An immune origin of type 2 diabetes? (original) (raw)
Winzler RJ (1960) Glycoproteins. In: Putnam FW (ed) The plasma proteins. London Academic, New York, p 309 Google Scholar
Cogan DG, Merola L, Laibson PR (1961) Blood viscosity, serum hexosamine and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 10:393–395 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bergstrand CG, Furst P, Larsson Y, Sterky G (1962) Serum haptoglobin in juvenile diabetes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 14:629–632 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ganrot PO, Gydell K, Ekelund H (1967) Serum concentration of alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin and alpha-1-antitrypsin in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 55:537–544 CAS Google Scholar
Cleve H, Alexander K, Mitzkat HJ, Nissen P, Salzmann I (1968) Serum glycoproteins in diabetes mellitus; quantitative immunological determination of acid alpha 1-glycoprotein, Gc, alpha 2-macroglobulin and hemopexin in diabetics with and without angiopathy [article in German]. Diabetologia 4:48–55 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McMillan DE (1970) Changes in serum proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 6:597–604 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR et al (1999) Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study): a cohort study. Lancet 353:1649–1652 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Offenbacher S, Wu KK, Savage PJ, Heiss G (1999) Factor VIII and other hemostasis variables are related to incident diabetes in adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetes Care 22:767–772 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2001) C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 286:327–334 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Barzilay JI, Abraham L, Heckbert SR et al (2001) The relation of markers of inflammation to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes 50:2384–2389 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lindsay RS, Krakoff J, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC (2001) Gamma globulin levels predict type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Diabetes 50:1598–1603 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Vozarova B, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA (2002) High white blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51:455–461 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Caslake MJ et al (2002) C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Diabetes 51:1596–1600 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ford ES (2002) Leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and diabetes incidence in a national sample of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 155:57–64 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nakanishi N, Yoshida H, Matsuo Y, Suzuki K, Tatara K (2002) White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetologia 45:42–48 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Tracy RP, Haffner SM (2002) Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 51:1131–1137 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Thorand B, Lowel H, Schneider A et al (2003) C-reactive protein as a predictor for incident diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men: results from the MONICA Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984–1998. Arch Intern Med 163:93–99 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M et al (2003) Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 52:812–817 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Han TS, Sattar N, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Lean ME, Haffner SM (2002) Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 25:2016–2021 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tan KC, Wat NM, Tam SC, Janus ED, Lam TH, Lam KS (2003) C-reactive protein predicts the deterioration of glycemia in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 26:2323–2328 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hu FB, Meigs JB, Li TY, Rifai N, Manson JE (2004) Inflammatory markers and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes 53:693–700 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M et al (2003) Prospective relation of C-reactive protein with type 2 diabetes: response to Han et al. Diabetes Care 26:1656–1657 PubMed Google Scholar
Groop L, Groop PH, Koskimies S (1986) Relationship between B-cell function and HLA antigens in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 29:757–760 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rich SS, French LR, Sprafka JM, Clements JP, Goetz FC (1993) HLA-associated susceptibility to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the Wadena City Health Study. Diabetologia 36:234–238 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Tuomilehto J, Hitman GA et al (1993) Genetic susceptibility to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance are located in HLA region. BMJ 307:155–159 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ghabanbasani MZ, Spaepen M, Buyse I et al (1995) Increased and decreased relative risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus conferred by HLA class II and by CD4 alleles. Clin Genet 47:225–230 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Vendrell J, Gutierrez C, Pastor R, Richart C (1995) A tumor necrosis factor-beta polymorphism associated with hypertriglyceridemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 44:691–694 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fernandez-Real JM, Gutierrez C, Ricart W et al (1997) The TNF-alpha gene Nco I polymorphism influences the relationship among insulin resistance, percent body fat, and increased serum leptin levels. Diabetes 46:1468–1472 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fernandez-Real JM, Vendrell J, Ricart W et al (2000) Polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 gene is associated with obesity, leptin levels, and insulin resistance in young subjects and diet-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23:831–837 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J et al (2000) Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 49:517–520 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hoffstedt J, Andersson IL, Persson L, Isaksson B, Arner P (2002) The common −675 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is strongly associated with obesity. Diabetologia 45:584–587 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Perez-Luque E, Alaez C, Malacara JM et al (2003) Protective effect of DRB1 locus against type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican Mestizos. Hum Immunol 64:110–118 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wolford JK, Gruber JD, Ossowski VM et al (2003) A C-reactive protein promoter polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Mol Genet Metab 78:136–144 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rosmond R, Chagnon M, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P (2003) Increased abdominal obesity, insulin and glucose levels in nondiabetic subjects with a T29C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene. Horm Res 59:191–194 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Escobar-Morreale HF, Calvo RM, Villuendas G, Sancho J, San Millan JL (2003) Association of polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 receptor complex with obesity and hyperandrogenism. Obes Res 11:987–996 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Illig T, Bongardt F, Schöpfer A et al (2004) Significant association of the interleukin-6 gene polymporphism C-174G and A-598G with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrin Metab 89:5053–5058 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS (1997) Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature 389:610–614 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dong ZM, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Coxon A, Mayadas TN, Wagner DD (1997) A new class of obesity genes encodes leukocyte adhesion receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:7526–7530 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B et al (2002) Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med 8:75–79 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schafer K, Fujisawa K, Konstantinides S, Loskutoff DJ (2001) Disruption of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene reduces the adiposity and improves the metabolic profile of genetically obese and diabetic ob/ob mice. FASEB J 15:1840–1842 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ma LJ, Mao SL, Taylor KL et al (2004) Prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabetes 53:336–346 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lijnen HR, Maquoi E, Morange P et al (2003) Nutritionally induced obesity is attenuated in transgenic mice overexpressing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:78–84 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Perreault M, Marette A (2001) Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7:1138–1143 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morange PE, Lijnen HR, Alessi MC, Kopp F, Collen D, Juhan-Vague I (2000) Influence of PAI-1 on adipose tissue growth and metabolic parameters in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1150–1154 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kahn SE (2003) The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 46:3–19 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Goldstein BJ (2003) Insulin resistance: from benign to type 2 diabetis mellitus. Rev Cardiovasc Med 4 [Suppl 6]:S3–S10 Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372:425–432 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bali D, Svetlanov A, Lee HW et al (1995) Animal model for maturity-onset diabetes of the young generated by disruption of the mouse glucokinase gene. J Biol Chem 270:21464–21467 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Terauchi Y, Sakura H, Yasuda K et al (1995) Pancreatic beta-cell-specific targeted disruption of glucokinase gene. Diabetes mellitus due to defective insulin secretion to glucose. J Biol Chem 270:30253–30256 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grupe A, Hultgren B, Ryan A, Ma YH, Bauer M, Stewart TA (1995) Transgenic knockouts reveal a critical requirement for pancreatic beta cell glucokinase in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Cell 83:69–78 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Erickson JC, Clegg KE, Palmiter RD (1996) Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381:415–421 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Erickson JC, Hollopeter G, Palmiter RD (1996) Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 274:1704–1707 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Janson J, Soeller WC, Roche PC et al (1996) Spontaneous diabetes mellitus in transgenic mice expressing human islet amyloid polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:7283–7288 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stenbit AE, Tsao TS, Li J et al (1997) GLUT4 heterozygous knockout mice develop muscle insulin resistance and diabetes. Nat Med 3:1096–1101 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bruning JC, Winnay J, Bonner-Weir S, Taylor SI, Accili D, Kahn CR (1997) Development of a novel polygenic model of NIDDM in mice heterozygous for IR and IRS-1 null alleles. Cell 88:561–572 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ren JM, Li PM, Zhang WR et al (1998) Transgenic mice deficient in the LAR protein-tyrosine phosphatase exhibit profound defects in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 47:493–497 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Withers DJ, Gutierrez JS, Towery H et al (1998) Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 391:900–904 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H et al (2001) A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294:2166–2170 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim JK, Fillmore JJ, Chen Y et al (2001) Tissue-specific overexpression of lipoprotein lipase causes tissue-specific insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:7522–7527 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Laustsen PG, Michael MD, Crute BE et al (2002) Lipoatrophic diabetes in Irs1(−/−)/Irs3(−/−) double knockout mice. Genes Dev 16:3213–3222 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hribal ML, Oriente F, Accili D (2002) Mouse models of insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E977–E981 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Kulkarni RN, Kahn CR (2002) Knockout models are useful tools to dissect the pathophysiology and genetics of insulin resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:1–9 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L et al (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420:333–336 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Baudry A, Leroux L, Jackerott M, Joshi RL (2002) Genetic manipulation of insulin signaling, action and secretion in mice. Insights into glucose homeostasis and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. EMBO Rep 3:323–328 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Valet P, Tavernier G, Castan-Laurell I, Saulnier-Blache JS, Langin D (2002) Understanding adipose tissue development from transgenic animal models. J Lipid Res 43:835–860 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Conarello SL, Li Z, Ronan J et al (2003) Mice lacking dipeptidyl peptidase IV are protected against obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:6825–6830 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F et al (2002) Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 110:851–860 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shanmugam N, Reddy MA, Guha M, Natarajan R (2003) High glucose-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in monocytic cells. Diabetes 52:1256–1264 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chen Y, Schneider DJ (2002) The independence of signaling pathways mediating increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids or triglycerides. Int J Exp Diabetes Res 3:109–118 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Morohoshi M, Fujisawa K, Uchimura I, Numano F (1996) Glucose-dependent interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor production by human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Diabetes 45:954–959 PubMed Google Scholar
Morigi M, Angioletti S, Imberti B et al (1998) Leukocyte-endothelial interaction is augmented by high glucose concentrations and hyperglycemia in a NF-kB-dependent fashion. J Clin Invest 101:1905–1915 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Guha M, Bai W, Nadler JL, Natarajan R (2000) Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in monocytic cells via hyperglycemia-induced oxidant stress-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 275:17728–17739 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Donath MY, Storling J, Maedler K, Mandrup-Poulsen T (2003) Inflammatory mediators and islet beta-cell failure: a link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Mol Med 81:455–470 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weigert C, Brodbeck K, Staiger H et al (2004) Palmitate, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induces the expression of interleukin-6 in human myotubes through proteasome-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappa B. J Biol Chem 279:23942–23952 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM (2003) Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction? Diabetes 52:1–8 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schiekofer S, Andrassy M, Chen J et al (2003) Acute hyperglycemia causes intracellular formation of CML and activation of ras, p42/44 MAPK, and nuclear factor kappaB in PBMCs. Diabetes 52:621–633 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brownlee M (2001) Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414:813–820 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hammes HP, Du X, Edelstein D et al (2003) Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy. Nat Med 9:294–299 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Petersen KF, Befroy D, Dufour S et al (2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance. Science 300:1140–1142 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI (2004) Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 350:664–671 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ceriello A, Falleti E, Motz E et al (1998) Hyperglycemia-induced circulating ICAM-1 increase in diabetes mellitus: the possible role of oxidative stress. Horm Metab Res 30:146–149 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R et al (2002) Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 106:2067–2072 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Esposito K, Nappo F, Giugliano F et al (2003) Meal modulation of circulating interleukin 18 and adiponectin concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 78:1135–1140 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Krebs M, Geiger M, Polak K et al (2003) Increased plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule after triacylglycerol infusion in man. Thromb Haemost 90:422–428 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L et al (2004) Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes 53:701–710 CASPubMed Google Scholar
van Oostrom AJ, van Dijk H, Verseyden C et al (2004) Addition of glucose to an oral fat load reduces postprandial free fatty acids and prevents the postprandial increase in complement component 3. Am J Clin Nutr 79:510–515 PubMed Google Scholar
Vlassara H, Palace MR (2002) Diabetes and advanced glycation endproducts. J Intern Med 251:87–101 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Peppa M, Goldberg T, Cai W, Rayfield E, Vlassara H (2002) Glycotoxins: a missing link in the “relationship of dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men”. Diabetes Care 25:1898–1899 PubMed Google Scholar
Taylor R (2004) Causation of type 2 diabetes—the Gordian knot unravels. N Engl J Med 350:639–641 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR et al (2005) IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stumpo R, Kauer M, Martin S, Kolb H (2003) IL-10 induces gene expression in macrophages: partial overlap with IL-5 but not with IL-4 induced genes. Cytokine 24:46–56 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hanley AJ, Festa A, D’Agostino RB et al (2004) Metabolic and inflammation variable clusters and prediction of type 2 diabetes: factor analysis using directly measured insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 53:1773–1781 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q et al (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fasshauer M, Klein J, Kralisch S et al (2004) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression is stimulated by growth hormone and interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317:598–604 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chen W, Syldath U, Bellmann K, Burkart V, Kolb H (1999) Human 60-kDa heat-shock protein: a danger signal to the innate immune system. J Immunol 162:3212–3219 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ohashi K, Burkart V, Flohé S, Kolb H (2000) Heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex. J Immunol 164:558–561 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ruan H, Lodish HF (2003) Insulin resistance in adipose tissue: direct and indirect effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14:447–455 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA et al (2003) Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a potential mediator of interleukin-6-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 278:13740–13746 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fernandez-Real JM, Ricart W (2003) Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome. Endocr Rev 24:278–301 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A (2004) Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 25:4–7 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Peraldi P, Spiegelman B (1998) TNF-alpha and insulin resistance: summary and future prospects. Mol Cell Biochem 182:169–175 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rui L, Yuan M, Frantz D, Shoelson S, White MF (2002) SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 block insulin signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRS1 and IRS2. J Biol Chem 277:42394–42398 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pickup JC (2004) Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:813–823 PubMed Google Scholar
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K (2003) Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 14:561–566 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kershaw EE, Flier JS (2004) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2548–2556 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Eskandari F, Webster JI, Sternberg EM (2003) Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 5:251–265 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P (2001) Muscle-derived interleukin-6: possible biological effects. J Physiol 536:329–337 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Penkowa M, Keller C, Keller P, Jauffred S, Pedersen BK (2003) Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle fibers following exercise. FASEB J 17:2166–2168 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomiya A, Aizawa T, Nagatomi R, Sensui H, Kokubun S (2004) Myofibers express IL-6 after eccentric exercise. Am J Sports Med 32:503–508 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Osada T, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2002) IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E1272–E1278 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Steensberg A, van Hall G, Keller C et al (2002) Muscle glycogen content and glucose uptake during exercise in humans: influence of prior exercise and dietary manipulation. J Physiol 541:273–281 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nybo L, Nielsen B, Pedersen BK, Moller K, Secher NH (2002) Interleukin-6 release from the human brain during prolonged exercise. J Physiol 542:991–995 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C et al (2003) Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 24:113–119 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
van Hall G, Steensberg A, Sacchetti M et al (2003) Interleukin-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3005–3010 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Sacchetti M et al (2003) Acute interleukin-6 administration does not impair muscle glucose uptake or whole-body glucose disposal in healthy humans. J Physiol 548:631–638 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim HJ, Higashimori T, Park SY et al (2004) Differential effects of interleukin-6 and -10 on skeletal muscle and liver insulin action in vivo. Diabetes 53:1060–1067 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wallenius K, Wallenius V, Sunter D, Dickson SL, Jansson JO (2002) Intracerebroventricular interleukin-6 treatment decreases body fat in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:560–565 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Scheen AJ (2004) Pathophysiology of insulin secretion. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 65:29–36 CAS Google Scholar
Steppel JH, Horton ES (2004) Beta-cell failure in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rep 4:169–175 Google Scholar
Zethelius B, Byberg L, Hales CN, Lithell H, Berne C (2003) Proinsulin and acute insulin response independently predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in men—report from 27 years of follow-up study. Diabetologia 46:20–26 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cnop M, Hannaert JC, Hoorens A, Eizirik DL, Pipeleers DG (2001) Inverse relationship between cytotoxicity of free fatty acids in pancreatic islet cells and cellular triglyceride accumulation. Diabetes 50:1771–1777 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carlsson C, Borg LA, Welsh N (1999) Sodium palmitate induces partial mitochondrial uncoupling and reactive oxygen species in rat pancreatic islets in vitro. Endocrinology 140:3422–3428 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maedler K, Spinas GA, Lehmann R et al (2001) Glucose induces beta-cell apoptosis via upregulation of the Fas receptor in human islets. Diabetes 50:1683–1690 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Robertson RP, Harmon J, Tran PO, Poitout V (2004) Beta-cell glucose toxicity, lipotoxicity, and chronic oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53 [Suppl 1]:S119–S124 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, Ritzel R, Rizza RA, Butler PC (2003) Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52:102–110 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Deng S, Vatamaniuk M, Huang X et al (2004) Structural and functional abnormalities in the islets isolated from type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes 53:624–632 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jansson L, Eizirik DL, Pipeleers DG, Borg LA, Hellerstrom C, Andersson A (1995) Impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets transplanted to diabetic nude mice. J Clin Invest 96:721–726 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Eizirik DL, Jansson L, Flodstrom M, Hellerstrom C, Andersson A (1997) Mechanisms of defective glucose-induced insulin release in human pancreatic islets transplanted to diabetic nude mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2660–2663 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Moriwaki M, Itoh N, Miyagawa J et al (1999) Fas and Fas ligand expression in inflamed islets in pancreas sections of patients with recent-onset type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:1332–1340 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mandrup-Poulsen T (1996) The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Diabetologia 39:1005–1029 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Eizirik DL, Mandrup-Poulsen T (2001) A choice of death—the signal-transduction of immune-mediated beta-cell apoptosis. Diabetologia 44:2115–2133 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ehses JA et al (2004) Leptin modulates beta cell expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1beta in human islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:8138–8143 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maedler K, Fontana A, Ris F et al (2002) FLIP switches Fas-mediated glucose signaling in human pancreatic beta cells from apoptosis to cell replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8236–8241 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maedler K, Storling J, Sturis J et al (2004) Glucose- and interleukin-1beta-induced beta-cell apoptosis requires Ca2+ influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation and is prevented by a sulfonylurea receptor 1/inwardly rectifying K+ channel 6.2 (SUR/Kir6.2) selective potassium channel opener in human islets. Diabetes 53:1706–1713 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Maestre I, Jordan J, Calvo S et al (2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal and fatty acids in the beta-cell line INS-1. Endocrinology 144:335–345 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sakuraba H, Mizukami H, Yagihashi N, Wada R, Hanyu C, Yagihashi S (2002) Reduced beta-cell mass and expression of oxidative stress-related DNA damage in the islet of Japanese type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia 45:85–96 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Koshkin V, Wang X, Scherer PE, Chan CB, Wheeler MB (2003) Mitochondrial functional state in clonal pancreatic beta-cells exposed to free fatty acids. J Biol Chem 278:19709–19715 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK (2004) Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53:1412–1417 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lupi R, Dotta F, Marselli L et al (2002) Prolonged exposure to free fatty acids has cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects on human pancreatic islets: evidence that beta-cell death is caspase mediated, partially dependent on ceramide pathway, and Bcl-2 regulated. Diabetes 51:1437–1442 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Aarnes M, Schonberg S, Grill V (2002) Fatty acids potentiate interleukin-1beta toxicity in the beta-cell line INS-1E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296:189–193 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Srinivasan S, Bolick DT, Hatley ME et al (2004) Glucose regulates interleukin-8 production in aortic endothelial cells through activation of the p38 MAP kinase pathway in diabetes. J Biol Chem 279:31930–31936 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Altannavch TS, Roubalova K, Kucera P, Andel M (2004) Effect of high glucose concentrations on expression of ELAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in HUVEC with and without cytokine activation. Physiol Res 53:77–82 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Takaishi H, Taniguchi T, Takahashi A, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama M (2003) High glucose accelerates MCP-1 production via p38 MAPK in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305:122–128 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Asakawa H, Miyagawa J, Hanafusa T, Kuwajima M, Matsuzawa Y (1997) High glucose and hyperosmolarity increase secretion of interleukin-1 beta in cultured human aortic endothelial cells. J Diabetes Complicat 11:176–179 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kharroubi I, Ladriere L, Cardozo AK, Dogusan Z, Cnop M, Eizirik DL (2004) Free fatty acids and cytokines induce pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis by different mechanisms: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Endocrinology 145:5087–5096 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Todaro M, Di Gaudio F, Lavitrano M, Stassi G, Papaccio G (2003) Islet beta-cell apoptosis triggered in vivo by interleukin-1beta is not related to the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway: evidence for mitochondrial function impairment and lipoperoxidation. Endocrinology 144:4264–4271 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gallucci S, Matzinger P (2001) Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 13:114–119 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lipscomb MF, Masten BJ (2002) Dendritic cells: immune regulators in health and disease. Physiol Rev 82:97–130 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pittoni V, Valesini G (2002) The clearance of apoptotic cells: implications for autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 1:154–161 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wick G, Perschinka H, Millonig G (2001) Atherosclerosis as an autoimmune disease: an update. Trends Immunol 22:665–669 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Frostegard J (2002) Autoimmunity, oxidized LDL and cardiovascular disease. Autoimmun Rev 1:233–237 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
George J, Yacov N, Breitbart E et al (2004) Suppression of early atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor deficient mice by oral tolerance with beta 2-glycoprotein I. Cardiovasc Res 62:603–609 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clark A, Wells CA, Buley ID et al (1988) Islet amyloid, increased A-cells, reduced B-cells and exocrine fibrosis: quantitative changes in the pancreas in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res 9:151–159 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hayden MR (2002) Islet amyloid, metabolic syndrome, and the natural progressive history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JOP 3:126–138 PubMed Google Scholar
Yoon KH, Ko SH, Cho JH et al (2003) Selective beta-cell loss and alpha-cell expansion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2300–2308 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
de Koning EJ, van den Brand JJ, Mott VL et al (1998) Macrophages and pancreatic islet amyloidosis. Amyloid 5:247–254 PubMed Google Scholar
Kubaszek A, Pihlajamaki J, Komarovski V et al (2003) Promoter polymorphisms of the TNF-alpha (G-308A) and IL-6 (C-174G) genes predict the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes 52:1872–1876 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Paquot N, Castillo MJ, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ (2000) No increased insulin sensitivity after a single intravenous administration of a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein in obese insulin-resistant patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1316–1319 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Di Rocco P, Manco M, Rosa G, Greco AV, Mingrone G (2004) Lowered tumor necrosis factor receptors, but not increased insulin sensitivity, with infliximab. Obes Res 12:734–739 PubMed Google Scholar
Ofei F, Hurel S, Newkirk J, Sopwith M, Taylor R (1996) Effects of an engineered human anti-TNF-alpha antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 45:881–885 PubMed Google Scholar
Rask-Madsen C, Dominguez H, Ihlemann N, Hermann T, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C (2003) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits insulin’s stimulating effect on glucose uptake and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation 108:1815–1821 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shoelson SE, Lee J, Yuan M (2003) Inflammation and the IKK beta/I kappa B/NF-kappa B axis in obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 [Suppl 3]:S49–S52 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Willerson JT, Ridker PM (2004) Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 109:II2–II10 PubMed Google Scholar
Zheng Z, Lee JE, Yenari MA (2003) Stroke: molecular mechanisms and potential targets for treatment. Curr Mol Med 3:361–372 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Casserly I, Topol E (2004) Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet 363:1139–1146 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Franceschi C, Bonafe M (2003) Centenarians as a model for healthy aging. Biochem Soc Trans 31:457–461 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grimble RF (2003) Inflammatory response in the elderly. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6:21–29 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yucesoy B, Kashon ML, Luster MI (2003) Cytokine polymorphisms in chronic inflammatory diseases with reference to occupational diseases. Curr Mol Med 3:39–48 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McGeer PL, McGeer EG (2001) Polymorphisms in inflammatory genes and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 58:1790–1792 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Duchen MR (2004) Roles of mitochondria in health and disease. Diabetes 53 [Suppl 1]:S96–S102 CASPubMed Google Scholar
McCord JM (2002) Superoxide dismutase in aging and disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 349:331–341 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yoshida M (2003) Potential role of statins in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 10:140–144 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Santangelo F (2003) Intracellular thiol concentration modulating inflammatory response: influence on the regulation of cell functions through cysteine prodrug approach. Curr Med Chem 10:2599–2610 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rosenson RS (2004) Statins in atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering agents with antioxidant capabilities. Atherosclerosis 173:1–12 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Violi F, Loffredo L, Musella L, Marcoccia A (2004) Should antioxidant status be considered in interventional trials with antioxidants? Heart 90:598–602 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cuzzocrea S, Thiemermann C, Salvemini D (2004) Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidant therapy in shock and inflammation. Curr Med Chem 11:1147–1162 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Green K, Brand MD, Murphy MP (2004) Prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage as a therapeutic strategy in diabetes. Diabetes 53 [Suppl 1]:S110–S118 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt MI, Duncan BB (2003) Diabesity: an inflammatory metabolic condition. Clin Chem Lab Med 41:1120–1130 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Theuma P, Fonseca VA (2003) Inflammation and emerging risk factors in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Curr Diabetes Rep 3:248–254 Google Scholar
Garg R, Tripathy D, Dandona P (2003) Insulin resistance as a proinflammatory state: mechanisms, mediators, and therapeutic interventions. Curr Drug Targets 4:487–492 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Haffner SM (2003) Insulin resistance, inflammation, and the prediabetic state. Am J Cardiol 92:18J–26J ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Aldhahi W, Hamdy O (2003) Adipokines, inflammation, and the endothelium in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rep 3:293–298 Google Scholar
Yudkin JS, Panahloo A, Stehouwer C et al (2000) The influence of improved glycaemic control with insulin and sulphonylureas on acute phase and endothelial markers in type II diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 43:1099–1106 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O et al (2003) Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 108:414–419 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR (2004) Reduction in C-reactive protein through cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1056–1061 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Clifton PM, Noakes M, Keogh J, Foster P (2003) How effective are meal replacements for treating obesity? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12 [Suppl]:S51 Google Scholar
Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PM (2004) Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:661–670 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Marfella R, Esposito K, Siniscalchi M et al (2004) Effect of weight loss on cardiac synchronization and proinflammatory cytokines in premenopausal obese women. Diabetes Care 27:47–52 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Clifton PM (2003) Diet and C-reactive protein. Curr Atheroscler Rep 5:431–436 PubMed Google Scholar
Kopp HP, Kopp CW, Festa A et al (2003) Impact of weight loss on inflammatory proteins and their association with the insulin resistance syndrome in morbidly obese patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1042–1047 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C et al (2003) Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1799–1804 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hanusch-Enserer U, Cauza E, Spak M et al (2003) Acute-phase response and immunological markers in morbid obese patients and patients following adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:355–361 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Laimer M, Ebenbichler CF, Kaser S et al (2002) Markers of chronic inflammation and obesity: a prospective study on the reversibility of this association in middle-aged women undergoing weight loss by surgical intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:659–662 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tchernof A, Nolan A, Sites CK, Ades PA, Poehlman ET (2002) Weight loss reduces C-reactive protein levels in obese postmenopausal women. Circulation 105:564–569 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Esposito K, Pontillo A, Ciotola M et al (2002) Weight loss reduces interleukin-18 levels in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3864–3866 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PM (2001) Energy restriction and weight loss on very-low-fat diets reduce C-reactive protein concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:968–970 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, Hainque B (2000) Variations in plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet-induced weight loss in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2:323–325 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Straczkowski M, Kowalska I, Dzienis-Straczkowska S et al (2001) Changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha system and insulin sensitivity during an exercise training program in obese women with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Endocrinol 145:273–280 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G et al (2002) Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation 105:804–809 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B (2003) Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol 148:535–542 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E et al (2000) Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3338–3342 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Troseid M, Lappegard KT, Claudi T et al (2004) Exercise reduces plasma levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8 in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 25:349–355 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fukuzawa M, Satoh J, Qiang X et al (1999) Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with anti-diabetic agents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 43:147–154 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Akbar DH (2003) Effect of metformin and sulfonylurea on C-reactive protein level in well-controlled type 2 diabetics with metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 20:215–218 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chu NV, Kong AP, Kim DD et al (2002) Differential effects of metformin and troglitazone on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:542–549 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carlsen SM, Waage A, Grill V, Folling I (1998) Metformin increases circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in non-obese non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Cytokine 10:66–69 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ebeling P, Teppo AM, Koistinen HA et al (1999) Troglitazone reduces hyperglycaemia and selectively acute-phase serum proteins in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetologia 42:1433–1438 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Varo N, Vicent D, Libby P et al (2003) Elevated plasma levels of the atherogenic mediator soluble CD40 ligand in diabetic patients: a novel target of thiazolidinediones. Circulation 107:2664–2669 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Murata K et al (2000) Troglitazone reduces plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2:189–191 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Jeschke MG, Einspanier R, Klein D, Jauch KW (2002) Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to thermal trauma. Mol Med 8:443–450 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P (2002) The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 45:924–930 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P et al (2001) Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3257–3265 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Muller S, Martin S, Koenig W et al (2002) Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased serum concentrations of interleukin 6 and co-regulated acute-phase proteins but not TNF-alpha or its receptors. Diabetologia 45:805–812 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar