n−3 Fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity— Relevance to postsurgical and critically III patients (original) (raw)
References
Bone, R.C., Balk, R.A., Cerra, F.B., Dellinger, R.P., Fein, A.M., Knaus, W.A., Schein, R.M., and Sibbald, W.J. (1997) Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis, Chest 101, 1644–1655. Google Scholar
Angus, D.C., Linde-Zwirble, W.T., Lidicker, J., Clermont, G., Carcillo, J., and Pinsky, M.R. (2001) Epidemiology of Severe Sepsis in the United States: Analysis of Incidence, Outcome, and Associated Costs of Care, Crit. Care Med. 29, 1303–1310. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Friedman, G., Silva, E., and Vincent, J.-L. (1998) Has the Mortality of Septic Shock Changed with Time?, Crit. Care Med. 26, 2078–2086. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brun-Buisson, C. (2000) The Epidemiology of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Intensive Care Med. 26, S64-S74. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vervloet, M.G., Thijs, L.G., and Hack, C.E. (1998) Derangements of Coagulation and Fibrinoloysis in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock, Semin. Thromb. Hemostas. 24, 33–44. CAS Google Scholar
Girardin, E., Grau, G.E., Dayer, J.-M., Roux-Lombard, P., Jr. Study Group, and Lambert, P.H. (1988) Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 in the Serum of Children with Severe Infectious Purpura, N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 397–400. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hatherill, M., Tibby, S.M., Turner, C., Ratnavel, N., and Murdoch, I.A. (2000) Procalcitonin and Cytokine Levels: Relationship to Organ Failure and Mortality in Pediatric Septic Shock, Crit. Care Med. 28, 2591–2594. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Arnalich, F., Garcia-Palomero, E., Lopez, J., Jimenez, M., Madero, R., Renart, J., Vazquez, J.J., and Montiel, C. (2000) Predictive Value of Nuclear Factor κB Activity and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Sepsis, Infect. Immun. 68, 1942–1945. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beutler, B., Milsark, I.W., and Cerami, A.C. (1985) Passive Immunization Against Cachectin/Tumor Necrosis Factor Protects Mice from Lethal Effect of Endotoxin, Science 229, 869–871. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tracey, K.J., Fong, Y., Hesse, D.G., Manogue, K.R., Lee, A.T., Kuo, G.C., Lowry, S.F., and Cerami, A.C. (1987) Anti-Cachectin/TNF Monoclonal Antibodies Prevent Septic Shock During Lethal Bacteraemia, Nature 330, 662–664. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Alexander, H.R., Doherty, G.M., Buresh, C.M., Venzon, D.J., and Norton, J.A. (1991) A Recombinant Human Receptor Antagonist to Interkeukin 1 Improves Survival After Lethal Endotoxemia in Mice, J. Exp. Med. 173, 1029–1032. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marchant, A., Bruyns, C., Vandenabeele, P., Ducarme, M., Gerard, C., Delvaux, A., De Groote, D., Abramowicz, D., Velu, T., and Goldman, M. (1994) Interleukin-10 Controls Interferon-Gamma and Tumor Necrosis Factor Production During Experimental Endotoxemia, Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 1167–1171. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pfeffer, K., Matsuyama, T., Kundig, T.M., Wakeham, A., Kishihara, K., Shahinlan, A., Wiegmann, K., Ohashi, P.S., Kronke, M., and Mak, T.W. (1993) Mice Deficient for the 55 Kd Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor are Resistant to Endotoxic Shock, Yet Succumb to L. monocytogenes Infection, Cell 73, 457–467. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Debets, J.M.H., Kampmeijer, R., van der Linden, M.P.M.H., Buurman, W.A., and van der Linden, C.J. (1989) Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor and Mortality in Critically Ill Septic Patients, Crit. Care Med. 17, 489–494. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rogy, M.A., Coyle, S.M., Oldenburg, H.S., Rock, C.S., Barie, P.S., Van Zee, K.J., Smith, C.G., Moldawer, L.L., and Lowry, S.F. (1994) Persistently Elevated Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels in Critically Ill Patients, J. Am. Coll. Surg. 178, 132–138. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pruitt, J.H., Welborn, M.B., Edwards, P.D., Harward, T.R., Seeger, J.W., Martin, T.D., Smith, C., Kenney, J.A., Wesdrop, R.I., Meijer, S., Cuesta, M.A., Abouhanze, A., Copeland, E.M. 3rd, Giri, J., Sims, J.E., Moldawer, L.L., and Oldenburg, H.S. (1996) Increased Soluble Interleukin-1 Type II Receptor Concentrations in Postoperative Patients and in Patients with Sepsis Syndrome, Blood 87, 3282–3288. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C., and Moldawer, L.L. (2000) Cytokine Signalling—Regulation of the Immune Response in Normal and Critically Ill States, Crit. Care Med. 28 (Suppl.), N3-N12. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eskandari, M.K., Bolgos, G., Miller, C., Nguyen, D.T., De-Forge, L.E., and Remick, D.G. (1992) Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Antibody Therapy Fails to Prevent Lethality After Cecal Ligation and Puncture or Endotoxemia, J. Immunol. 148, 2724–2730. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Opal, S.M., Cross, A.S., Jhung, J.W., Young, L.D., Palardy, J.E., Parejo, N.A., and Donsky, C. (1996) Potential Hazards of Combination Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Experimental Septic Shock, J. Infect. Dis. 173, 1415–1421. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Echtenacher, B., Weigl, K., Lehn, N., and Mannel, D.N. (2001) Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Adhesions as a Major Protective Mechanism Early in Septic Peritonitis in Mice, Infect. Immun. 69, 3550–3555. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fisher, C.J., Jr., Agosti, J.M., Opal, S.M., Lowry, S.F., Balk, R.A., Sadoff, J.C., Abraham, E., Schein, R.M., and Benjamin, E. (1996) Treatment of Septic Shock with the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor:Fc Fusion Protein, N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1697–1702. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Howell, W.M., Calder, P.C., and Grimble, R.F. (2002) Gene Polymorphisms, Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 61, 447–456. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Louis, E., Franchimont, D., Piron, A., Gevaert, Y., Schaaf-Lafontaine, N., Roland, S., Mahieu, P., Malaise, M., De Groote, D., Louis, R., and Belaiche, J. (1998) Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) Gene Polymorphism Influences TNF-Alpha Production in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated Whole Blood Cell Culture in Healthy Humans, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 113, 401–406. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pociot, F., Briant, L., Jongeneel, C.V., Molvig, J., Worsaae, H., Abbal, M., Thomsen, M., Nerup, J., and Cambon-Thomsen, A. (1993) Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Alleles with the Secretion of TNF-Alpha and TNF-Beta by Human Mononuclear Cells: A Possible Link to Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 224–231. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mira, J.P., Cariou, A., Grall, F., Delclaux, C., Losser, M.-R., Heshmati, F., Cheval, C., Monchi, M., Teboul, J.-L., Riche, F., Leleu, G., Arbibe, L., Mignon, A., Delpech, M., and Dhainaut, J.-F. (1999) Association of TNF2, a TNF-α Promoter Polymorphism, with Septic Shock Susceptibility and Mortality, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282, 561–568. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Stuber, F., Peterson, M., Bokelmann, F., and Schade, U. (1996) A Genetic Polymorphism Within the Tumor Necrosis Factor Locus Influences Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Concentrations and Outcome of Patients with Severe Sepsis, Crit. Care Med. 24, 381–384. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kahlke, V., Schafmayer, C., Schniewind, B., Seegert, D., Schreiber, S., and Schroder, J. (2004) Are Postoperative Complications Genetically Determined by TNF-β NcoI Gene Polymprophism?, Surgery 135, 365–373. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Grbic, J.T., Mannick, J.A., Gough, D.B., and Rodrick, M.L. (1991) The Role of Prostaglandin E2 in Immune Suppression Following Injury, Ann. Surg. 214, 253–263. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ertel, W., Morrison, M.H., Meldrum, D.R., Ayala, A., and Chaudry, I.H. (1992) Ibuprofen Restores Cellular Immunity and Decreases Susceptibility to Sepsis Following Hemorrhage, J. Surg. Res. 53, 55–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kollef, M.H., and Schuster, D.P. (1995) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 27–37. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meakins, J.L., Pietsch, J.B., Bubenick, O., Kelly, R., Rode, H., Gordon, J., and MacLean, L.D. (1977) Delayed Hypersensitivity: Indicator of Acquired Failure of Host Defenses in Sepsis and Trauma, Ann. Surg. 186, 241–250. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lederer, J.A., Rodrick, M.L., and Mannick, J.A. (1999) The Effects of Injury on the Adaptive Immune Response, Shock 11, 153–159. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C., and Moldawer, L.L. (2001) Sepsis Syndromes: Understanding the Role of Innate and Acquired Immunity, Shock 16, 83–96. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, S.T., Lederer, J.A., Horgan, A.F., Chin, D.H.L., Mannick, J.A., and Rodrick, M.L. (1995) Major Injury Leads to Predominance of the T Helper-2 Lymphocyte Phenotype and Diminished Interleukin-12 Production Associated with Decreased Resistance to Infection, Ann. Surg. 222, 482–492. PubMed Google Scholar
Gerard, C., Bruyns, C., Marchant, A., Abramowicz, D., Vandenabeele, P., Delvaux, A., Fiers, W., Goldman, M., and Velu, T. (1993) Interleukin 10 Reduces the Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Prevents Lethality in Experimental Endotoxemia, J. Exp. Med. 177, 547–550. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Howard, M., Muchamuel, T., Andrade, S., and Menon, S. (1993) Interleukin 10 Protects Mice from Lethal Endotoxemia, J. Exp. Med. 177, 1205–1208. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smith, S.R., Terminelli, C., Kenworthy-Bott, L., Calzetta, A., and Donkin, J. (1994) The Cooperative Effects of TNF-α and IFN-γ are Determining Factors in the Ability of IL-10 to Protect Mice from Lethal Endotoxemia, J. Leuk. Biol. 55, 711–718. CAS Google Scholar
Hershman, M., Cheadle, W., Wellhausen, S., Davidson, P., and Polk, H. (1990) Monocyte HLA-DR Antigen Expression Characterises Clinical Outcome in the Trauma Patients, Br. J. Surg. 77, 204–207. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wakefield, C., Carey, P., Fould, S., Monson, J., and Guillou, P. (1993) Changes in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression in Monocytes and T Cells of Patients Developing Infection After Surgery, Br. J. Surg. 80, 205–209. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Astiz, M., Saha, D., Lustbader, D., Lin, R., and Rackow, E. (1996) Monocyte Response to Bacterial Toxins, Expression of Cell Surface Receptors, and Release of Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines During Sepsis, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 128, 594–600. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Manjuck, J., Saha, D.C., Astiz, M., Eales, L.-J., and Rackow, E.C. (2000) Decreased Response to Recall Antigens is Associated with Depressed Costimulatory Receptor Expression in Septic Critically Ill Patients, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 135, 153–1260. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Munoz, C., Carlet, J., Fitting, C., Missett, B., Bieriot, J., and Cavaillon, J. (1991) Dysregulation of in vitro Cytokine Production by Monocytes During Sepsis, J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1747–1754. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brandtzaeg, P., Osnes, L., Ovstebo, R., Joo, G., Westvik, A., and Kierulf, P. (1996) Net Inflammatory Capacity of Human Septic Shock Plasma Evaluated by a Monocyte-Based Target Cell Assay: Identification of Interleukin-10 as a Major Functional Deactivator of Human Monocytes, J. Exp. Med. 184, 51–60. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heidecke, C.D., Hensler, T., Weighardt, H., Zantl, N., Wagner, H., Siewert, J.R., and Holzmann, B. (1999) Selective Defects of T Lymphocyte Function in Patients with Lethal Intraabdominal Infection, Am. J. Surg. 178, 288–292. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pellegrini, J.D., De, A.K.K., Puyana, J.C., Furse, R.K., and Miller-Graziano, C. (2000) Relationships Between T Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Anergy Following Trauma, J. Surg. Res. 88, 200–206. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weighardt, H., Heidecke, C.D., Emmanuilidis, K., Maier, S., Bartels, H., Siewert, J.R., and Holzmann, B. (2000) Sepsis After Major Visceral Surgery is Associated with Sustained and Interferon-γ-Resistant Defects of Monocyte Cytokine Production, Surgery 127, 309–315. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tschaikowsky, K., Hedwig-Geissing, M., Schiele, A., Bremer, F., Schywalsky, M., and Schutter, J. (2000) Coincidence of Proand Anti-Inflammatory Responses in the Early Phase of Severe Sepsis: Longitudinal Study of Mononuclear Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen-DR Expression, Procalcitonin, C-Reactive Protein, and Changes in T-Cell Subsets in Septic and Postoperative Patients, Crit. Care Med. 30, 1015–1023. Google Scholar
Calder, P.C. (2001) n−3 Polyunsaturated FA, Inflammation and Immunity: Pouring Oil on Troubled Waters or Another Fishy Tale?, Nutr. Res. 21, 309–341. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kinsella, J.E., Lokesh, B., Broughton, S., and Whelan, J. (1990) Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids: Potential Effects on the Modulation of Inflammatory and Immune Cells: An Overview, Nutrition 6, 24–44. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C. (2001) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Inflammation and Immunity, Lipids 36, 1007–1024. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C. (2002) Dietary Modification of Inflammation with Lipids, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 61, 345–358. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C. (2003) n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammation: From Molecular Biology to the Clinic, Lipids 38, 342–352. Google Scholar
Miles, E.A., Allen, E., and Calder, P.C. (2002) In vitro Effects of Eicosanoids Derived from Different 20-Carbon Fatty Acids on Production of Monocyte-Derived Cytokines in Human Whole Blood Cultures, Cytokine 20, 215–223. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dooper, M.M.B.W., Wassink, L., M'Rabet, L., and Graus, Y.M.F. (2002) The Modulatory Effects of Prostaglandin-E on Cytokine Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells are Independent of the Prostaglandin Subtype, Immunology 107, 152–159. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Vassiliou, E., Jing, H., and Ganea, D. (2003) Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits TNF Production in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells, Cell. Immunol. 223, 120–132. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
van der Pouw Kraan, T.C., Boeije, L.C., Smeenk, R.J., Wijdenes, J., and Aarden, L.A. (1995) Prostaglandin E2 is a Potent Inhibitor of Human Interleukin 12 Production in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells, J. Exp. Med. 181, 775–779. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rola-Pleszczynski, M., Thivierge, M., Gagnon, N., Lacasse, C., and Stankova, J. (1993) Differential Regulation of Cytokine and Cytokine Receptor Genes by PAF, LTB4 and PGE2, J. Lipid Mediat. 6, 175–181. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bagga, D., Wang, L., Farias-Eisner, R., Glaspy, J.A., and Reddy, S.T. (2003) Differential Effects of Prostaglandin Derived From ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on COX-2 Expression and IL-6 Secretion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1751–1756. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Levy, B.D., Clish, C.B., Schmidt, B., Gronert, K., and Serhan, C.N. (2001) Lipid Mediator Class Switching During Acute Inflammation: Signals in Resolution, Nature Immunol. 2, 612–619. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Vachier, I., Chanez, P., Bonnans, C., Godard, P., Bousquet, J., and Chavis, C. (2002) Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Mediators from Arachidonate in Human Neutrophils, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290, 219–224. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gewirtz, A.T., Collier-Hyams, L.S., Young, A.N., Kucharzik, T., Guilford, W.J., Parkinson, J.F., Williams, I.R., Neish, A.S., and Madara, J.L. (2002) Lipoxin A4 Analogs Attenuate Induction of Intestinal Epithelial Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Reduce the Severity of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis, J. Immunol. 168, 5260–5267. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serhan, C.N., Jain, A., Marleau, S., Clish, C., Kantarci, A., Beh-behani, B., Colgan, S.P., Stahl, G.L., Merched, A., Petasis, N.A., Chan, L., and Van Dyke, T.E. (2003) Reduced Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Transgenic Rabbits Overexpressing 15-Lipoxygenase and Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Mediators, J. Immunol. 171, 6856–6865. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C., Bevan, S.J., and Newsholme, E.A. (1992) The Inhibition of T-Lymphocyte Proliferation by Fatty Acids is Via an Eicosanoid-Independent Mechanism, Immunology 75, 108–115. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miles, E.A., Aston, L., and Calder, P.C. (2003) In Vitro Effects of Eicosanoids Derived from Different 20-Carbon Fatty Acids on T Helper Type 1 and T Helper Type 2 Cytokine Production in Human Whole-Blood Cultures, Clin. Exp. Allergy 33, 624–632. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Camandola, S., Leonarduzzi, G., Musso, T., Varesio, L., Carini, R., Scavazza, A., Chiarpotto, E., Baeuerle, P.A., and Poli, G. (1996) Nuclear κB is Activated by Arachidonic Acid but Not by Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229, 643–647. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Priante, G., Bordin, L., Musacchio, E., Clari, G., and Baggio, B. (2002) Fatty Acids and Cytokine mRNA Expression in Human Osteoblastic Cells: A Specific Effect of Arachidonic Acid, Clin. Sci. 102, 403–409. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bordin, L., Prianti, G., Musacchio, E., Giunco, S., Tibaldi, E., Clari, G., and Baggio, B. (2003) Arachidonic Acid-Induced IL-6 Expression is Mediated by PKC-α Activation in Osteoblastic Cells, Biochemistry 42, 4485–4491. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hennig, B., Toborek, M., Joshi-Barve, S., Barger, S.W., Barve, S., Mattson, M.P., and McClain, C.J. (1996) Linoleic Acid Activates Nuclear Transcription Factor-Kappa B (NF-kappa B) and Induces NF-kappa B-Dependent Transcription in Cultured Endothelial Cells, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 322–328. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hennig, B., Meerarani, P., Ramadass, P., Watkins, B.A., and Toborek, M. (2000) Fatty Acid-Induced Activation of Vascular Endothelial Cells, Metabolism 49, 1006–1013. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Toborek, M., Blanc, E.M., Kaiser, S., Mattson, M.P., and Hennig, B. (1997) Linoleic Acid Potentiates TNF-Mediated Oxidative Stress, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis, and Apoptosis of Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells, J. Lipid Res. 38, 2155–2167. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Toborek, M., Lee, Y.W., Garrido, R.S., and Hennig, B. (2002) Unsaturated Fatty Acids Selectively Induce an, Inflammatory Environment in Human Endothelial Cells, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 119–125. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Young, V.M., Toborek, M., Yang, F.J., McClain, C.J., and Hennig, B. (1998) Effect of Linoleic Acid on Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Mediators, Metabolism 47, 566–572. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Park, H.J., Lee, Y.W., Hennig, B., and Toborek, M. (2001) Linoleic Acid-Induced VCAM-1 Expression in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells is Mediated by NF-kappa B-Dependent Pathway, Nutr. Cancer 41, 126–134. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dichtl, W., Ares, M.P.S., Niemann Jonson, A., Jovinge, S., Pachinger, O., Giachelli, C.M., Hamsten, A., Eriksson, P., and Nilsson, J. (2002) Linoleic Acid-Stimulated Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Endothelial Cells Depends on Nuclear Factor-κB Activation, Metabolism 51, 327–333. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gibney, M.J., and Hunter, B. (1993) The Effects of Short- and Long-Term Supplementation with Fish Oil on the Incorporation of n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Cells of the Immune System in Healthy Volunteers, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 255–259. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yaqoob, P., Pala, H.S., Cortina-Borja, M., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2000) Encapsulated Fish Oil Enriched in α-Tocopherol Alters Plasma Phospholipid and Mononuclear Cell Fatty Acid Compositions but not Mononuclear Cell Functions, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30, 260–274. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Healy, D.A., Wallace, F.A., Miles, E.A., Calder, P.C., and Newsholme, P. (2000) The Effect of Low to Moderate Amounts of Dietary Fish Oil on Neutrophil Lipid Composition and Function, Lipids 35, 763–768. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Kelley, V.E., Georgilis, K., Lonnemann, G., van der Meer, J.M.W., Cannon, J.G., Rogers, T.S., Klempner, M.S., Weber, P.C., Schaeffer, E.J., Wolff, S.M., and Dinarello, C.A. (1989) The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Synthesis of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor by Mononuclear Cells, N. Eng. J. Med. 320, 265–271. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Meydani, S.N., Endres, S., Woods, M.M., Goldin, B.R., Soo, C., Morrill-Labrode, A., Dinarello, C., and Gorbach, S.L. (1991) Oral (n−3) Fatty Acid Supplementation Suppresses Cytokine Production and Lymphocyte Proliferation: Comparison Between Young and Older Women, J. Nutr. 121, 547–555. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Caughey, G.E., Mantzioris, E., Gibson, R.A., Cleland, L.G., and James, M.J. (1996) The Effect on Human Tumor Necrosis Factor a and Interleukin 1β Production of Diets Enriched in n−3 Fatty Acids from Vegetable Oil or Fish Oil, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 116–122. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Trebble, T.M., Wootton, S.A., Miles, E.A., Mullee, M., Arden, N.K., Ballinger, A.B., Stroud, M.A., and Calder, P.C. (2003) Prostaglandin E2 Production and T-Cell Function After Fish-Oil Supplementation: Response to Antioxidant Co-supplementation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78, 376–382. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee, T.H., Hoover, R.L., Williams, J.D., Sperling, R.I., Ravalese, J., Spur, B.W., Robinson, D.R., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. (1985) Effects of Dietary Enrichment with Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on In Vitro Neutrophil and Monocyte Leukotriene Generation and Neutrophil Function, N. Eng. J. Med. 312, 1217–1224. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sperling, R.I., Benincaso, A.I., Knoell, C.T., Larkin, J.K., Austen, K.F., and Robinson, D.R. (1993) Dietary ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit Phosphoinositide Formation and Chemotaxis in Neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 91, 651–660. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Von Schacky, C., Kiefl, R., Jendraschak, E., and Kaminski, W.E. (1993) n−3 Fatty Acids and Cysteinyl-Leukotriene Formation in Humans in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 121, 302–309. Google Scholar
Needleman, P., Whitaker, M.O., Wyche, A., Watters, K., Sprecher, H., and Raz, A. (1980) Manipulation of Platelet Aggregation by Prostaglandins and Their Fatty Acid Precursors: Pharmacological Basis for a Therapeutic Approach, Prostaglandins 19, 165–181. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kulmacz, R.J., Pendleton, R.B., and Lands, W.E.M. (1994) Interaction Between Peroxidase and Cyclooxygenase Activities in Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5527–5536. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Obata, T., Nagakura, T., Masaki, T., Maekawa, K., and Yamashita, K. (1999) Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Prostaglandin D2 Generation by Inhibiting Cyclo-oxygenase-2 in Cultured Human Mast Cells, Clin. Exp. Allergy 29, 1129–1135. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee, T.H., Mencia-Huerta, J.M., Shih, C., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, F.A. (1984) Effects of Exogenous Arachidonic Eicosapentaenoic, and Docosahexaenoic Acids on the Generation of 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Products by Ionophore-Activated Human Neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 74, 1922–1933. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rao, G.H., Radha, E., and White, J.G. (1983) Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Platelet Function, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 16, 549–55. Article Google Scholar
Corey, E.J., Shih, C., and Cashman, J.R. (1983) Docosahexaenoic Acid is a Strong Inhibitor of Prostaglandin but Not Leukotriene Biosynthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3581–3584. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Curtis, C.L., Hughes, C.E., Flannery, C.R., Little, C.B., Harwood, J.L., and Caterson, B. (2000) n−3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate Catabolic Factors Involved in Articular Cartilage Degradation, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 721–724. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Curtis, C.L., Rees, S.G., Little, C.B., Flannery, C.R., Hughes, C.E., Wilson, C., Dent, C.M., Otterness, I.G., Harwood, J.L., and Caterson, B. (2002) Pathologic Indicators of Degradation and Inflammation in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage are Abrogated by Exposure to n−3 Fatty Acids, Arthritis Rheum. 46, 1544–1553. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Laneuville, O., Breuer, D.K., Xu, N., Huang, Z.H., Gage, D.A., Watson, J.T., Lagarde, M., DeWitt, D.L., and Smith, W.L. (1995) Fatty Acid Substrate Specificities of Human Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and-2, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19330–19336. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Malkowski, M.G., Thuresson, E.D., Lakkides, K.M., Rieke, C.J., Micielli, R., Smith, W.L., and Garavito, R.M. (2001) Structure of Eicosapentaenoic and Linoleic Acids in the Cyclooxygenase Site of Prostaglandin Endoperoxidase H Synthase-1, J. Biol. Chem. 276, 37547–37555. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hawkes, J.S., James, M.J., and Cleland, L.G. (1991) Separation and Quantification of PGE3 Following Derivatization with Panacyl Bromide by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric Detection, Prostaglandins 42, 355–368. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldman, D.W., Pickett, W.C., and Goetzl, E.J. (1983) Human Neutrophil Chemotactic and Degranulating Activities of Leukotriene B5 (LTB5) Derived from Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 117, 282–288. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee, T.H., Mencia-Huerta, J.M., Shih, C., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. (1984) Characterization and Biologic Properties of 5,12-Dihydroxy Derivatives of Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Including Leukotriene-B5 and the Double Lipoxygenase Product, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2383–2389. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grimminger, F., Mayer, K., Kiss, L., Wahn, H., Walmrath, D., Bahkdi, S., and Seeger, W. (1997) Synthesis of 4-Series and 5-Series Leukotrienes in the Lung Microvasculature Challenged with Escherichia coli Hemolysin: Critical Dependence on Exogenous Free Fatty Acid Supply, Am. J. Resp. Cell. Mol. Biol. 16, 317–324. CAS Google Scholar
Grimminger, F., Wahn, H., Mayer, K., Kiss, L., Walmrath, D., and Seeger, W. (1997) Impact of Arachidonic Acid Versus Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Exotoxin-Induced Lung Vascular Leakage—Relation to 4-Series Versus 5-Series Leukotriene Generation, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 155, 513–519. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Breil, I., Koch, T., Heller, A., Schlotzer, E., Grunert, A., van Ackern, K., and Neuhof, H. (1996) Alteration of n−3 Fatty Acid Composition in Lung Tissue After Short-Term Infusion of Fish Oil Emulsion Attenuates Inflammatory Vascular Reaction, Crit. Care Med. 24, 1893–1902. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serhan, C.N., Clish, C.B., Brannon, J., Colgan, S.P., Gronert, K., and Chiang, N. (2000) Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Signals Generated From Dietary n−3 Fatty Acids via Cyclooxygenase-2 and Transcellular Processing: A Novel Mechanism for NSAID and n−3 PUFA Therapeutic Actions, J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 4, 643–654. Google Scholar
Serhan, C.N., Clish, C.B., Brannon, J., Colgan, S.P., Chiang, N., and Gronert, K. (2000) Novel Functional Sets of Lipid-derived Mediators with Anti-inflammatory Actions Generated From Omega-3 Fatty Acids Via Cyclooxygenase 2-Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Transcellular Processing, J. Exp. Med. 192, 1197–1204. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serhan, C.N., Hong, S., Gronert, K., Colgan, S.P., Devchand, P.R., Mirick, G., and Moussignac, R-L. (2002) Resolvins: A Family of Bioactive Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Transformation Circuits Initiated by Aspirin Treatment That Counter Pro-Inflammation Signals, J. Exp. Med. 196, 1025–1037. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hong, S., Gronert, K., Devchand, P., Moussignac, R.-L., and Serhan, C.N. (2003) Novel Docosatrienes and 17S-Resolvins Generated from Docosahexaenoic Acid in Urine Brain, Human Blood and Glial Cells: Autocoids in Anti-inflammation, J. Biol. Chem. 278, 14677–14687. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marcheselli, V.L., Hong, S., Lukiw, W.J., Hua Tian, X., Gronert, K., Musto, A., Hardy, M., Gimenez, J.M., Chiang, N., Serhan, C.N., and Bazan, N.G. (2003) Novel Docosanoids Inhibit Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion-Mediated Leukocyte Infiltration and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression, J. Biol. Chem. 278, 43807–43817. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mukherjee, P.K., Marcheselli, V.L., Serhan, C.N., and Bazan, N.G. (2004) Neutroprotectin D1: A Docosahexaenoic Acid-Derived Docosatriene Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8491–8496. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
De Caterina, R., Cybulsky, M.I., Clinton, S.K., Gimbrone, M.A., and Libby, P. (1994) The Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoate Reduces Cytokine-Induced Expression of Proatherogenic and Proinflammatory Proteins in Human Endothelial Cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 1829–1836. PubMed Google Scholar
Khalfoun, B., Thibault, F., Watier, H., Bardos, P., and Lebranchu, Y. (1997) Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Inhibits in vitro Human Endothelial Cell Production of Interleukin-6, Adv. Exp. Biol. Med. 400, 589–597. Google Scholar
Lo, C.J., Chiu, K.C., Fu, M., Lo, R., and Helton, S. (1999) Fish Oil Decreases Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Transcription by Altering the NFκB Activity, J. Surg. Res. 82, 216–222. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Babcock, T.A., Novak, T., Ong, E., Jho, D.H., Helton, W.S., and Espat, N.J. (2002) Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production by ω-3 Fatty Acid Is Associated with Differential Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Expression and is Independent of Interleukin-10, J. Surg. Res. 107, 135–139. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Novak, T.E., Babcock, T.A., Jho, D.H., Helton, W.S., and Espat, N.J. (2003) NF-κB Inhibition by ω-3 Fatty Acids Modulates LPS-Stimulated Macrophage TNF-α Transcription, Am. J. Physiol. 284, L84-L89. CAS Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Joshi-Barve, S., Barve, S., and Chen, L.H. (2004) Eicosapentaenoic Acid Prevents LPS-Induced TNF-α Expression by Preventing NF-κB Activation, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23, 71–78. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ross, J.A., Moses, A.G.W., and Fearon, K.C.H. (1999) The Anti-catabolic Effects of n−3 Fatty Acids, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2, 219–226. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lo, C.J., Chiu, K.C., Fu, M.J., Chu, A., and Helton, S. (2000) Fish Oil Modulates Macrophage P44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity Induced by Lipopolysaccharide, J. Parent. Ent. Nutr. 24, 159–163. CAS Google Scholar
Xi, S., Cohen, D., Barve, S., and Cohen, L.H. (2001) Fish Oil Suppressed Cytokines and Nuclear Factor kappaB Induced by Murine AIDS Virus Infection, Nutr. Res. 21, 865–878. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sadeghi, S., Wallace, F.A., and Calder, P.C. (1999) Dietary Lipids Modify the Cytokine Response to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Mice, Immunology 96, 404–410. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Abbate, R., Gori, A.M., Martini, F., Brunelli, T., Filippini, M., Francalanci, I., Paniccia, R., Prisco, D., Gensini, G.F., and Serneri, G.G.N. (1996) n−3 PUFA Supplementation, Monocyte PCA Expression and Interleukin-6 Production, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 54, 439–444. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Trebble, T., Arden, N.K., Stroud, M.A., Wootton, S.A., Burdge, G.C., Miles, E.A., Ballinger, A.B., Thompson, R.L., and Calder, P.C. (2003) Inhibition of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α and Inter-leukin-6 Production by Mononuclear Cells Following Dietary Fish-Oil Supplementation in Healthy Men and Response to Antioxidant Co-Supplementation, Br. J. Nutr. 90, 405–412. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wallace, F.A., Miles, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2003) Comparison of the Effects of Linseed Oil and Different Doses of Fish Oil on Mononuclear Cell Function in Healthy Human Subjects, Br. J. Nutr. 89, 679–689. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grimble, R.F., Howell, W.M., O'Reilly, G., Turner, S.J., Markovic, O., Hirrell, S., East, J.M., and Calder, P.C. (2002) The Ability of Fish Oil to Suppress Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Healthy Men is Associated with Polymorphisms in Genes that Influence Tumor Necrosis Factor α Production, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 454–459. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mascioli, E.A., Leader, L., Flores, E., Trimbo, S., Bistrian, B., and Blackburn, G. (1988) Enhanced Survival to Endotoxin in Guinea Pigs Fed IV Fish Oil Emulsion, Lipids 23, 623–625. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mascioli, E.A., Iwasa, Y., Trimbo, S., Leader, L., Bistrian, B.R., and Blackburn, G.L. (1989) Endotoxin Challenge After Menhaden Oil Diet: Effects on Survival of Guinea Pigs, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49, 277–282. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Utsunomiya, T., Chavali, S.R., Zhong, W.W., and Forse, R.A. (1994) Effects of Continuous Tube Feeding of Dietary Fat Emulsions on Eicosanoid Production and on Fatty Acid Composition During an Acute Septic Shock in Rats, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1214, 333–339. PubMed Google Scholar
Sane, S., Baba, M., Kusano, C., Shirao, K., Andoh, T., Kamada, T., and Aikou, T. (2000) Eicosapentaenoic Acid Reduces Pulmonary Edema in Endotoxemic Rats, J. Surg. Res. 93, 21–27. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mulrooney, H.M., and Grimble, R.F. (1994) Influence of Butter and of Corn, Coconut and Fish Oils on the Effects of Recombinant Human Tumour Necrosis Factor-α in Rats, Clin. Sci. 84, 105–112. Google Scholar
Pomposelli, J., Mascioli, E.A., Bistrian, B.R., and Flores, S.M. (1990) Attenuation of the Febrile Response in Guinea Pigs by Fish Oil Enriched Diets, J. Parent. Ent. Nutr. 13, 136–140. Google Scholar
Pomposelli, J.J., Flores, E.A., Blackburn, G., Zeisel, S.H., and Bistrian, B.R. (1991) Diets Enriched with n−3 Fatty Acids Ameliorate Lactic Acidosis by Improving Endotoxin-Induced Tissue Hypoperfusion in Guinea Pigs, Ann. Surg. 213, 166–176. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Teo, T.C., Selleck, K.M., Wan, J.M.F., Pomposelli, J.J., Babayan, V.K., Blackburn, G.L., and Bistrian, B.R. (1991) Long-Term Feeding with Structured Lipid Composed of Medium-Chain and n−3 Fatty Acids Ameliorates Endotoxic Shock in Guinea-Pigs, Metabolism 40, 1152–1159. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Murray, M.J., Kanazi, G., Moukabary, K., Tazelaar, H.D., and DeMichele, S.J. (2000) Effects of Eicosapentaenoic and γ-Linolenic Acids (Dietary Lipids) on Pulmonary Surfactant Composition and Function During Porcine Endotoxemia, Chest 117, 1720–1727. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mancuso, P., Whelan, J., DeMichele, S.J., Snider, C.C., Guszcza, J.A., and Karlstad, M.D. (1997) Dietary Fish Oil and Fish and Borage Oil Suppress Intrapulmonary Proinflammatory Eicosanoids Biosynthesis and Attenuate Pulmonary Neutrophil Accumulation in Endotoxic Rats, Crit. Care Med. 25, 1198–1206. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mancuso, P., Whelan, J., DeMichele, S.J., Snider, C.C., Guszcza, J.A., Claycombe, K.J., Smith, G.T., Gregory, T.J., and Karlstad, M.D. (1997) Effects of Eicosapentaenoic and Gamma-Linolenic Acid on Lung Permeability and Alveolar Macrophage Eicosanoid Synthesis in Endotoxic Rats, Crit. Care Med. 25, 523–532. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Murray, M.J., Svinger, B.A., Holman, R.T., and Yaksh, T.L. (1991) Effects of a Fish Oil Diet on Pig's Cardiopulmonary Response to Bacteremia, J. Parent. Ent. Nutr. 15, 152–158. CAS Google Scholar
Murray, M.J., Svinger, B.A., Yaksh, T.L., and Holman, R.T. (1993) Effects of Endotoxin on Pigs Prefed Omega-3 Vs. Omega-6 Fatty Acids-Enriched Diets, Am. J. Physiol. 265, E920-E927. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Murray, M.J., Kumar, M., Gregory, T.J., Banks, P.L., Tazelaar, H.D., and DeMichele, S.J. (1995) Select Dietary Fatty Acids Attenuate Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction During Acute Lung Injury in Pigs, Am. J. Physiol. 269, H2090-H2097. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C., Yaqoob, P., Thies, F., Wallace, F.A., and Miles, E.A. (2002) Fatty Acids and Lymphocyte Functions, Br. J. Nutr. 87, S31-S48. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Halvorsen, D.A., Hansen, J-B, Grimsgaard, S., Bonna, K.H., Kierulf, P., and Nordoy, A. (1997) The Effect of Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on Monocyte Phagocytosis in Man, Lipids 32, 935–942. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Thies, F., Miles, E.A., Nebe-von-Caron, G., Powell, J.R., Hurst, T.L., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2001) Influence of Dietary Supplementation with Long-Chain n−3 or n−6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Blood Inflammatory Cell Populations and Functions and on Plasma Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Healthy Adults, Lipids 36, 1183–1193. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kew, S., Banerjee, T., Minihane, A.M., Finnegan, Y.E., Muggli, R., Albers, R., Williams, C.M., and Calder, P.C. (2003) Lack of Effect of Foods Enriched with Plant- or Marine-Derived n−3 Fatty Acids on Human Immune Function, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 1287–1295. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Miles, E.A., Banerjee, T., Dooper, M.W.B.W., M'Rabet, L., Graus, Y.M.F., and Calder, P.C. (2004) The Influence of Different Combinations of γ-Linolenic Acid, Stearidonic Acid and EPA on Immune Function in Healthy Young Male Subjects, Brit. J. Nutr. 91, 893–903. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hughes, D.A., Pinder, A.C., Piper, Z., Johnson, I.T., and Lund, E.K. (1996) Fish Oil Supplementation Inhibits the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules and Adhesion Molecules on Human Monocytes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 267–272. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meydani, M., Natiello, F., Goldin, B., Free, N., Woods, M., Schaefer, E., Blumberg, J.B., and Gorbach, S.L. (1991) Effect of Long-Term Fish Oil Supplementation on Vitamin E Status and Lipid Peroxidation in Women, J. Nutr. 121, 484–491. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Molvig, J., Pociot, F., Worsaae, H., Wogensen, L.D., Baek, L., Christensen, P., Mandruppoulsen, T., Andersen, K., Madsen, P., Dyerberg, J., and Nerup, J. (1991) Dietary Supplementation with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decreases Mononuclear Cell Proliferation and Interleukin 1 Beta Content but Not Monokine Secretion in Healthy and Insulin Dependent Diabetic Individuass, Scand. J. Immunol. 34, 399–410. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Thies, F., Nebe-von-Caron, G., Powell, J.R., Yaqoob, P., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2001) Dietary Supplementation with γ-Linolenic Acid or Fish Oil Decreases T Lymphocyte Proliferation in Healthy Older Humans, J. Nutr. 131, 1918–1927. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pscheidl, E., Schywalsky, M., Schywalsky, M., Tschaikowsky, K., and Boke-Prols, T. (2000) Fish Oil-Supplemented Parenteral Diets Normalize Splanchnic Blood Flow and Improve Killing of Translocated Bacteria in a Low-Dose Endotoxin Rat Model, Crit. Care Med. 28, 1489–1496. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barton, R.G., Wells, C.L., Carlson, A., Singh, R., Sullivan, J.J., and Cerra, F.B. (1991) Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Decrease Mortality and Kupffer Cell Prostaglandin E2 Production in a Rat Model of Chronic Sepsis, J. Trauma 31, 768–774. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rayon, J.I., Carver, J.D., Wyble, L.E., Wiener, D., Dickey, S.S., Benford, V.J., Chen, L.T., and Lim, D.V. (1997) The Fatty Acid Composition of Maternal Diet Affects Lung Prostaglandin E2 Levels and Survival from Group B Streptococcal Sepsis in Neonatal Rat Pups, J. Nutr. 127, 1989–1992. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lanza-Jacoby, S., Flynn, J.T., and Miller, S. (2001) Parenteral Supplementation with a Fish Oil Emulsion Prolong Survival and Improves Lymphocyte Function During Sepsis, Nutrition 17, 112–116. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson, J.A., Griswold, J.A., Muakkassa, F.F., Meyer, A.A., Maier, R.V., Chaudry, I.H., and Cerra, F. (1993) Essential Fatty Acids Influence Survival in Stress, J. Trauma 35, 128–131. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blok, W.L., Vogels, M.T.E., Curfs, J.H.A.J., Eling, W.M.C., Buurmann, W.A., and van der Meer, J.M.W. (1992) Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation in Experimental Gram Negative Infection and in cerebral malaria in Mice, J. Infect. Dis. 165, 898–903. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chang, H.R., Dulloo, A.G., Vladoianu, I.R., Piguet, P.F., Arsenijevic, D., Girardier, L., and Pechere, J.C. (1992) Fish Oil Decreases Natural Rresistance of Mice to Infection with Salmonella typhimurium, Metabolism 41, 1–2. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fritsche, K.L., Shahbazian, L.M., Feng, C., and Berg, J.N. (1997) Dietaey Fish Oil Reduces Survival and Impairs Bacterial Clearance in C3H/Hen Mice Challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, Clin. Sci. 92, 95–101. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mayatepek, E., Paul, K., Leichsenring, M., Pfisterer, M., Wagener, D., Domann, M., Sonntag, H.G., and Brener, H.J. (1994) Influence of Dietary (n−3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Leukotriene B4 and Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis and the Time Course of Experimental Tuberculosis in Guinea Pigs, Infection 22, 106–112. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
D'Ambola, J.B., Aeberhard, E.E., Trang, N., Gaffar, S., Barrett, C.T., and Sherman, M.P. (1991) Effect of Dietary (n−3) and (n−6) Fatty Acids on in vivo Pulmonary Bacterial clearance by Neonatal Rabbits, J. Nutr. 121, 1262–1269. PubMed Google Scholar
Kronberg, D., Hansen, B., and Aaby, P. (1992) Analysis of the Incubation Period for Measles in the Epidemic in Greenland in 1951 Using a Variance Components Model, Stat. Med. 11, 579–590. Google Scholar
Heyland, D.K., MacDonald, S., Keefe, L., and Drover, J.W. (1998) Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient: A Meta-Analysis, JAMA 280, 2013–2019. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calder, P.C., Sherrington, E.J., Askanazi, J., and Newsholme, E.A. (1994) Inhibition of Lymphocyte Proliferation in vitro by Two Lipid Emulsions with Different Fatty Acid Compositions, Clin. Nutr. 13, 69–74. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Battistella, F.D., Widergren, J.T., Anderson, J.T., Siepler, J.K., Weber, J.C., and MacColl, K. (1997) A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administration in Trauma Victims Requiring Total Parenteral Nutrition, J. Trauma 43, 52–58. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Furukawa, K., Yamamori, H., Takagi, K., Hayashi, N., Suzuki, R., Nakajima, N., and Tashiro, T. (2002) Influence of Soybean Oil Emulsion on Stress Response and Cell-Mediated Immune Function in Moderately or Severely Stressed Patients, Nutrition 18, 235–240. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gogos, C.A., Kalfarentzos, F.E., and Zoumbos, N.C. (1990) Effect of Different Types of Total Parenteral Nutrition on T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations and NK Cells, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 119–122. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sedman, P.C., Somers, S.S., Ramsden, C.W., Brennan, T.G., Guillou, P.J. (1991) Effects of Different Lipid Emulsions on Lymphocyte Function During Total Parenteral Nutrition, Br. J. Surg. 78, 1396–1399. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lenssen, P., Bruemmer, B.A., Bowden, R.A., Gooley, T., Aker, S.N., and Mattson, D. (1998) Intravenous Lipid Dose and Incidence of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 927–933. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Morlion, B.J., Torwesten, E., Lessire, A., Sturm, G., Peskar, B.M., Furst, P., and Puchstein, C. (1996) The Effect of Parenteral Fish Oil on Leukocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Composition and Leukotriene-Synthesizing Capacity in Postoperative Trauma, Metabolism 45, 1208–1213. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Koller, M., Senkal, M., Kemen, M., Konig, W., Zumtobel, V., and Muhr, G. (2003) Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Enriched TPN on Leukotriene Synthesis by Leukocytes After Major Surgery, Clin. Nutr. 22, 59–64. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wachtler, P., Konig, W., Senkal, M., Kemen, M., and Koller, M. (1997) Influence of a Total Parenteral Nutrition Enriched with ω-3 Fatty Acids on Leukotriene Synthesis of Peripheral Leukocytes and Systemic Cytokine Levels in Patients with Major Surgery, J. Trauma 42, 191–198. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weiss, G., Meyer, F., Matthies, B., Pross, M., Koenig, W., and Lippert, H. (2002) Immunomodulation by Perioperative Administration of n−3 Fatty Acids, Br. J. Nutr. 87, S89-S94. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schauder, P., Rohn, U., Schafer, G., Korff, G., and Schenk, H.-D. (2002) Impact of Fish Oil Enriched Total Parenteral Nutrition on DNA Synthesis, Cytokine Release and Receptor Expression by Lymphocytes in the Postoperative Period, Br. J. Nutr. 87, S103-S110. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tsekos, E., Reuter, C., Stehle, P., and Boeden, G. (2004) Perioperative Administration of Parenteral Fish Oil Supplements in a Routine Clinical Setting Improves Patient Outcome After Major Abdominal Surgery, Clin. Nutr. 23, 325–330. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Daly, J.M., Weintraub, F.N., Shou, J., Rosato, E.F., and Lucia, M. (1995) Enteral Nutrition During Multimodality Therapy in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients, Ann. Surg. 221, 327–338. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schilling, J., Vranjes, N., Fierz, W., Joller, H., Gyurech, D., Ludwig, E., Marathias, K., and Geroulanos, S. (1996) Clinical Outcome and Immunology of Postoperative Arginine, ω-3 Fatty Acids, and Nucleotide-Enriched Enteral Feeding: A Randomized Prospective Comparison with Standard Enteral and Low Calories/Low Fat IV Solutions, Nutrition 12, 423–429. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Braga, M., Vignali, A., Gianotti, L., Cestari, A., Profili, M., and Di Carlo, V. (1996) Immune and Nutritional Effects of Early Enteral Nutrition After Major Abdominal Operations, Eur. J. Surg. 162, 105–112. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Daly, J.M., Lieberman, M.D., Golfine, J., Shou, J., Weintraub, F., Rosato, E.F., and Lavin, P. (1992) Enteral Nutrition with Supplemental Arginine, RNA, and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients after Operation: Immunologic, Metabolic, and Clinical Outcome, Surgery 112, 56–67. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Fortis, C., Soldini, L., Vignali, A., Colombo, S., Radaelli, G., and Di Carlo, V. (1999) A Prospective, Randomised Clinical Trial on Perioperative Feeding with an Arginine-, Omega-3 Fatty Acid-, and RNA-Enriched Enteral Diet: Effect on Host Response and Nutritional Status, J. Parent. Ent. Nutr. 23, 314–320. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Radaelli, G., Vignali, A., Mari, G., Gentilini, O., and Di Carlo, V. (1999) Perioperative Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Cancer Surgery, Arch. Surg. 134, 428–433. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heys, S.D., Walker, L.G., Smith, I., and Eremin, O. (1999) Enteral Nutritional Supplementation with Key Nutrients in Patients with Critical Illness and Cancer—A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials, Ann. Surg. 229, 467–477. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beale, R.J., Bryg, D.J., and Bihari, D.J. (1999) Immunonutrition in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcome, Crit. Care Med. 27, 2799–2805. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heyland, D.K., Novak, F., Drover, J.W., Jain, A., Su, X.Y., and Suchner, U. (2001) Should Immunonutrition Become Routine in Critically Ill Patients? A Systematic Review of the Evidence, JAMA 286, 944–953. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cerra, F.B., Lehman, S., Konstantinides, N., Konstantinides, F., Shronts, E.P., and Holman, R. (1990) Effect of Enteral Nutrition on in vitro Tests of Immune Function in ICU Patients: A Preliminary Report, Nutrition 6, 84–87. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Weimann, A., Bastian, L., Bischoff, W.E., Grotz, M., Hansel, M., Lotz, J., Trautwein, C., Tusch, G., Schlitt, H.J., and Regel, G. (1998) Influence of Arginine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Nucleotide-Supplemented Enteral Support on Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Multiple Organ Failure in Patients After Severe Trauma, Nutrition 14, 165–172. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gadek, J.E., DeMichele, S.J., Karlstad, M.D., Pacht, E.R., Donahoe, M., Albertson, T.E., Van Hoozen, C., Wennberg, A.K., Nelson, J., Noursalehi, M., and the Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group (1999) Effect of Enteral Feeding with Eicosapentaenoic Acid γ-Linolenic Acid, and Antioxidants in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Crit. Care Med. 27, 1409–1420. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pacht, E.R., DeMichele, S.J., Nelson, J.L., Hart, J., Wennberg, A.K., and Gadek, J.E. (2003) Enteral Nutrition with Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Gamma-Linolenic Acid, and Antioxidants Reduces Alveolar Inflammatory Mediators and Protein Influx in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Crit. Care Med. 31, 491–500. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mayer, K., Fegbeutel, C., Hattar, K., Sibelius, U., Kramer, H.J., Heuer, K.U., Temmesfeld-Wollbruck, B., Gokorsch, S., Grimminger, F., and Seeger, W. (2003) ω-3 vs, ω-6 Lipid Emulsions Exert Differential Influence on Neutrophils in Septic Shock Patients: Impact on Plasma Fatty Acids and Lipid Mediator Generation, Intensive Care Med. 29, 1472–1481. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mayer, K., Gokorsch, S., Fegbeutel, C., Hattar, K., Rosseau, S., Walmrath, D., Seeger, W., and Grimminger, F. (2003) Parenteral Nutrition with Fish Oil Modulates Cytokine Response in Patients with Sepsis, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167, 1321–1328. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar