Laird PW. The power and the promise of DNA methylation markers. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:253–66. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eden A, Gaudet F, Waghmare A, Jaenisch R. Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science. 2003;300:455. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wang Y, Leung FC. An evaluation of new criteria for CpG islands in the human genome as gene markers. Bioinformatics. 2004;20:1170–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Esteller M. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer: the DNA hypermethylome. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16:50–9. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Suzuki MM, Bird A. DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9:465–76. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS, Gu H, Wernig M, Hanna J, Sivachenko A, et al. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature. 2008;454:766–70. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, Hawkins RD, Hon G, Tonti-Filippini J, et al. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature. 2009;462:315–22. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Straussman R, Nejman D, Roberts D, Steinfeld I, Blum B, Benvenisty N, et al. Developmental programming of CpG island methylation profiles in the human genome. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009;16:564–71. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, Hawkins RD, Hon G, Tonti-Filippini J, et al. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature. 2009;462:315–22. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kuroda A, Rauch TA, Todorov I, Ku HT, Al-Abdullah IH, Kandeel F, et al. Insulin gene expression is regulated by DNA methylation. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6953. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Thomson JP, Skene PJ, Selfridge J, Clouaire T, Guy J, Webb S, et al. CpG islands influence chromatin structure via the CpG-binding protein Cfp1. Nature. 2010;464:1082–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Irizarry RA, Ladd-Acosta C, Wen B, Wu Z, Montano C, Onyango P, et al. The human colon cancer methylome shows similar hypo- and hypermethylation at conserved tissue-specific CpG island shores. Nat Genet. 2009;41:178–86. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Doi A, Park IH, Wen B, Murakami P, Aryee MJ, Irizarry R, et al. Differential methylation of tissue- and cancer-specific CpG island shores distinguishes human induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1350–3. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hellman A, Chess A. Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome. Science. 2007;315:1141–3. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Futscher BW, Oshiro MM, Wozniak RJ, Holtan N, Hanigan CL, Duan H, et al. Role for DNA methylation in the control of cell type specific maspin expression. Nat Genet. 2002;31:175–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hattori N, Nishino K, Ko YG, Hattori N, Ohgane J, Tanaka S, et al. Epigenetic control of mouse Oct-4 gene expression in embryonic stem cells and trophoblast stem cells. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:17063–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, Pastor WA, Bandukwala H, Brudno Y, et al. Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science. 2009;324:930–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ito S, D'Alessio AC, Taranova OV, Hong K, Sowers LC, Zhang Y. Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification. Nature. 2010;466:1129–33. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robertson KD, Uzvolgyi E, Liang G, Talmadge C, Sumegi J, Gonzales FA, et al. The human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumors. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999;27:2291–8. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robert MF, Morin S, Beaulieu N, Gauthier F, Chute IC, Barsalou A, et al. DNMT1 is required to maintain CpG methylation and aberrant gene silencing in human cancer cells. Nat Genet. 2003;33:61–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robertson KD, Keyomarsi K, Gonzales FA, Velicescu M, Jones PA. Differential mRNA expression of the human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b during the G(0)/G(1) to S phase transition in normal and tumor cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:2108–13. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Velicescu M, Weisenberger DJ, Gonzales FA, Tsai YC, Nguyen CT, Jones PA. Cell division is required for de novo methylation of CpG islands in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002;62:2378–84. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nakagawa T, Kanai Y, Saito Y, Kitamura T, Kakizoe T, Hirohashi S. Increased DNA methyltransferase 1 protein expression in human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 2003;170:2463–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global Cancer Statistics CA. Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90. Article Google Scholar
Sánchez-Carbayo M. Use of high-throughput DNA microarrays to identify biomarkers for bladder cancer. Clin Chem. 2003;49:23–31. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sánchez-Carbayo M, Cordon-Cardó C. Molecular alterations associated with bladder cancer progression. Semin Oncol. 2007;34:75–84. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sánchez-Carbayo M, Cordon-Cardo C. Applications of array technology: identification of molecular targets in bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:2172–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolff EM, Liang G, Jones PA. Mechanisms of disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005;2:502–10. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gonzalgo ML, Datar RH, Schoenberg MP, Cote RJ. The role of deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in development, diagnosis, and prognosis of bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2007;25:228–35. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Henrique R, Costa VL, Jerónimo C. Methylation-based biomarkers for early detection of urological cancer. Crit Rev Oncog. 2007;13:265–82. PubMed Google Scholar
Kim YK, Kim WJ. Epigenetic markers as promising prognosticators for bladder cancer. Int J Urol. 2009;16:17–22. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kim WJ, Kim YJ. Epigenetic biomarkers in urothelial bladder cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2009;9:259–69. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Phé V, Cussenot O, Rouprêt M. Interest of methylated genes as biomarkers in urothelial cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. BJU Int. 2009;104:896–901. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ley TJ, Ding L, Walter MJ, McLellan MD, Lamprecht T, Larson DE, et al. DNMT3A Mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2424–2333. Article Google Scholar
Delhommeau F, Dupont S, Della Valle V, James C, Trannoy S, Massé A, et al. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2289–301. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bailey VJ, Easwaran H, Zhang Y, Griffiths E, Belinsky SA, Herman JG, et al. MS-qFRET: a quantum dot-based method for analysis of DNA methylation. Genome Res. 2009;19:1455–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li M, Chen WD, Papadopoulos N, Goodman SN, Bjerregaard NC, Laurberg S, et al. Sensitive digital quantification of DNA methylation in clinical samples. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:858–63. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Malentacchi F, Forni G, Vinci S, Orlando C. Quantitative evaluation of DNA methylation by optimization of a differential-high resolution melt analysis protocol. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:e86. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marsit CJ, Karagas MR, Danaee H, Liu M, Andrew A, Schned A, et al. Carcinogen exposure and gene promoter hypermethylation in bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27:112–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aleman A, Adrien L, Lopez-Serra L, Cordon-Cardo C, Esteller M, Belbin TJ, et al. Identification of DNA hypermethylation of SOX9 in association with bladder cancer progression using CpG microarrays. Br J Cancer. 2008;98:466–73. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, Koestler DC, Houseman EA, Christensen BC, Wiencke JK, Schned AR, et al. DNA methylation profiles delineate etiologic heterogeneity and clinically important subgroups of bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31:1972–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolff EM, Chihara Y, Pan F, Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Sugano K, et al. Unique DNA methylation patterns distinguish noninvasive and invasive urothelial cancers and establish an epigenetic field defect in premalignant tissue. Cancer Res. 2010;70:8169–78. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nishiyama N, Arai E, Chihara Y, Fujimoto H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in urothelial carcinomas and urothelia at the precancerous stage. Cancer Sci. 2010;101:231–40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marsit CJ, Houseman EA, Christensen BC, Gagne L, Wrensch MR, Nelson HH, et al. Identification of methylated genes associated with aggressive bladder cancer. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12334. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marsit CJ, Koestler DC, Christensen BC, Karagas MR, Houseman EA, Kelsey KT. DNA methylation array analysis identifies profiles of blood-derived DNA methylation associated with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1133–9. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, Christensen BC, Koestler DC, Andres Houseman E, Schned AR, Karagas MR, et al. Association of secondhand smoke exposures with DNA methylation in bladder carcinomas. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22:1205–13. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Reinert T, Modin C, Castano FM, Lamy P, Wojdacz TK, Hansen LL, et al. Comprehensive genome methylation analysis in bladder cancer: identification and validation of novel methylated genes and application of these as urinary tumor markers. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:5582–92. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fernandez AF, Assenov Y, Martin-Subero JI, Balint B, Siebert R, Taniguchi H, et al. A DNA methylation fingerprint of 1628 human samples. Genome Res. 2011. doi:10.1101/gr.119867.110.
Vallot C, Stransky N, Bernard-Pierrot I, Hérault A, Zucman-Rossi J, Chapeaublanc E, et al. A novel epigenetic phenotype associated with the most aggressive pathway of bladder tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:47–60. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serizawa RR, Ralfkiaer U, Dahl C, Lam GW, Hansen AB, Steven K, et al. Custom-designed MLPA using multiple short synthetic probes: application to methylation analysis of five promoter CpG islands in tumor and urine specimens from patients with bladder cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2010;12:402–8. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cabello MJ, Grau L, Franco N, Orenes E, Alvarez M, Blanca A, et al. Multiplexed methylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes in bladder cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2011;13:29–40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Agundez M, Grau L, Palou J, Algaba F, Villavicencio H, Sanchez-Carbayo M. Evaluation of the methylation status of tumour suppressor genes for predicting bacillus Calmette-Guérin response in patients with T1G3 high-risk bladder tumours. Eur Urol. 2011;60:131–40. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zuiverloon TC, Beukers W, van der Keur KA, Munoz JR, Bangma CH, Lingsma HF, Eijkemans MJ, Schouten JP, Zwarthoff EC. A methylation assay for the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrences in voided urine. BJU Int 2011
Merlo A, Herman JG, Mao L, Lee DJ, Gabrielson E, Burger PC, et al. 5′ CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers. Nature Med. 1995;1:686–92. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Herman JG, Graff JR, Myöhönen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB. Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:9821–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lukas J, Parry D, Aagaard L, Mann DJ, Bartkova J, Strauss M, et al. Retinoblastoma-protein-dependent cell-cycle inhibition by the tumor suppressor p16. Nature. 1995;375:503–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Florl AR, Franke KH, Niederacher D, Gerharz CD, Seifert HH, Schulz WA. DNA methylation and the mechanisms of CDKN2A inactivation in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Lab Invest. 2000;80:1513–22. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Valenzuela MT, Galisteo R, Zuluaga A, Villalobos M, Núñez MI, Oliver FJ, et al. Assessing the use of p16 (INK4a) promoter gene methylation in serum for detection of bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2002;42:622–8. discussion 628–30. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chan MW, Chan LW, Tang NL, Tong JH, Lo KW, Lee TL, et al. Hypermethylation of multiple genes in tumor tissues and voided urine in urinary bladder cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:464–70. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tada Y, Wada M, Taguchi K, Mochida Y, Kinugawa N, Tsuneyoshi M, et al. The association of death-associated protein kinase hypermethylation with early recurrence in superficial bladder cancers. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4048–53. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chang LL, Yeh WT, Yang SY, Wu WJ, Huang CH. Genetic alterations of p16INK4a and p14ARF genes in human bladder cancer. J Urol. 2003;170:595–600. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dominguez G, Silva J, Garcia JM, Silva JM, Rodriguez R, Muñoz C, et al. Prevalence of aberrant methylation of p14ARF over p16INK4a in some human primary tumors. Mutat Res. 2003;530:9–17. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dulaimi E, Uzzo RG, Greenberg RE, Al-Saleem T, Cairns P. Detection of bladder cancer in urine by a tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation panel. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:1887–93. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Catto JW, Azzouzi AR, Rehman I, Feeley KM, Cross SS, Amira N, et al. Promoter hypermethylation is associated with tumor location, stage, and subsequent progression in transitional cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2903–10. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dhawan D, Hamdy FC, Rehman I, Patterson J, Cross SS, Feeley KM, et al. Evidence for the early onset of aberrant promoter methylation in urothelial carcinoma. J Pathol. 2006;209:336–43. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Friedrich MG, Weisenberger DJ, Cheng JC, Chandrasoma S, Siegmund KD, Gonzalgo ML, et al. Detection of methylated apoptosis-associated genes in urine sediments of bladder cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:7457–65. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kawamoto K, Enokida H, Gotanda T, Kubo H, Nishiyama K, Kawahara M, et al. p16INK4a and p14ARF methylation as a potential biomarker for human bladder cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;339:790–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jarmalaite S, Jankevicius F, Kurgonaite K, Suziedelis K, Mutanen P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Promoter hypermethylation in tumour suppressor genes shows association with stage, grade and invasiveness of bladder cancer. Oncology. 2008;75:145–51. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khin SS, Kitazawa R, Win N, Aye TT, Mori K, Kondo T, et al. BAMBI gene is epigenetically silenced in subset of high-grade bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:328–38. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jarmalaite S, Andrekute R, Scesnaite A, Suziedelis K, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Jankevicius F. Promoter hypermethylation in tumour suppressor genes and response to interleukin-2 treatment in bladder cancer: a pilot study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136:847–54. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin HH, Ke HL, Huang SP, Wu WJ, Chen YK, Chang LL. Increase sensitivity in detecting superficial, low grade bladder cancer by combination analysis of hypermethylation of E-cadherin, p16, p14, RASSF1A genes in urine. Urol Oncol. 2010;28:597–602. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin HH, Ke HL, Wu WJ, Lee YH, Chang LL. Hypermethylation of E-cadherin, p16,p14, and RASSF1A genes in pathologically normal urothelium predict bladder recurrence of bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Urol Oncol 2010.
Schlott T, Quentin T, Korabiowska M, Budd B, Kunze E. Alteration of the MDM2-p73-P14ARF pathway related to tumour progression during urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Med. 2004;14:825–36. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yurakh AO, Ramos D, Calabuig-Fariñas S, López-Guerrero JA, Rubio J, Solsona E, et al. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of the prognostic value of cell-cycle regulators in urothelial neoplasms of the bladder. Eur Urol. 2006;50:506–15. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pu RT, Laitala LE, Clark DP. Methylation profiling of urothelial carcinoma in bladder biopsy and urine. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:499–506. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hoque MO, Begum S, Topaloglu O, Chatterjee A, Rosenbaum E, Van Criekinge W, et al. Quantitation of promoter methylation of multiple genes in urine DNA and bladder cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:996–1004. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yates DR, Rehman I, Meuth M, Cross SS, Hamdy FC, Catto JW. Methylational urinalysis: a prospective study of bladder cancer patients and age stratified benign controls. Oncogene. 2006;25:1984–8. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yates DR, Rehman I, Abbod MF, Meuth M, Cross SS, Linkens DA, et al. Promoter hypermethylation identifies progression risk in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2046–53. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brait M, Begum S, Carvalho AL, Dasgupta S, Vettore AL, Czerniak B, et al. Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes during pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:2786–94. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hoffmann MJ, Florl AR, Seifert HH, Schulz WA. Multiple mechanisms down regulate CDKN1C in human bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:406–13. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chapman EJ, Harnden P, Chambers P, Johnston C, Knowles MA. Comprehensive analysis of CDKN2A status in microdissected urothelial cell carcinoma reveals potential haploinsufficiency, a high frequency of homozygous co-deletion and associations with clinical phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:5740–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Salem CE, Markl ID, Bender CM, Gonzales FA, Jones PA, Liang G. PAX6 methylation and ectopic expression in human tumor cells. Int J Cancer. 2000;87:179–85. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hellwinkel OJ, Kedia M, Isbarn H, Budäus L, Friedrich MG. Methylation of the TPEF- and PAX6-promoters is increased in early bladder cancer and in normal mucosa adjacent to pTa tumours. BJU Int. 2008;101:753–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scolnick DM, Halazonetis TD. Chfr defines a mitotic stress checkpoint that delays entry into metaphase. Nature. 2000;406:430–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Maruyama R, Toyooka S, Toyooka Ko, Harada K, Virmani AK, Zochbauer-Muller S, et al. Aberrant promoter methylation profile of bladder cancer and its relationship to clinicopathological features. Cancer Res. 2001;61:8659–63. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cohen O, Inbal B, Kissil JL, Raveh T, Berissi H, Spivak-Kroizaman T, et al. DAP-kinase participates in TNF-α and Fas-induced apoptosis and its function requires the death domain. J Cell Biol. 1999;146:141–8. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Friedrich MG, Chandrasoma S, Siegmund KD, Weisenberger DJ, Cheng JC, Toma MI, et al. Prognostic relevance of methylation markers in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:2769–78. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Christoph F, Kempkensteffen C, Weikert S, Köllermann J, Krause H, Miller K, et al. Methylation of tumour suppressor genes APAF-1 and DAPK-1 and in vitro effects of demethylating agents in bladder and kidney cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:1701–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Christoph F, Weikert S, Kempkensteffen C, Krause H, Schostak M, Miller K, et al. Regularly methylated novel pro-apoptotic genes associated with recurrence in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:1396–402. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen WT, Hung WC, Kang WY, Huang YC, Chai CY. Urothelial carcinomas arising in arsenic-contaminated areas are associated with hypermethylation of the gene promoter of the death-associated protein kinase. Histopathology. 2007;51:785–92. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Christoph F, Hinz S, Weikert S, Kempkensteffen C, Schostak M, Miller K, et al. Comparative promoter methylation analysis of p53 target genes in urogenital cancers. Urol Int. 2008;80:398–404. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wolff EM, Liang G, Cortez CC, Tsai YC, Castelao JE, Cortessis VK, et al. RUNX3 methylation reveals that bladder tumors are older in patients with a history of smoking. Cancer Res. 2008;68:6208–14. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Vinci S, Giannarini G, Selli C, Kuncova J, Villari D, Valent F, et al. Quantitative methylation analysis of BCL2, hTERT, and DAPK promoters in urine sediment for the detection of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a prospective, two-center validation study. Urol Oncol. 2011;29:150–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shivapurkar N, Toyooka S, Toyooka KO, Reddy J, Miyajima K, Suzuki M, et al. Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int J Cancer. 2004;109:786–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Khokhlatchev A, Rabizadeh S, Xavier R, Nedwidek M, Chen T, Zhang XF, et al. Identification of a novel Ras-regulated proapoptotic pathway. Curr Biol. 2002;12:253–65. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee MG, Kim HY, Byun DS, Lee SJ, Lee CH, Kim JI, et al. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A in human bladder carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001;61:6688–92. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Negraes PD, Favaro FP, Camargo JL, Oliveira ML, Goldberg J, Rainho CA, et al. DNA methylation patterns in bladder cancer and washing cell sediments: a perspective for tumor recurrence detection. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:238. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Takeichi M. Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator. Science. 1991;251:1451–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chambers AF, Matrisian LM. Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1260–70. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hoque MO, Begum S, Brait M, Jeronimo C, Zahurak M, Ostrow KL, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 promoter methylation is an independent prognostic factor for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2008;179:743–7. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Colognato H, Yurchenco PD. Form and function: the laminin family of heterotrimers. Dev Dyn. 2000;218:213–34. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sathyanarayana UG, Maruyama R, Padar A, Suzuki M, Bondaruk J, Sagalowsky A, et al. Molecular detection of noninvasive and invasive bladder tumor tissues and exfoliated cells by aberrant promoter methylation of laminin-5 encoding genes. Cancer Res. 2004;64:1425–30. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bornman DM, Mathew S, Alsruhe J, Herman JG, Gabrielson E. Methylation of the E-cadherin gene in bladder neoplasia and in normal urothelial epithelium from elderly individuals. Am J Pathol. 2001;159:831–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ribeiro-Filho LA, Franks J, Sasaki M, Shiina H, Li LC, Nojima D, et al. CpG hypermethylation of promoter region and inactivation of E-cadherin gene in human bladder cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2002;34:187–98. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Horikawa Y, Sugano K, Shigyo M, Yamamoto H, Nakazono M, Fujimoto H, et al. Hypermethylation of an E-cadherin (CDH1) promoter region in high grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder comprising carcinoma in situ. J Urol. 2003;169:1541–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Owen HC, Giedl J, Wild PJ, Fine SW, Humphrey PA, Dehner LP, et al. Low frequency of epigenetic events in urothelial tumors in young patients. J Urol. 2010;184:459–63. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen PC, Tsai MH, Yip SK, Jou YC, Ng CF, Chen Y, et al. Distinct DNA methylation epigenotypes in bladder cancer from different Chinese sub-populations and its implication in cancer detection using voided urine. BMC Med Genomics. 2011;4:45. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dumache R, David D, Kaycsa A, Minciu R, Negru S, Puiu M. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for early detection, therapeutic effectiveness and relapse monitoring in bladder cancer. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2011;115:163–7. PubMed Google Scholar
Mori K, Enokida H, Kagara I, Kawakami K, Chiyomaru T, Tatarano S, et al. CpG hypermethylation of collagen type I alpha 2 contributes to proliferation and migration activity of human bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2009;34:1593–602. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Toki K, Enokida H, Kawakami K, Chiyomaru T, Tatarano S, Yoshino H, et al. CpG hypermethylation of cellular retinol-binding protein 1 contributes to cell proliferation and migration in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2010;37:1379–88. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Costa VL, Henrique R, Danielsen SA, Duarte-Pereira S, Eknaes M, Skotheim RI, et al. Three epigenetic biomarkers, GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM, accurately predict bladder cancer from DNA-based analyses of urine samples. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:5842–51. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xuan Y, Kim S, Lin Z. Protein expression and gene promoter hypermethylation of CD99 in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137:49–54. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruppen I, Grau L, Orenes-Piñero E, Ashman K, Gil M, Algaba F, et al. Differential protein expression profiling by iTRAQ-two-dimensional LC-MS/MS of human bladder cancer EJ138 cells transfected with the metastasis suppressor KiSS-1 gene. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010;10:2276–91. Google Scholar
Cebrian V, Fierro M, Orenes-Piñero E, Grau L, Moya P, Ecke T, et al. KISS1 methylation and expression as tumor stratification biomarkers and clinical outcome prognosticators for bladder cancer patients. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:540–6. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marsit CJ, Karagas MR, Andrew A, Liu M, Danaee H, Schned AR, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of SFRP genes and TP53 alteration act jointly as markers of invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2005;65:7081–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Urakami S, Shiina H, Enokida H, Kawakami T, Kawamoto K, Hirata H, et al. Combination analysis of hypermethylated Wnt-antagonist family genes as a novel epigenetic biomarker panel for bladder cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:2109–16. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Urakami S, Shiina H, Enokida H, Kawakami T, Tokizane T, Ogishima T, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 plays an important role in bladder cancer through aberrant canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:383–91. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sun J, Chen Z, Zhu T, Yu J, Ma K, Zhang H, et al. Hypermethylated SFRP1, but none of other nine genes “informative” for western countries, is valuable for bladder cancer detection in Mainland China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009;135:1717–27. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Costa VL, Henrique R, Ribeiro FR, Carvalho JR, Oliveira J, Lobo F, et al. Epigenetic regulation of Wnt signaling pathway in urological cancer. Epigenetics. 2010;4:343–5. Article Google Scholar
Habuchi T, Takahashi T, Kakinuma H, Wang L, Tsuchiya N, Satoh S, et al. Hypermethylation at 9q32-33 tumour suppressor region is age-related in normal urothelium and an early and frequent alteration in bladder cancer. Oncogene. 2001;20:531–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kim WJ, Kim EJ, Jeong P, Quan C, Kim J, Li QL, et al. RUNX3 inactivation by point mutations and aberrant DNA methylation in bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 2005;65:9347–54. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kunze E, Wendt M, Schlott T. Promoter hypermethylation of the 14-3-3 sigma, SYK and CAGE-1 genes is related to the various phenotypes of urinary bladder carcinomas and associated with progression of transitional cell carcinomas. Int J Mol Med. 2006;18:547–57. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yu J, Zhu T, Wang Z, Zhang H, Qian Z, Xu H, et al. A novel set of DNA methylation markers in urine sediments for sensitive-specific detection of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:7296–304. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kim EJ, Kim YJ, Jeong P, Ha YS, Bae SC, Kim WJ. Methylation of the RUNX3 promoter as a potential prognostic marker for bladder tumor. J Urol. 2008;180:1141–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sanchez-Carbayo M, Schwarz K, Charytonowicz E, Cordon-Cardo C, Mundel P. Tumor suppressor role for myopodin in bladder cancer: loss of nuclear expression of myopodin is cell-cycle dependent and predicts clinical outcome. Oncogene. 2003;22:5298–305. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cebrian V, Alvarez M, Aleman A, Palou J, Bellmunt J, Gonzalez-Peramato P, et al. Discovery of myopodin methylation in bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2008;216:111–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Alvarez-Mugica M, Cebrian V, Fernandez-Gomez JM, Fresno F, Escaf S, Sanchez-Carbayo M. Myopodin methylation is associated with clinical outcome in patients with T1G3 bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010;4:1507–13. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Dokun OY, Florl AR, Seifert HH, Wolff I, Schulz WA. Relationship of SNCG, S100A4, S100A9 and LCN2 gene expression and DNA methylation in bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2008;123:2798–807. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Aleman A, Cebrian V, Alvarez M, Lopez V, Orenes E, Lopez-Serra L, et al. Identification of PMF1 methylation in association with bladder cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:8236–43. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kunze E, Schlott T. High frequency of promoter methylation of the 14-3-3 sigma and CAGE-1 genes, but lack of hypermethylation of the caveolin-1 gene, in primary adenocarcinomas and signet ring cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Int J Mol Med. 2007;20:557–63. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eissa S, Swellam M, El-Khouly IM, Kassim SK, Shehata H, Mansour A, et al. Aberrant methylation of RAR{beta}2 and APC genes in voided urine as molecular markers for early detection of bilharzial and nonbilharzial bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:1657–64. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serizawa RR, Ralfkiaer U, Steven K, Lam GW, Schmiedel S, Schüz J, et al. Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis of bladder cancer reveals an additive diagnostic value of FGFR3 mutations and hypermethylation events. Int J Cancer. 2011;129:78–87. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Abbosh PH, Wang M, Eble JN, Lopez-Beltran A, Maclennan GT, Montironi R, et al. Hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor gene CpG islands in small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:355–62. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rouprêt M, Hupertan V, Yates DR, Comperat E, Catto JW, Meuth M, et al. A comparison of the performance of microsatellite and methylation urine analysis for predicting the recurrence of urothelial cell carcinoma, and definition of a set of markers by Bayesian network analysis. BJU Int. 2008;101:1448–53. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Renard I, Joniau S, van Cleynenbreugel B, Collette C, Naômé C, Vlassenbroeck I, et al. Identification and validation of the methylated TWIST1 and NID2 genes through real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays for the noninvasive detection of primary bladder cancer in urine samples. Eur Urol. 2010;58:96–104. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nishiyama N, Arai E, Nagashio R, Fujimoto H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, et al. Copy number alterations in urothelial carcinomas: their clinicopathological significance and correlation with DNA methylation alterations. `Carcinogenesis. 2011;32:462–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chung W, Bondaruk J, Jelinek J, Lotan Y, Liang S, Czerniak B, et al. Detection of bladder cancer using novel DNA methylation biomarkers in urine sediments. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:1483–91. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar