- Bassit RA, Pinheiro CH, Vitzel KF et al (2010) Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of skeletal muscle damage after strenuous contractile activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(5):945–955
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Baxter JH, Carlos JL, Thurmond J et al (2005) Dietary toxicity of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate (CaHMβ). Food Chem Toxicol 43(12):1731–1741
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Caperuto EC, Tomatieli RV, Colquhoun A et al (2007) Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation affects Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats in a time-dependent manner. Clin Nutr. 26(1):117–122
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Cross DA, Alessi DR, Vandenheede JR et al (1994) The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 in the rat skeletal muscle cell line L6 is blocked by wortmannin, but not by rapamycin: evidence that wortmannin blocks activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in L6 cells between Ras and Raf. Biochem J 303(Pt 1):21–26
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- da Justa Pinheiro CH, de Queiroz JC, Guimarães-Ferreira L et al (2011) Local Injections of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate inflammation and increase angiogenesis ameliorating the dystrophic phenotype in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle. Stem Cell Rev. doi:10.1007/s12015-011-9304-0
- Eley HL, Russel ST, Baxter JH et al (2007) Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:923–931
Article Google Scholar
- Eley HL, Russel ST, Tisdale MJ (2008) Attenuation of depression of muscle protein synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate. Am J Physiol Endo Metabol 295:1409–1416
Article Google Scholar
- Flakoll P, Sharp R, Baier S et al (2004) Effect of betahydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition 20:445–451
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, Giannocco G et al (2011). Chronic supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta methylbutyrate (HMβ) increases the activity of the GH/IGF-I axis and induces hyperinsulinemia in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2010.12.006
- Hoffman JR, Cooper J, Wendell M et al (2004) Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. J Strength Cond Res 18:747–752
PubMed Google Scholar
- Keppler D, Decker K (1974). Glycogen: determination with amyloglucosidase. In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol 3, Chemie International, Deerfield Beach, pp 1127–1131 [2nd English edn, translated from the 3rd German edn (Bergmeyer HU, ed)]
- Kovarik M, Muthny T, Sispera L et al (2010) Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate treatment in different types of skeletal muscle of intact and septic rats. J Physiol Biochem. 66(4):311–319
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M et al (1999) Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. Int J Sports Med 20:503–509
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Greenwod M et al (2000) Effects of calcium β-HMB supplementation during training on markers of catabolism, body composition, strength and sprint performance. JEP. 3:48–59
Google Scholar
- Molinero O, Márquez S (2009) Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Nutr Hosp 24(2):128–134
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Nissen SL, Abumrad NN (1997) Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Nutr Biochem 8:300–311
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Nissen SL, Sharp RL (2003) Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a metaanalysis. J Appl Physiol 94(2):651–659
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Nissen S, Sharp R, Rathmacher JA et al (1996) The effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMb) on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol 81:2095–2104
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- O’Connor DM, Crowe MJ (2007) Effects of six weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and HMB/creatine supplementation on strength, power, and anthropometry of highly trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res 21:419–423
PubMed Google Scholar
- Pierno S, De Luca A, Tricarico D et al (1995) Potential risk of myopathy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a comparison of pravastatin and simvastatin effects on membrane electrical properties of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:1490–1496
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Pinheiro CH, Vitzel KF, Curi R (2010). Effect of N-acetylcysteine on markers of skeletal muscle injury after fatiguing contractile activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01143.x
- Portal S, Zadik Z, Rabinowitz J et al (2011). The effect of HMB supplementation on body composition, fitness, hormonal and inflammatory mediators in elite adolescent volleyball players: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1855-x
- Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN et al (1963) The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1(7285):785–789
Google Scholar
- Ransone J, Neighbors K, Lefavi R et al (2003) The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res 17:34–39
PubMed Google Scholar
- Slater GJ, Jenkins D (2000) Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Med 30:105–116
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Slater GJ, Jenkins D, Longan P et al (2001) Beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11:384–396
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Smith HJ, Mukerji P, Tisdale MJ (2005) Attenuation of proteasome induced proteolysis in skeletal muscle by β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in cancer-induced muscle loss. Cancer Res 65:277–283
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Srere PA, Brazil H, Gonen L (1963) The citrate condensing enzyme of pigeon breast muscle and moth flight muscle. Acta Chem Scand 17:129–134
Article Google Scholar
- Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS (2009) Effects of nine weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res 23:827–835
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Turner N, Bruce CR, Beale SM et al (2007). Excess lipid availability increases mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity in muscle: evidence against a role for reduced fatty acid oxidation in lipid-induced insulin resistance in rodents. Diabetes (8):2085–2092
- van Koverin M, Nissen SL (1992) Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 262:27
Google Scholar
- van Someren KA, Edwards AJ, Howatson G (2005) Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) reduce signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage in man. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol 15:413–424
Google Scholar
- Vukovich MD, Slater G, Macchi MB et al (2001) Beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) kinetics and the influence of glucose ingestion in humans. J Nutr Biochem 12:631–639
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH (2008) Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 5:1
Article Google Scholar
- Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L et al (2010) HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0