherline P, Cuatrecasas P. (1986) Insulin stimulates the generation from hepatic plasma membranes of modulators derived from an inositol glycolipid. Science 233: 967–972.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Romero GL, Luttrell L, Rogol A, Zeller K, Hewlett E, Larner J. (1988) Phosphatidylinositol-glycan anchors of membrane proteins: potential precursors of insulin mediators. Science 240: 509–511.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Dearey E-A, Korndörfer A, Bandlow W. (1994) Stimulation of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase by insulin and the sulfonylurea, glimepiride, in rat adipocytes depends on increased glucose transport. J. Cell Biol. 126: 1267–1276.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Movahedi S, Hooper N. (1997) Insulin stimulates the release of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane dipeptidase from 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the action of a phospholipase C. Biochem. J. 326: 531–537.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Anderson RGW. (1998) The caveolae membrane system. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 199–225.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lisanti MP, Scherer PE, Tang ZL, Sargiacomo M. (1994) Caveolae, caveolin and caveolin-rich membrane domains: A signaling hypothesis. Trends Cell Biol. 4: 231–235.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rothberg KG, Henser JE, Donzell WC, Ying Y-S, Glenney JR, Anderson RGW. (1992) Caveolin, a protein component of caveolae membrane coats. Cell 68: 673–682.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Parton RG. (1996) Caveolae and caveolins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8: 542–548.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kurzchalia TV, Dupree P, Monier S. (1994) VIP-21 Caveolin, a protein of the trans-Golgi network and caveolae. FEBS Lett. 346: 88–91.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Das K, Lewis RY, Scherer PE, Lisanti MP. (1999) The membrane-spanning domains of caveolins-1 and -2 mediate the formation of caveolin hetero-oligomers. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 18721–18728.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sargiacomo M, Scherer PE, Tang Z, Kübler E, Song KS, Sanders MC. (1995) Oligomeric structure of caveolin: Implications for caveolae membrane organizations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 9407–9411.
  Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Brown DA, London E. (1997) Breakthroughs and views. Structure of detergent-resistant membrane domains: does phase separation occur in biological membranes? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240: 1–7.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Okamoto T, Schlegel A, Scherer PE, Lisanti MP. (1998) Caveolins, a family of scaffolding proteins for organizing “preassembled signaling complexes” at the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5419–5422.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schlegel A, Volonte D, Engelmann JA. (1999) Crowded little caves: structure and function of caveolae. Cell. Signal. 10: 457–463.
  Article Google Scholar
• Müller G, Frick W. (1999) Signalling via caveolin: Involvement in the cross-talk between phosphoinositolglycans and insulin. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 56: 945–970.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Li S, Couet J, Lisanti MP. (1996) Src tyrosine kinases, Galpha subunits, and H-Ras share a common membrane-anchored scaffolding protein, caveolin. Caveolin binding negatively regulates the auto-activation of Src tyrosine kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 29182–29190.
  Article Google Scholar
• Couet J, Sargiacomo M, Lisanti MP. (1997) Interaction of a receptor tyrosine kinase, EGF-R, with caveolins. Caveolin binding negatively regulates tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30429–30438.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Couet J, Li S, Okamoto T, Ikezu T, Lisanti MP. (1997) Identification of peptide and protein ligands for the caveolin-scaffolding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 6525–6533.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pulido N, Casla A, Suarez A, Casanova B, Arrieta FJ, Rovira A. (1996) Sulphonylurea stimulates glucose uptake in rats through an ATP-sensitive K+ channel dependent mechanism. Diabetologia 39: 22–27.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shi H, Moustaid-Moussa N, Wilkison WO, Zemel MB. (1999) Role of the sulfonylurea receptor in regulating human adipocyte metabolism. FASEB J. 13: 1833–1838.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rajan A, Luo Z-T, Kahn BB, Comstock JP, Cushman SW, Boyd III AE. (1994) Do adipocytes contain high affinity sulfonylurea receptors? Endocrinology 134: 1581–1588.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Draznin B, Sussman KE, Eckel RH, Kao M, Yost T, Sherman NA. (1988) Possible role of cytosolic free calcium concentrations in mediating insulin resistance of obesity and hyperin-sulinemia. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1848–1852.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Draznin B, Kao M, Sussman KE. (1987) Insulin and glyburide increase cytosolic free-Ca2+ concentration in isolated rat adipocytes. Diabetes 36: 174–177.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kiefer LL, Woychik RP, et al. (1997) Agouti regulation of intracellular clacium. Role of melanocortin receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 272: E379–E384.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Kim LL, Woychik RP, et al. (1995) Agouti regulation of intracellular calcium: role in the insulin resistance of viable yellow mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 4733–4737.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Gribble FM, Tucker SJ, Seino S, Ashcroft FM. (1998) Tissue specificity of sulphonylureas: studies on cloned cardiac and _β_-cell KATP channels. Diabetes 47: 1412–1418.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Smits P, Thien T. (1995) Cardiovascular effects of sulphonylurea derivatives. Implications for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetologia 38: 116–122.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leibowitz G, Cerasi E. (1996) Sulphonylurea treatment of NIDDM patients with cardiovascular disease: a mixed blessing? Diabetologia 39: 503–515.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• UKPDS. (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with Type II diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352: 837–853.
  Article Google Scholar
• Isomoto S, Kondo C, Yamada M. (1996) A novel sulphonylurea receptor forms with BIR (KIR6.2) a smooth muscle type of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 24321–24325.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ämmälä C, Moorhouse A, Gribble FM. (1996) Promiscuous coupling between the sulphonylurea receptor and inwardly-rectifying potassium channels. Nature 379: 545–548.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Geisen K, Hitzel V, Ökonomopulos R, Pünter J, Weyer R, Summ H-D. (1985) Inhibition of [3H]glibenclamide binding to sulfonylurea receptors by oral antidiabetics. Drug Res. 35: 707–712.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Dunn-Meynell A, Rawson N, Levin B. (1998) Distribution and phenotype of neurons containing the ATP-sensitive K+ channel in rat brain. Brain Res. 814: 41–54.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Spanswick D, Smith M, Groppi V, Logam S, Ashford ML. (1997) Leptin inhibits hypothalamic neurons by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Nature 390: 521–525.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harvey J, McKenna F, Herson PS, Spanswick D, Ashford ML. (1997) Leptin activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the rat insulin-secreting cell line, CRI-G1. J. Physiol. 504: 527–535.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Considine RV, Caro JF. (1997) Leptin and the regulation of body weight. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29: 1255–1272.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tartaglia LA. (1997) The leptin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 6093–6096.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404: 661–671.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harvey J, Ashford ML. (1998) Diazoxide- and leptin-activated K(ATP) currents exhibit differential sensitivity to englitazone and ciclazindol in the rat CRI-G1 insulin-secreting cell line. Brit. Pharmacol. 124: 1557–1565.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Harvey J, Ashford ML. (1998) Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in leptin activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the rat insulinoma cell line CRI-G1. J. Physiol. 510: 47–61.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Harvey J, Ashford ML. (1998) Insulin occludes leptin activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in rat CRI-G1 insulin secreting cells. J. Physiol. 511: 695–706.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Mastick CC, Brady MJ, Saltiel AR. (1995) Insulin stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin. J. Cell Biol. 129: 1523–1531.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Saad MJA, Velloso LA, Carvalho CRO. (1995) Angiotensin II induces tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in rat heart. Biochem. J. 310: 741–744.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Kowalski-Chauvel A, Pradayrol L, Vaysse N, Seva C. (1996) Gastrin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and its association with Grb2 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 26356–26361.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Argetsinger LS, Hsu GW, Myers MG, Billestrup N, White MF, Carter-Su C. (1995) Growth hormone, interferon-γ, and leukemia inhibitory factor promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14685–14692.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Verdier F, Chretien S, Billat C, Gisselbrecht S, Lacombe C, Mayeux P. (1997) Erythropoietin induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26173–26178.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lazar DF, Knez JJ, Medof ME, Cuatrecasas P, Saltiel AR. (1994) Stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin in human erythroleukemia cells requires the synthesis of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 9665–9669.
  Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Jones DR, Varela-Nieto I. (1998) The role of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol in signal transduction. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30: 313–326.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jones DR, Varela-Nieto I. (1999) Diabetes and the role of inositol-containing lipids in insulin signaling. Mol. Med. 5: 505–514.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Larner J, Huang LC. (1999) Identification of a novel inositol glycan signaling pathway with significant therapeutic relevance to insulin resistance: an insulin signaling model using both tyrosine kinase and G-proteins. Diabetes Rev. V7 N3: 217–231.
  Google Scholar
• Frick W, Bauer A, Bauer J, Wied S, Müller G. (1998) Structure-activity relationship of synthetic phosphoinositolglycans mimicking metabolic insulin action. Biochemistry 38: 13421–13436.
  Article Google Scholar
• Frick W, Bauer A, Bauer J, Wied S, Müller G. (1998) Insulin-mimetic signalling of synthetic phosphoinositolglycans in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem. J. 336: 163–181.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S, Piossek C, Bauer A, Bauer J, Frick W. (1998) Convergence and divergence of the signaling pathways for insulin and phosphoinositolglycans. Mol. Med. 4: 299–323.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S, Frick W. (2000) Cross talk of pp125FAK and pp59Lyn non-receptor tyrosine kinases to insulin-mimetic signaling in adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 4708–4723.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Badian M, Korn A, Lehr K-H. (1994) Absolute bioavailability of glimepiride (Amaryl registered) after oral administration. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 11: 331–339.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz B, Profozic V, Metelko Z. (1996) Pharmacokinetics and safety of glimepiride at clinically effective doses in diabetic patients with renal impairment. Diabetologia 39: 1617–1624.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lehr KH, Damm P. (1990) Simultaneous determination of the sulfonylurea glimepiride and its metabolites in human serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography after pre-column derivatization. J. Chromatogr. 526: 497–505.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wernicke-Panten K, Haupt E, Pfeiffer C. (1994) Early onset of pharmacodynamic effects of glimepiride in type II diabetic patients [abstract]. Diabetologia 37(Suppl. 1): 163.
  Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Samols E, Muchmore DB. (1996) Glimepiride, a new once-daily sulfonylurea: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 19: 1194–1199.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg GE, Garg DC, Weidler DJ. (1997) Short-term comparison of once-versus twice-daily administration of glimepiride in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann. Pharmacother. 31: 671–676.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Geisen K, Vegh A, Krause E. (1996) Cardiovascular effects of conventional sulfonylureas and glimepiride. Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 496–507.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ballagi-Pordany G, Nemeth M, Aranyi Z. (1992) Effect of glimepiride on the electrical activity of isolated rabbit heart muscle. Drug Res. 42: 111–113.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Ertl J, Gerl M, Preibisch G. (1997) Leptin impairs metabolic actions of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 10585–10593.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S, Crecelius A, Kessler A, Eckel J. (1997) Phosphoinositolglycan-peptides from yeast potently induce metabolic insulin actions in isolated rat adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, and diaphragms. Endocrinology 138: 3459–3475.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Grynkiewicz G, Pocnic M, Tsien RY. (1985) A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescent properties. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 3440–3450.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zerangue N, Schwappach B, Jan YN, Jan LY. (1999) A new ER trafficking signal regulates the subunit stoichiometry of plasma membrane K(ATP) channels. Neuron 22: 537–548.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Müller G, Wied S, Welte S. (2000) Involvement of caveolae in insulin-mimetic signaling by the sulfonylurea Amaryl. Chem. Phys. Lipids 7: 7–8 [abstract].
  Google Scholar