Translational and reverse translational research on the role of stress in drug craving and relapse (original) (raw)

• Abercrombie ED, Keller RW Jr, Zigmond MJ (1988) Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion: pharmacological and behavioral studies. Neuroscience 27:897–904
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Aghajanian GK, VanderMaelen CP (1982) Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated hyperpolarization of locus coeruleus neurons: intracellular studies in vivo. Science 215:1394–1396
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Aguilar MA, Rodriguez-Arias M, Minarro J (2009) Neurobiological mechanisms of the reinstatement of drug-conditioned place preference. Brain Res Rev 59:253–77
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ahmed SH, Walker JR, Koob GF (2000) Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with history of drug escalation. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:413–421
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Back SE, Hartwell K, DeSantis SM, Saladin M, McRae-Clark AL, Price KL, Moran-Santa Maria MM, Baker NL, Spratt E, Kreek MJ, Brady KT (2010) Reactivity to laboratory stress provocation predicts relapse to cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 106:21–27
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC (2004) Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev 111:33–51
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bale TL (2006) Stress sensitivity and the development of affective disorders. Horm Behav 50:529–533
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ballard TM, Sanger S, Higgins GA (2001) Inhibition of shock-induced foot tapping behaviour in the gerbil by a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 412:255–264
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Banna KM, Back SE, Do P, See RE (2010) Yohimbine stress potentiates conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of heroin-seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 208:144–148
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barr CS, Dvoskin RL, Gupte M, Sommer W, Sun H, Schwandt ML, Lindell SG, Kasckow JW, Suomi SJ, Goldman D, Higley JD, Heilig M (2009) Functional CRH variation increases stress-induced alcohol consumption in primates. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 106:14593–14598
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Becker JB, Hu M (2008) Sex differences in drug abuse. Front Neuroendocrinol 29:36–47
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Becker JB, Monteggia LM, Perrot-Sinal TS, Romeo RD, Taylor JR, Yehuda R, Bale TL (2007) Stress and disease: is being female a predisposing factor? J Neurosci 27:11851–11855
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Binneman B, Feltner D, Kolluri S, Shi Y, Qiu R, Stiger T (2008) A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial of CP-316,311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 165:617–620
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Blomeyer D, Treutlein J, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Schumann G, Laucht M (2008) Interaction between CRHR1 gene and stressful life events predicts adolescent heavy alcohol use. Biol Psychiatry 63:146–151
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bossert JM, Ghitza UE, Lu L, Epstein DH, Shaham Y (2005) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: an update and clinical implications. Eur J Pharmacol 526:36–50
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bouton ME, Swartzentruber D (1991) Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clin Psychol Rev 11:123–140
  Article Google Scholar
• Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Charney DS (1996a) Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. Preclinical studies. Synapse 23:28–38
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Charney DS (1996b) Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies. Synapse 23:39–51
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brown SA, Vik PW, McQuaid JR, Patterson TL, Irwin MR, Grant I (1990) Severity of psychosocial stress and outcome of alcoholism treatment. J Abnorm Psychol 99:344–348
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brown SA, Vik PW, Patterson TL, Grant I, Schuckit MA (1995) Stress, vulnerability and adult alcohol relapse. J Stud Alcohol 56:538–545
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brown ZJ, Tribe E, D’Souza NA, Erb S (2009) Interaction between noradrenaline and corticotrophin-releasing factor in the reinstatement of cocaine seeking in the rat. Psychopharmacology 203:121–130
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brownell KD, Marlatt GA, Lichtenstein E, Wilson GT (1986) Understanding and preventing relapse. Am Psychol 41:765–782
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bruijnzeel AW, Prado M, Isaac S (2009) Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor activation mediates nicotine withdrawal-induced deficit in brain reward function and stress-induced relapse. Biol Psychiatry 66:110–117
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Buffalari DM, See RE (2011) Inactivation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in an animal model of relapse: effects on conditioned cue-induced reinstatement and its enhancement by yohimbine. Psychopharmacology 213:19–27
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cannon WB (1935) Stresses and strains of homeostasis. Am J Med Sci 189:1–14
  Article Google Scholar
• Capriles N, Rodaros D, Sorge RE, Stewart J (2003) A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 168:66–74
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carroll ME (1985) The role of food deprivation in the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 16:95–109
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carroll ME, Lynch WJ, Roth ME, Morgan AD, Cosgrove KP (2004) Sex and estrogen influence drug abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:273–279
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carter AJ (1997) Hippocampal noradrenaline release in awake, freely moving rats is regulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors but not by adenosine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:648–654
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244–1452
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Coffey SF, Saladin ME, Drobes DJ, Brady KT, Dansky BS, Kilpatrick DG (2002) Trauma and substance cue reactivity in individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine or alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 65:115–127
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen F, Horowitz MJ, Lazarus RS, Moos RH, Robbins LN, Rose RM, Rutter M (1982) Panel report on psychosocial and modifiers of stress. In: Eliott GR, Eisdorfer C (eds) Stress and human health. Springer, New York, pp 147–188
  Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Evans GW, Stokols D, Krantz DS (1986) Behavior, health, and environmental stress. Plenum Press, New York
  Google Scholar
• Conrad KL, McCutcheon JE, Cotterly LM, Ford KA, Beales M, Marinelli M (2010) Persistent increases in cocaine-seeking behavior after acute exposure to cold swim stress. Biol Psychiatry 68:303–305
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cooney NL, Litt MD, Cooney JL, Pilkey DT, Steinberg HR, Oncken CA (2007) Alcohol and tobacco cessation in alcohol-dependent smokers: analysis of real-time reports. Psychol Addict Behav 21:277–286
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dedovic K, Duchesne A, Andrews J, Engert V, Pruessner JC (2009) The brain and the stress axis: the neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress. Neuroimage 47:864–871
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ebner K, Singewald N (2006) The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses. Amino Acids 31:251–272
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ebner K, Singewald N (2007) Stress-induced release of substance P in the locus coeruleus modulates cortical noradrenaline release. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 376:73–82
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ebner K, Rupniak NM, Saria A, Singewald N (2004) Substance P in the medial amygdala: emotional stress-sensitive release and modulation of anxiety-related behavior in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4280–4285
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ebner K, Singewald GM, Whittle N, Ferraguti F, Singewald N (2008) Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism promotes active stress coping via enhanced septal 5-HT transmission. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1929–1941
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Elliott PJ (1988) Place aversion induced by the substance P analogue, dimethyl-C7, is not state dependent: implication of substance P in aversion. Exp Brain Res 73:354–356
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Epstein DH, Preston KL (2003) The reinstatement model and relapse prevention: a clinical perspective. Psychopharmacology 168:31–41
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Epstein DH, Preston KL, Stewart J, Shaham Y (2006) Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure. Psychopharmacology 189:1–16
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Epstein DH, Marrone GF, Heishman SJ, Schmittner J, Preston KL (2009a) Tobacco, cocaine, and heroin: craving and use during daily life. Addict Behav 35:318–324
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Epstein DH, Willner-Reid J, Vahabzadeh M, Mezghanni M, Lin JL, Preston KL (2009b) Real-time electronic diary reports of cue exposure and mood in the hours before cocaine and heroin craving and use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:88–94
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Erb S (2010) Evaluation of the relationship between anxiety during withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:798–807
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Stewart J (1999) A role for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not the amygdala, in the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. J Neurosci 19:RC35
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J (1996) Stress reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior after prolonged extinction and drug-free periods. Psychopharmacology 128:408–412
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J (1998) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and corticosterone in stress- and cocaine-induced relapse to cocaine seeking in rats. J Neurosci 18:5529–5536
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Hitchcott PK, Rajabi H, Mueller D, Shaham Y, Stewart J (2000) Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists block stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:138–150
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Salmaso N, Rodaros D, Stewart J (2001a) A role for the CRF-containing pathway projecting from central nucleus of the amygdala to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 158:360–365
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J (2001b) Stress-induced relapse to drug seeking in the rat: role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala. Stress 4:289–303
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Erb S, Petrovic A, Yi D, Kayyali H (2006) Central injections of CRF reinstate cocaine seeking in rats after postinjection delays of up to 3 h: an influence of time and environmental context. Psychopharmacology 187:112–120
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Euler US, Gaddum JH (1931) An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. J Physiol 72:74
  Google Scholar
• Feltenstein MW, See RE (2006) Potentiation of cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats by the anxiogenic drug yohimbine. Behav Brain Res 174:1–8
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Feltenstein MW, Henderson AR, See RE (2011) Enhancement of cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats by yohimbine: sex differences and the role of the estrous cycle. Psychopharmacology (in press)
• File SE (1997) Anxiolytic action of a neurokinin1 receptor antagonist in the social interaction test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:747–752
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fox HC, Sinha R (2009) Sex differences in drug-related stress-system changes: implications for treatment in substance-abusing women. Harv Rev Psychiatry 17:103–119
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Fox HC, Hong KI, Siedlarz KM, Bergquist K, Anderson G, Kreek MJ, Sinha R (2009) Sex-specific dissociations in autonomic and HPA responses to stress and cues in alcohol-dependent patients with cocaine abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 44:575–585
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Funk D, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Le AD (2005) Effects of unconditioned and conditioned social defeat on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 183:341–349
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Funk CK, Zorrilla EP, Lee MJ, Rice KC, Koob GF (2007) Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists selectively reduce ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent rats. Biol Psychiatry 61:78–86
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Furmark T, Appel L, Michelgard A, Wahlstedt K, Ahs F, Zancan S, Jacobsson E, Flyckt K, Grohp M, Bergstrom M, Pich EM, Nilsson LG, Bani M, Langstrom B, Fredrikson M (2005) Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. Biol Psychiatry 58:132–142
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gehlert DR, Cippitelli A, Thorsell A, Le AD, Hipskind PA, Hamdouchi C, Lu J, Hembre EJ, Cramer J, Song M, McKinzie D, Morin M, Ciccocioppo R, Heilig M (2007) 3-(4-Chloro-2-morpholin-4-yl-thiazol-5-yl)-8-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dimethyl- imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine: a novel brain-penetrant, orally available corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist with efficacy in animal models of alcoholism. J Neurosci 27:2718–2726
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• George O, Ghozland S, Azar MR, Cottone P, Zorrilla EP, Parsons LH, O’Dell LE, Richardson HN, Koob GF (2007) CRF-CRF1 system activation mediates withdrawal-induced increases in nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17198–17203
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• George DT, Gilman J, Hersh J, Thorsell A, Herion D, Geyer C, Peng X, Kielbasa W, Rawlings R, Brandt JE, Gehlert DR, Tauscher JT, Hunt SP, Hommer D, Heilig M (2008) Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism as a possible therapy for alcoholism. Science 319:1536–1539
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Georges F, Aston-Jones G (2001) Potent regulation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Neurosci 21:RC160
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Georges F, Aston-Jones G (2002) Activation of ventral tegmental area cells by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: a novel excitatory amino acid input to midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 22:5173–5187
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ghitza UE, Gray SM, Epstein DH, Rice KC, Shaham Y (2006) The anxiogenic drug yohimbine reinstates palatable food seeking in a rat relapse model: a role of CRF(1) receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2188–2196
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ghitza UE, Nair SG, Golden SA, Gray SM, Uejima JL, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (2007) Peptide YY3-36 decreases reinstatement of high-fat food seeking during dieting in a rat relapse model. J Neurosci 27:11522–11532
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND (2002) Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 159:1642–1452
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Goldstein JM, Jerram M, Abbs B, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Makris N (2010) Sex differences in stress response circuitry activation dependent on female hormonal cycle. J Neurosci 30:431–438
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Greenwell TN, Funk CK, Cottone P, Richardson HN, Chen SA, Rice KC, Zorrilla EP, Koob GF (2009) Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists decrease heroin self-administration in long- but not short-access rats. Addict Biol 14:130–143
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hall SM, Havassy BE, Wassermann DA (1990) Commitment to abstinence and acute stress in relapse to alcohol, opiates and nicotine. J Counsel Clin Psychol 58:175–181
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hansson AC, Cippitelli A, Sommer WH, Fedeli A, Bjork K, Soverchia L, Terasmaa A, Massi M, Heilig M, Ciccocioppo R (2006) Variation at the rat Crhr1 locus and sensitivity to relapse into alcohol seeking induced by environmental stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15236–15241
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Heilig M, Koob GF (2007) A key role for corticotropin-releasing factor in alcohol dependence. Trend Neurosci 30:399–406
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Highfield D, Yap J, Grimm J, Shalev U, Shaham Y (2001) Repeated lofexidine treatment attenuates stress-induced, but not drug cues-induced reinstatement of a heroin-cocaine mixture (speedball) seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:320–331
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hunt WA, Barnett LW, Branch LG (1971) Relapse rates in addiction programs. J Clin Psychol 27:455–456
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hyman SM, Fox H, Hong KI, Doebrick C, Sinha R (2007) Stress and drug-cue-induced craving in opioid-dependent individuals in naltrexone treatment. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15:134–143
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jobes ML, Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Phillips KA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL (2011) Clonidine blocks stress-induced craving in cocaine users. Psychopharmacology (in press)
• Julius D (1976) NIDA’s naltrexone research program. NIDA Res Monogr 9:5–11
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalivas PW, McFarland K (2003) Brain circuitry and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Psychopharmacology 168:44–56
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Katz JL, Higgins ST (2003) The validity of the reinstatement model of craving and relapse to drug use. Psychopharmacology 168:21–30
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Keller M, Montgomery S, Ball W, Morrison M, Snavely D, Liu G, Hargreaves R, Hietala J, Lines C, Beebe K, Reines S (2006) Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 59:216–223
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kippin TE, Fuchs RA, Mehta RH, Case JM, Parker MP, Bimonte-Nelson HA, See RE (2005) Potentiation of cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking in female rats during estrus. Psychopharmacology 182:245–252
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH (1993) The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28:76–81
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J, Shrivastava R, Carman J, Sramek JJ, Reines SA, Liu G, Snavely D, Wyatt-Knowles E, Hale JJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Swain CJ, Harrison T, Hill RG, Hefti F, Scolnick EM, Cascieri MA, Chicchi GG, Sadowski S, Williams AR, Hewson L, Smith D, Carlson EJ, Hargreaves RJ, Rupniak NM (1998a) Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 281:1640–1645
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J, Shrivastava R, Carman J, Sramek JJ, Reines SA, Liu G, Snavely D, Wyatt-Knowles E, Hale JJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Swain CJ, Harrison T, Hill RG, Hefti F, Scolnick EM, Cascieri MA, Chicchi GG, Sadowski S, Williams AR, Hewson L, Smith D, Rupniak NM (1998b) Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 281:1640–1645
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Winokur A, Kelsey J, Preskorn SH, Rothschild AJ, Snavely D, Ghosh K, Ball WA, Reines SA, Munjack D, Apter JT, Cunningham L, Kling M, Bari M, Getson A, Lee Y (2004) Demonstration of the efficacy and safety of a novel substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:385–392
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kreibich AS, Blendy JA (2004) cAMP response element-binding protein is required for stress but not cocaine-induced reinstatement. J Neurosci 24:6686–6692
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kupferschmidt DA, Brown ZJ, Erb S (2011) A procedure for studying the footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in laboratory rats. J Vis Exp doi:10.3791/2265
• Kvetnansky R, Mikulaj L (1970) Adrenal and urinary catecholamines in rats during adaptation to repeated immobilization stress. Endocrinology 87:738–743
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (1995) International affective picture system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings. The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida
• Le A, Shaham Y (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to alcohol in rats. Pharmacol Ther 94:137–156
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Le AD, Poulos CX, Harding S, Watchus W, Juzytsch W, Shaham Y (1999) Effects of naltrexone and fluoxetine on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:435–444
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Watchus J, Shalev U, Shaham Y (2000) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology 150:317–324
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Fletcher PJ, Shaham Y (2002) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the median raphe nucleus in relapse to alcohol. J Neurosci 22:7844–7849
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Funk D, Shaham Y (2005) Role of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking and alcohol self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 179:366–373
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Le AD, Funk D, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Fletcher PJ (2009) The role of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in yohimbine-induced increases in alcohol-seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 204:477–488
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lê AD, Funk D, Juzytsch W, Coen K, Navarre BM, Cifani C, Shaham Y (2011) Effects of prazosin and guanfacine on yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol and food seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (in press)
• Lee B, Tiefenbacher S, Platt DM, Spealman RD (2004) Pharmacological blockade of alpha(2)-arenoceptors induces reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in squirrel monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:686–693
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leri F, Flores J, Rodaros D, Stewart J (2002) Blockade of stress-induced, but not cocaine-induced reinstatement, by infusion of noradrenergic antagonists into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis or the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurosci 22:5713–5718
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liston C, McEwen BS, Casey BJ (2009) Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 106:912–917
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu X, Weiss F (2002) Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. J Neurosci 22:7856–7861
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412:150–157
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lu L, Shepard JD, Scott Hall F, Shaham Y (2003) Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:457–491
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lubman DI, Yucel M, Kettle JW, Scaffidi A, Mackenzie T, Simmons JG, Allen NB (2009) Responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards in opiate addiction: associations with later heroin use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:205–212
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lynch WJ (2006) Sex differences in vulnerability to drug self-administration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14:34–41
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mantsch JR, Goeders NE (1999) Ketoconazole blocks the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats: relationship to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 142:399–407
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Francis DM, Katz ES, Hoks MA, Serge JP (2008) Stressor- and corticotropin releasing factor-induced reinstatement and active stress-related behavioral responses are augmented following long-access cocaine self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology 195:591–603
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mantsch JR, Weyer A, Vranjkovic O, Beyer CE, Baker DA, Caretta H (2010) Involvement of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the stress- but not cocaine-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice: role for beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:2165–2178
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mantyh PW, Hunt SP, Maggio JE (1984) Substance P receptors: localization by light microscopic autoradiography in rat-brain using [3H]Sp as the radioligand. Brain Res 307:147–165
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Marinelli PW, Funk D, Juzytsch W, Harding S, Rice KC, Shaham Y, Le AD (2007) The CRF(1) receptor antagonist antalarmin attenuates yohimbine-induced increases in operant alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 195:345–355
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McFarland K, Davidge SB, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW (2004) Limbic and motor circuitry underlying footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 24:1551–1560
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McKee S, Sinha R, Weinberger AH, Sofuoglu M, Harrison EL, Lavery M, Wanzer J (2011) Stress decreases the ability to resist smoking and potentiates smoking intensity and reward. J Psychopharmacol 4:490–502
  Article Google Scholar
• Miczek KA, Weerts E, Haney M, Tidey J (1994) Neurobiological mechanisms controlling aggression: preclinical developments for pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:97–110
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Miczek KA, Yap JJ, Covington HE 3rd (2008) Social stress, therapeutics and drug abuse: preclinical models of escalated and depressed intake. Pharmacol Ther 120:102–128
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mongeau R, Blier P, de Montigny C (1997) The serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus: their interactions and the effects of antidepressant treatments. Brain Res Rev 23:145–195
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Rubonis AV, Niaura RS, Sirota AD, Colby SM, Abrams DB (1993) Alcohol cue reactivity: effects of detoxification and extended exposure. J Stud Alcohol 54:235–245
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nair SG, Adams-Deutsch T, Epstein DH, Shaham Y (2009) The neuropharmacology of relapse to food seeking: methodology, main findings, and comparison with relapse to drug seeking. Prog Neurobiol 89:18–45
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nair SG, Navarre BM, Cifani C, Pickens CL, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (2011) Role of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex dopamine D1-family receptors in relapse to high-fat food seeking induced by the anxiogenic drug yohimbine. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:497–510
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nakaya Y, Kaneko T, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N (1994) Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptor in the central nervous system of the adult rat. J Comp Neurol 347:249–274
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Naqvi NH, Bechara A (2009) The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends Neurosci 32:56–67
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Naqvi NH, Rudrauf D, Damasio H, Bechara A (2007) Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science 315:531–534
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nelson EC, Agrawal A, Pergadia ML, Wang JC, Whitfield JB, Saccone FS, Kern J, Grant JD, Schrage AJ, Rice JP, Montgomery GW, Heath AC, Goate AM, Martin NG, Madden PA (2010) H2 haplotype at chromosome 17q21.31 protects against childhood sexual abuse-associated risk for alcohol consumption and dependence. Addict Biol 15:1–11
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• O’Brien CP, Gardner EL (2005) Critical assessment of how to study addiction and its treatment: human and non-human animal models. Pharmacol Ther 108:18–58
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• O’Doherty F, Davies BJ (1987) Life events and addiction: a critical review. Br J Addict 82:127–137
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Pan JW, Stein DT, Telang F, Lee JH, Shen J, Brown P, Cline G, Mason GF, Shulman GI, Rothman DL, Hetherington HP (2000) Spectroscopic imaging of glutamate C4 turnover in human brain. Magn Reson Med 44:673–679
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Papp M, Vassout A, Gentsch C (2000) The NK1-receptor antagonist NKP608 has an antidepressant-like effect in the chronic mild stress model of depression in rats. Behav Brain Res 115:19–23
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pavlov IP (1927) Conditioned reflexes. Oxford University Press, UK
  Google Scholar
• Payan DG (1989) Neuropeptides and inflammation: the role of substance P. Annu Rev Med 40:341–352
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Perry W, Minassian A, Paulus MP, Young JW, Kincaid MJ, Ferguson EJ, Henry BL, Zhuang X, Masten VL, Sharp RF, Geyer MA (2009) A reverse-translational study of dysfunctional exploration in psychiatric disorders: from mice to men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:1072–1780
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Piazza PV, Le Moal M (1998) The role of stress in drug self-administration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:67–74
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Preston KL, Epstein DH (2011) Stress in the daily lives of cocaine and heroin users: Relationship to mood, craving, relapse triggers, and cocaine use. Psychopharmacology (in press)
• Redila VA, Chavkin C (2008) Stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking is mediated by the kappa opioid system. Psychopharmacology 200:59–70
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Redmond DEJ, Huang YH (1979) Locus coeruleus and anxiety. Life Sci 25:2149–2162
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ribeiro Do Couto B, Aguilar MA, Manzanedo C, Rodriguez-Arias M, Armario A, Minarro J (2006) Social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-induced place preference in mice. Psychopharmacology 185:459–470
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rodaros D, Caruana DA, Amir S, Stewart J (2007) Corticotropin-releasing factor projections from limbic forebrain and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the region of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 150:8–13
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rupniak NM, Carlson EC, Harrison T, Oates B, Seward E, Owen S, De Felipe C, Hunt S, Wheeldon A (2000) Pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of substance P (NK(1)) receptors attenuates neonatal vocalisation in guinea-pigs and mice. Neuropharmacology 39:1413–1421
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rupniak NMJ, Carlson EJ, Webb JK, Harrison T, Porsolt RD, Roux S, De Felipe C, Hunt SP, Oates B, Wheeldon A (2001) Comparison of the phenotype of NK1R−/− mice with pharmacological blockade of the substance P (NK1) receptor in assays for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs. Behav Pharmacol 12:497–508
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sallee FR, Eaton K (2010) Guanfacine extended-release for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Opin Pharmacother 11:2549–2556
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sanchez CJ, Sorg BA (2001) Conditioned fear stimuli reinstate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Brain Res 908:86–92
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sanchez CJ, Bailie TM, Wu WR, Li N, Sorg BA (2003) Manipulation of dopamine d1-like receptor activation in the rat medial prefrontal cortex alters stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference behavior. Neuroscience 119:497–505
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Santarelli L, Gobbi G, Debs PC, Sibille ET, Blier P, Hen R, Heath MJ (2001) Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:1912–1917
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sawchenko PE, Li HY, Ericsson A (2000) Circuits and mechanisms governing hypothalamic responses to stress: a tale of two paradigms. Prog Brain Res 122:61–78
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schank JR, Pickens CL, Rowe KE, Cheng K, Thorsell A, Rice KC, Shaham Y, Heilig M (2011) Stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats is selectively suppressed by the neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonist L822429. Psychopharmacology (in press)
• Scriabine A, Sweet CS, Ludde CT, Stavorski JM, Wenger HC, Bohidar NR (1975) Some cardiovascular effects of ST-91 and clonidine. Eur J Pharmacol 43:333–341
  Article Google Scholar
• See RE (2005) Neural substrates of cocaine-cue associations that trigger relapse. Eur J Pharmacol 526:140–146
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• See RE, Waters RP (2010) Pharmacologically-induced stress: a cross-species probe for translational research in drug addiction and relapse. Am J Transl Res 3:81–89
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Selye H (1956) The stress of life. McGraw-Hill, New York
  Google Scholar
• Seo D, Sinha R (2011) Neuroimaging stress in addiction. In: Adinoff B, Stein E (eds) Neuroimaging and addiction. Wiley and Sons (in press)
• Seo D, Jia Z, Lacadie C, Tsou K, Bergquist K, Sinha R (2011) Sex differences in neural response to stress and alcohol context cues. Human Brain Mapping (in press)
• Shaham Y (1996) Effect of stress on opioid-seeking behavior: evidence from studies with rats. Ann Behav Med 18:255–263
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Stewart J (1995) Stress reinstates heroin self-administration behavior in drug-free animals: an effect mimicking heroin, not withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 119:334–341
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Stewart J (1996) Effects of opioid and dopamine receptor antagonists on relapse induced by stress and reexposure to heroin in rats. Psychopharmacology 125:385–391
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Funk D, Erb S, Brown TJ, Walker CD, Stewart J (1997) Corticotropin-releasing factor, but not corticosterone, is involved in stress-induced relapse to heroin-seeking in rats. J Neurosci 17:2605–2614
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Erb S, Stewart J (2000a) Stress-induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in rats: a review. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 33:13–33
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Highfield D, Delfs JM, Leung S, Stewart J (2000b) Clonidine blocks stress-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking in rats: an effect independent of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 12:292–302
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Shalev U, Lu L, De Wit H, Stewart J (2003) The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology 168:3–20
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shalev U, Highfield D, Yap J, Shaham Y (2000) Stress and relapse to drug seeking in rats: studies on the generality of the effect. Psychopharmacology 150:337–346
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shalev U, Morales M, Hope B, Yap J, Shaham Y (2001a) Time-dependent changes in extinction behavior and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following withdrawal from heroin in rats. Psychopharmacology 156:98–107
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shalev U, Yap J, Shaham Y (2001b) Leptin attenuates food deprivation-induced relapse to heroin seeking. J Neurosci 21:RC129
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol Rev 54:1–42
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shalev U, Erb S, Shaham Y (2010) Role of CRF and other neuropeptides in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Brain Res 1314:15–28
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shepard JD, Bossert JM, Liu SY, Shaham Y (2004) The anxiogenic drug yohimbine reinstates methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of drug relapse. Biol Psychiatry 55:1082–1089
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shiffman S (2005) Dynamic influences on smoking relapse process. J Pers 73:1715–1748
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Shiffman S, Waters AJ (2004) Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:192–201
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Shiffman S, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JA, Hickcox M (1996) First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:366–379
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shiffman S, Waters A, Hickcox M (2004) The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: a multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 6:327–348
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shors TJ (2006) Stressful experience and learning across the lifespan. Annu Rev Psychol 57:55–85
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sibson NR, Dhankhar A, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Shulman RG (1998) Stoichiometric coupling of brain glucose metabolism and glutamatergic neuronal activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:316–321
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Singewald N, Chicchi GG, Thurner CC, Tsao KL, Spetea M, Schmidhammer H, Sreepathi HK, Ferraguti F, Singewald GM, Ebner K (2008) Modulation of basal and stress-induced amygdaloid substance P release by the potent and selective NK1 receptor antagonist L-822429. J Neurochem 106:2476–2488
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R (2001) How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse. Psychopharmacology 158:343–359
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R (2009) Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: implications for addiction treatment development. Addict Biol 14:84–98
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Catapano D, O’Mally S (1999) Stress-induced craving and stress responses in cocaine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology 142:343–351
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Fuse T, Aubin LR, O’Malley SS (2000) Psychological stress, drug-related cues and cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology 152:140–148
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ, Wexler BE (2004) Neural activity associated with stress-induced cocaine craving: an fMRI study. Annal N Y Acad Sci 1032:254–257
  Article Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR, Wexler BE (2005) Neural activity associated with stress-induced cocaine craving: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology 183:171–180
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Garcia M, Paliwal P, Kreek MJ, Rounsaville BJ (2006) Stress-induced cocaine craving and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses are predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:324–331
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Kimmerling A, Doebrick C, Kosten TR (2007) Effects of lofexidine on stress-induced and cue-induced opioid craving and opioid abstinence rates: preliminary findings. Psychopharmacology 190:569–574
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Fox HC, Hong KI, Siedlarz K, Tuit K, Kreek MJ (2011a) Effects of adrenal sensitivity, stress and cue induced alcohol craving and anxiety on subsequent relapse and treatment outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry (in press)
• Sinha R, Hong KA, Seo D, Fox H, Bergquist K (2011b) Neural and endocrine predictions of alcohol relapse risk. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res (in press)
• Skinner BF (1938) The behavior of organisms. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Appleton-Century-Crofts
• Sommer WH, Rimondini R, Hansson AC, Hipskind PA, Gehlert DR, Barr CS, Heilig M (2008) Upregulation of voluntary alcohol intake, behavioral sensitivity to stress, and amygdala crhr1 expression following a history of dependence. Biol Psychiatry 63:139–145
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Soufer R, Bremner JD, Arrighi JA, Cohen I, Zaret BL, Burg MM, Goldman-Rakic P (1998) Cerebral cortical hyperactivation in response to mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6454–6459
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Specio SE, Wee S, O’Dell LE, Boutrel B, Zorrilla EP, Koob GF (2008) CRF(1) receptor antagonists attenuate escalated cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 196:473–482
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stanford SC (1995) Central noradrenergic neurones and stress. Pharmacol Ther 68:297–342
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stine SM, Southwick SM, Petrakis IL, Kosten TR, Charney DS, Krystal JH (2002) Yohimbine-induced withdrawal and anxiety symptoms in opioid-dependent patients. Biol Psychiatry 51:642–651
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Tsuda A, Yokoo H, Yoshida M, Yoshishige I, Nishimura H (1990) Involvement of the brain noradrenaline system in emotional changes caused by stress in rats. Annal N Y Acad Sci 597:159–174
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Teixeira RM, Santos AR, Ribeiro SJ, Calixto JB, Rae GA, De Lima TC (1996) Effects of central administration of tachykinin receptor agonists and antagonists on plus-maze behavior in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 311:7–14
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Treutlein J, Kissling C, Frank J, Wiemann S, Dong L, Depner M, Saam C, Lascorz J, Soyka M, Preuss UW, Rujescu D, Skowronek MH, Rietschel M, Spanagel R, Heinz A, Laucht M, Mann K, Schumann G (2006) Genetic association of the human corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) with binge drinking and alcohol intake patterns in two independent samples. Mol Psychiatry 11:594–602
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Umhau JC, Schwandt ML, Usala J, Geyer C, Singley E, George TD, Heilig M (2011) Pharmacologically induced alcohol craving in treatment seeking alcoholics correlates with alcoholism severity, but is insensitive to acamprosate. Neuropsychopharmacology 60:303–311
  Google Scholar
• Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 213:1394–1397
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Van Loon GR, Kvetnansky R, McCarty R, Axelrod J (1989) Stress: neurochemical and humoral mechanisms. Gordon & Breach, New York
  Google Scholar
• Varty GB, Cohen-Williams ME, Morgan CA, Pylak U, Duffy RA, Lachowicz JE, Carey GJ, Coffin VL (2002) The gerbil elevated plus-maze II: anxiolytic-like effects of selective neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:371–379
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Voorn P, Vanderschuren LJ, Groenewegen HJ, Robbins TW, Pennartz CM (2004) Putting a spin on the dorsal-ventral divide of the striatum. Trends Neurosci 27:468–474
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang X, Cen X, Lu L (2001) Noradrenaline in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critical for stress-induced reactivation of morphine-conditioned place preference in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 432:153–161
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang B, Luo F, Ge XC, Fu AH, Han JS (2002) Effects of lesions of various brain areas on drug priming or footshock-induced reactivation of extinguished conditioned place preference. Brain Res 950:1–9
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang B, Shaham Y, Zitzman D, Azari S, Wise RA, You ZB (2005) Cocaine experience establishes control of midbrain glutamate and dopamine by corticotropin-releasing factor: a role in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking. J Neurosci 25:5389–5396
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang J, Fang Q, Liu Z, Lu L (2006) Region-specific effects of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 blockade on footshock-stress- or drug-priming-induced reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology 185:19–28
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang B, You ZB, Rice KC, Wise RA (2007) Stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking: roles for the CRF(2) receptor and CRF-binding protein in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Psychopharmacology 193:283–294
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wikler A (1973) Dynamics of drug dependence, implication of a conditioning theory for research and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:611–616
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Xi ZX, Gilbert J, Campos AC, Kline N, Ashby CR Jr, Hagan JJ, Heidbreder CA, Gardner EL (2004) Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 176:57–65
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yamada H, Bruijnzeel AW (2011) Stimulation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Neuropharmacology 60:303–311
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zislis G, Desai TV, Prado M, Shah HP, Bruijnzeel AW (2007) Effects of the CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe CRF(12–41) and the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine on stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 53:958–966
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zorrilla EP, Koob GF (2010) Progress in corticotropin-releasing factor-1 antagonist development. Drug Discov Today 15:371–383
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zorrilla EP, Valdez GR, Weiss F (2001) Changes in levels of regional CRF-like-immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone during protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats. Psychopharmacology 158:374–381
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar