Yusuf KIRAÇ Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi | Kültür ve turizm Bakanlığı (original) (raw)
Papers by Yusuf KIRAÇ Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The subject of this article is 3 stone lion statues dating to the Seljuk Period, which are in the... more The subject of this article is 3 stone lion statues dating to the Seljuk Period, which are in the museum storage and garden display of the Directorate of Anatolian Civilizations Museum. The lion figure can be found in various periods of art history, in different branches of art and in different mediums. There is an important accumulation of publications in which the issue of figurative decoration in Anatolian Turkish art is handled directly and indirectly. In this study, the aim is to define and introduce the previously unpublished Seljuk Period lion sculptures in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations stone artifacts group. The physical form and stylistic features of the lion sculptures were determined technically in stone material. The iconography will be explained within the framework of the symbolic meanings attributed to the lion figure.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
As the Ottoman domination in the Mediterranean became widespread, the Orthodox, who were accepted... more As the Ottoman domination in the Mediterranean became widespread, the Orthodox, who were accepted as Greek, took the place of Venetian, Genoese and French sea merchants by using their privileged position among non-Muslims in Ottoman politics. However, the armed struggle of the Greeks, which started with the Philiki Eterya Society in 1814 with the political and military support of the European states after the 1797 French Revolution, resulted in the establishment of an independent Greek Principality after the Navarino Disaster in 1830. In the century following this date, Greece extended to Anatolia under the "Megali Idea", but this situation was definitely ended with the Turkish War of Independence. In every expansion of Greece, a great cultural genocide was committed against the architectural works belonging to the societies they massacred to cover up the crimes committed and the humanitarian massacre. During the Ottoman period, many monuments were built in the geography of Greece from the early period to the beginning of the 20th century. In this study, changes in mosques, masjids, namazgahs, imaret, dervish lodges and tombs over time, according to the regions, are presented under the heading of the religious buildings surviving in Greece. In addition, the geographical distribution of these surviving artifacts is presented. In this context, 293 monuments examined on site throughout Greece were included in this research. The analyzed works were also separated according to their building types based on their first functions. On the other hand, also another classification was made for the last function. Finally, these 293 monuments, which were examined, were evaluated based on their initial state when the Ottoman conquest, the functional changes that took place after the Ottoman Empire, and the criteria determined by institutions such as UNESCO, ICOMOS and CoE.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Gökçe GÜNEL* Today, Ankara Castle is like an open-air museum with its fortification walls, bastio... more Gökçe GÜNEL* Today, Ankara Castle is like an open-air museum with its fortification walls, bastions, mosques, fountains, traditional Ankara houses, and streets with-traces of Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, Ahi, Ottoman and Republican Periods. Hence, the castle, abandoned and neglected for long years is to be preserved and maintained, thus, it should remain as a legacy for the future. Ankara Castle, one of the most important sites among castles in Anatolia, is located in the center of Ankara lowland, over a volcanic hill with a height of 978 m. Archaeological excavations in the castle revealed its continuous occupation starting from, Neolithic Period. Ankara was an important settlement of Phrygia Civilization in 8th century B.C., became the capital of Galatians in Roman Period, and then the capital of Galatian Prima's in Byzantine Period. In Antiquity, the castle situated at the intersection of the Royal Road between the East and the West. In Byzantine Period, the castle gained a magnificent look. Against the Islamic and Turkish invasion, most part of the wall rebuilt by using Roman material culture as spolia. In Middle Ages, most of the population was settled inside the high castle walls, comprising of inner and outer sections. The castle was housed, both military, garrison and civilian community. Military and garrison community were living inside the bastions called as Şark and Akkale located in Inner Castle. The Castle, renovated many times in Byzantium period, took its current condition with the renovations that took place in Seljuk and Ottoman periods. It was destroyed during the Timurid invasion in 1402, during the Celali invasions in 17th century and during the reign of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha in 1832. The city, conquered by the Turks in 1073, developed and became an important commercial center during Anatolian Seljuk and Ottoman periods. In the Middle Ages, Ankara was located at the intersection of the crucial commercial network of the time, the Silk Road, starting from China and lying towards Europe. Ankara was well-known with its "sof " production, obtained from the Angora goats grown in the region for centuries, became a major commercial commodity for the city. Soft was very on demand through the European markets such as England and Holland in the 18th cent 19th centuries. Today, the walls of the castle, its bastions, Hisar gate, towers, and Ottoman houses constitute cultural heritage of the city. Before the foundation of the Republic, thanks to the importance given by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to the culture, a museum was founded during the independence war period in Akkale, and set up the foundation of today's Anatolian Civilizations Museum.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
This article is about seven artifacts depicting Isis and Harpocrates. These artifacts were produc... more This article is about seven artifacts depicting Isis and Harpocrates. These artifacts were produced as offerings, for protection and as talismans. Five of the artifacts are metal; one of them is a bronze Isis bust figurine, the other is a silver figurine of Isis. Two bronze figurines with Harpocrates depictions were used as amulets. The bronze ring with a depiction of Harpocrates was used as a talisman. The last two works are gemmae, which are defined as ornamental stones. These are amulets and gems that the person wears for protection. Isis and Harpocrates figures are depicted together on the amulet, and there are seven vowels in Greek on the reverse. The other is a ring stone depicting Isis. Among these artifacts, the bronze bust figurine of Isis holding a bird, the Harpocrates figure on the bronze ring and the Isis figure on the gem are of a previously unknown iconographic style. The metal artifacts are from the private collections of Figen Sarı, Alp Sarı and Mehmet Arsal in Ankara. The bronze ring and stone amulet are from the collection of the Erimtan Archaeology and Art Museum. One ring stone, which is our seventh artifact, is from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations collection. Originating in Egypt, Isis and Harpocrates were very popular in ancient Egypt due to their magical powers as well as representing mother and son. The cult of both Isis and the child Harpocrates spread rapidly in the Greek and Roman world following the Ptolemaic control of Egypt in 300 BC. In particular, from the beginning of the 2nd century AD (Hadrianic period), this cult became ubiquitous in all Roman ruled areas. It is known that Harpocrates belongs to the pantheon of Egyptian gods, but also has an important place in Greek and Roman beliefs. In this study, the mythology of Egyptian-originated goddess Isis and her son, the child-god Horus/Harpocrates will be discussed. The mysterious religion of both gods will be studied in the light of the artifacts here. At the same time, why and how the images of both gods were used by the people of antiquity as amulets and ring stones for protection, health and as talisman will be explored.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Çankırı highway, 25 km from Akyurt and 58 km from Ankara. The area known as Harmanyeri Mevkii was... more Çankırı highway, 25 km from Akyurt and 58 km from Ankara. The area known as Harmanyeri Mevkii was declared a site area with the number 06_AKY_SIT_004 by the Ankara Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Regional Board's decision in 28/09/2012. This Board researched an area with a slightly elevated hill, 300 m southwest of Elecik and in the surrounding fields. They found dense ceramic fragments, nonin-situ architectural blocks and different architectural artifacts in the neighborhood square and schoolyard. Seven of these blocks registered by the board were found in the square where the reeve office (muhtarlık) is located, whereas the other seven were found in the garden of the village school. These two groups of blocks are exhibited within the borders of the village. One of the findings from the school yard is an inscribed block. This inscription, which Speidel previously published mentions a monument built for C. Avianius, who served as a soldier for twelve years for Augustus. In this study, the above-mentioned architectural blocks have been studied and evaluated separately. Two of these exhibited blocks have garland decorations on the front side. In the decoration, there is a bullhead as a carrier and a leaf-fruit combination as a hanger. When the decoration is examined typologically and stylistically, it is dated between the mid-1st and mid-2nd century AD. An orthostat block decorated with symbolic door and the statue of a lion pressing a bull's head with a paw, mentioned in the study, was associated with the grave structures due to the analogies. Although it is not clear whether the artifacts within the scope of the study are related to the tomb monument mentioned in the C. Avianius inscription, it is evaluated that they may belong to a monument.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Giriş P encere açıklıklarının, mekanlarda yalıtım ve aydınlanma sağlamak için ışığı geçiren aynı ... more Giriş P encere açıklıklarının, mekanlarda yalıtım ve aydınlanma sağlamak için ışığı geçiren aynı zamanda sıcak ve soğuktan da etkilenilmesini engelleyen malzemelerle kapatılmasının antik dönemde farklı uygulamaları
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The aryballoi representing the ancient Corinthian pottery workshops are significant as an artisti... more The aryballoi representing the ancient Corinthian pottery workshops are significant as an artistic synthesis of the Orientalizing Period, reflecting a magnificent style despite their miniature dimensions. The terracotta aryballoi were produced in the mid 8th century BC as the "Dark Age" was ending. Just at this period there was a revival in the production of glass vessels. Thus, it became possible to refer to an Iron Age glass industry having both traditional and innovative aspects. The core-forming technique in glass technology which had first been applied during the Bronze Age was revived in the 1st millennium BC. The properties of the core-forming technique were suitable for the production of small, closed glass vessel forms such as aryballoi or alabastra. Starting from the 6th century BC, core-formed aryballoi with glass thread zigzag or feather designs became common in the ancient world. Aryballoi, which were used frequently in Greek daily life as perfume flasks, grave gifts or oil containers, were also carried by athletes who annointed themselves before sports. The same functions continued in the Roman Imperial period. However, the change in glass production techniques (blowing) resulted in different shapes and appearances for Roman glass aryballoi. After the spread of glass blowing throughout the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD, glass vessels became more common and available than previously. Within this context, blown glass aryballoi with dolphin handles (dolphin flasks) became one of the more frequent forms in the repertory of Roman glass vessels; in both the Eastern and Western halves of the Empire. This study evaluates the functions, production techniques, and development of the forms and decorations of Greek and Roman glass aryballoi in detail.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
In the archive of the Boğazköy Expedition of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin), plans ... more In the archive of the Boğazköy Expedition of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin), plans of the excavations of the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Giriktepe were found among documents of the work on Büyükkale in the 1960s. Probably P. Neve, whose signature the drawings bear, had drawn them for R. Temizer, the director of the museum. These plans document the architecture of this small palace of the Urartian elites for the first time. The general outline of the building was adapted to the Bronze Age höyük on which it is situated, whereas its internal structure is comparatively symmetrical. A large, rectangular hall forms the center of the building to the north of an equally large courtyard. The northern part is occupied by a row of rooms that mainly served as kitchens and storerooms. In one of these rooms, the remains of a group of people who died here were found together.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The priest, attested as the Sumerogram LÚ GUDU 12 in the Hittite cuneiform texts and referred to ... more The priest, attested as the Sumerogram LÚ GUDU 12 in the Hittite cuneiform texts and referred to as the "anointed priest" in Hittite dictionaries, appears as an officer in religious ceremonies. He figured in ceremonies with other cult officials and performed these ceremonies in the presence of the king, the queen, crown prince, princes and princesses. Having a strong relationship with the Hatti traditions, the anointed priest assisted the royal family performing their rituals. It is possible that he is not a first-class cult official, considering that he is in the second rank following the SANGA-priest in the texts, and that the GUDU 12priest was given a second-class dress during the KI.LAM festival. One of the main tasks of the anointed priest was the blessing (purification): he washes (blesses) the iškaruhbowl, the prince, the king, the sacrificial animals, especially the hands of the king and the god statues by means of various objects; and he sweeps (sprinkles water) the temple. His other main task was to recite the hymns. This paper includes the similarity between the LÚ GUDU 12-priest, who verbally transmitted Hittite myths and had religious identities, and the epicists who performed the Turkish oral tradition. The Hittite kings were anointed as a part of ascending ceremony to increase the king's power and be ritually purified him and the similar practices in the holy scriptures are also treated in this context. However, the blessing (purification), which is among the tasks of the anointed priest, is also an indication of a process that has come up to the anointed (christ, christus = anointed) today.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
This study focuses on, marriage institution in Hittites by using legal articles. There are severa... more This study focuses on, marriage institution in Hittites by using legal articles. There are several type of marriage in the Hittites such as marriage between male slave and free woman, marriage with the father, brother or relatives of the deceased husband of a woman, called a levirate type marriage, matrilocal marriages and negotiated marriages. Furthermore, incest relations will also be evaluated based on cuneiform texts.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
For more than nine decades, the Boğazköy Excavation and the Anatolian Civilizations Museum have b... more For more than nine decades, the Boğazköy Excavation and the Anatolian Civilizations Museum have been working closely together in the study of Hittite culture. Major objects from the site-for example, the relief of a god from the so-called Lions Gate, a pair of bulls from the area of the royal palace, or the rich collection of cuneiform tablets-are part of the museum's collection. The joint research and preservation project of the site and its finds contributed significantly to Boğazköy-Hattuşa being the only place listed by UNESCO on both the tangible and intangible World Heritage lists.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Ankara is the city where the majority of the population consisted of Muslim Turks during the Selj... more Ankara is the city where the majority of the population consisted of Muslim Turks during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Among the cultural properties that shaped the city in the Turkish period, small and large cemeteries occupy an important place. The Kırklar Cemetery, which has survived to the present day, is still among the residential areas. This cemetery is a graveyard where the deceased Ankara judges are buried and should be a part of the courtyard of the Molla Büyük Mosque built by Kadı Ahmet, located in the nearby vicinity. Until the end of the Ottoman period, in the Kırklar Cemetery, there were mostly marble gravestones in the form of coffins. However, precious tombstones from the demolished cemeteries and graves of the historical city of Ankara since 1930 were brought to the Kırklar Cemetery. With the gravestones lined up side by side, this place has been turned into a depot. Although houses and walls surround it, Kırklar Cemetery has been abandoned. Directorate General of Ankara District Office carried out a Project in 2020 for this cemetery. In this study, the transcriptions of inscriptions for all tombstones in the cemetery were prepared, their characteristics were determined, and an inventory was taken. Cultural Heritage Preservation Board approved the prepared reports, survey, and restoration projects. The aim is to start restoration works in line with the approved projects, thus to bring the original state of the Kırklar Cemetery and revive this forgotten urban memory.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The Galatians, the most enigmatic nomadic communities of Anatolia, one of the Celtic tribes who s... more The Galatians, the most enigmatic nomadic communities of Anatolia, one of the Celtic tribes who settled in the Central Anatolia Region in the Hellenistic Period (279 BC), although their borders could not be determined precisely. Ankara/ Ancyra and its surroundings, located in northwest Galatia, were settled by the Tolistobogii, one of the most prominent tribes of the Galatians, and it was geographically adjacent to Bithynia and Phrygia Epictetus. Two important forts such as Blucium (Karalar) and Peium (Tabanlıoğlu) around Karalar in the direction of Bithynia in the northwest of Ankara belonged to Tolistobogii. In addition, there are other Tolistobogii forts, one overlooking the Kirmir River in Dikmen, Tahirler, the second one in Crentius (close to the Karalar), and the third one in Dikmen, in the south of Peium. Of these, only Karalar was excavated. The forts around these Galatian city settlements were taken under protection and the tumuli in the Blucium (Karalar) region, known as the palace of Deiotarus (105 BC-42 BC) offer significant material evidence on the Galatian burial traditions (although they are robbed). These tumuli were excavated by Remzi Oğuz Arık and burial chamber types were named as Karalar A, B, C, the "Karalar C" type chambers were built with local andesite or rectangular limestone blocks forming a corbelled roof. "Karalar C" type chamber tombs, including Çimşit, were the most common type in Blucium region. For example, within the borders of Ankara: Kazan Karalar C and Çimşit; Polatlı Gordion O and Belkavak Yeniköseler found in 2012 as a result of illegal excavations; Nallıhan, Yukarı Bağdere, Yalacık; Iğdır in Eskişehir Sarıcakaya. Similar monumental tombs are known in different regions such as northwestern Anatolia, Aegean and Thrace. The Kazan Çimşit tumulus was attempted to be robbed during the canal works of DSI in this region in 1971, the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations carried out a salvage excavation and the chamber tomb building blocks were numbered and moved to the Ankara Roman Bath. The Çimşit tumulus tomb chamber is one of the unpublished examples of "Karalar C" type, built in corbelled roof technique. In this article Kazan Çimşit tumulus in corbelled roof type and its finds based on the archival documents handed to me by the Deputy Museum Director Archaeologist Mehmetçik Kutkam and architectural technician Melih Kirişçioğlu and another vaulted burial chamber excavated by the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations on May 17 1993 at Çankırı Kapı Sokak No. 46 (block 2791, parcel 5) will be examined. This tumulus chamber tomb with two human skeletons inside, possibly used for the second time, dating to the 3rd century AD, is located on the northern road of Ankyra.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Bithynian King Nikomedes helped to the Celtic tribes to cross Anatolia, who plundered Thrace and ... more Bithynian King Nikomedes helped to the Celtic tribes to cross Anatolia, who plundered Thrace and the Balkans at the first quarter of 3rd cent. B. C. The Celtic tribes, which took the name Galatian settled in the middle of Anatolia. The Tolistobog group settled in Bithynia in agreement with the Bithynia king Nikomedes. Tektosag and Trokme tribes settled in Central Anatolia. They plundered the settlements and sanctuaries in Anatolia. Galatians fought as mercenaries in the armies of regional and supra-regional kingdoms.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
There is controversy over the date of the Magnesia Temple of Artemis. It can be assumed that the ... more There is controversy over the date of the Magnesia Temple of Artemis. It can be assumed that the differences between the technical details used to remove architectural blocks in the structure will help with the dating. These differences are discussed in the study.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Makalede kullanılan antik yazarlar ve eser adları Der Neue Pauly'nin kısaltma cetveli esas alınar... more Makalede kullanılan antik yazarlar ve eser adları Der Neue Pauly'nin kısaltma cetveli esas alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Abdurrahman UZUNASLAN* Augustus, who successfully ended the long period of civil wars involving Rome, saved the sovereignty growing continuously for five centuries and becoming unmanageable under the traditional regime from the tutelage of a handful of traditional republicans. and transformed it into an empire in a short time. His planned structural reforms were carried out by new type of senators and governors called homo novus. Especially the Anatolian cities were positively affected by the atmosphere of peace provided by Augustus. Ankyra, where one of the most important branches of the Galatian tribes, the Tektosags, lived, was home to the Temple of Augustus as well as being the koinon capital of the Galatians. Since the beginning of the 1st century AD, it hosted important festivals within the framework of the imperial cult and koinon events. Within the scope of the festivals, Roman-style gladiator games and wild animal fights as well as the Hellenic-style athletic, musical and equestrian competitions were also organized. The epigraphic documents found in the city draw our attention to the philanthropic fame hunters of the city, who competed against each other in the organization of the imperial cult and koinon festivals. Particularly, Hadrian's (117-138) keen interest in the Hellenic-style festivals were exemplary for many cities in Anatolia and Ankyra. In this context, with the permission and support of the Emperor, the first music and art-oriented agon Mystikos (Mystic Festival) was established and performed in the city. Agon Mystikos (ἀγὼν Μυστικός), which placed Ankyra in an important place in the calendar of arts-oriented festivals since the day it was organized, transformed the city into a frequent destination for famous theatre actors, artists and musicians for a long time. The second festival, Megala Asklepeia Soteria Antonineia isopythia (Μεγάλα᾿Ασκλήπεια Σωτήρια᾿Αντονείνεια᾿Ισοπύθια) founded in the city during the Imperial Period, was established with the direct permission of Emperor Caracalla (211-217). The festival including the athletic, musical and equestrian competitions in its program, was first held in 214 AD and it is understood that its existence continued till the co-administrations of Valerianus (253-260) and Gallienus (253-268).
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
İkonografisi (?)" * Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi'nin, 100. Kuruluş Yıldönümü adına çıkartı... more İkonografisi (?)" * Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi'nin, 100. Kuruluş Yıldönümü adına çıkartılan bu çok önemli bilimsel çalışma içinde, bu yayın ile katkıda bulunmama olanak tanıyan, müzede sergilenen bu çok değerli eser üzerinde de çalışmama izin veren değerli meslektaşlarım, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi Müdürü Sayın Yusuf Kıraç ve Müdür Yardımcısı Sayın Umut Alagöz' e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The three tablets presented in our article were excavated at Kültepe in 1958. Most of the tablets... more The three tablets presented in our article were excavated at Kültepe in 1958. Most of the tablets found in this year belong to the archive of the Assyrian merchant Ahšalim. The letters were written from Ahšalim to Assyrian merchants Uzub-iškum and Uşur-ša-Ištar contain information about thetransportation of gold, silver and good quality fabrics of various colors and the purchase of ḫuşārum stone.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
It is known that Assyrian merchants were treated as defendants or prisoners by both Assyrian merc... more It is known that Assyrian merchants were treated as defendants or prisoners by both Assyrian merchants or institutions and local kings due to some activities that did not comply with the agreement and regulation. It is also understood from the texts that merchants were treated like criminals and were kept in prison for a long period of time although the accusation was not certain. In this study, it will be emphasized that the Assyrian Baziya, whose crime was not specified, was not allowed to enter the city of Kaniš by Ah-šalim and was asked to be sent to Karahna by route Wašhaniya, Hattuš and Šuppiluliya. The published texts discussed with our main document show that the issue was serious and important enough to result in death because of the Assyrian investors, kārum organization and possibly even some local kings or rulers were involved.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
After briefly mentioning the historical background of Anatolian-Mesopotamian relations, the word ... more After briefly mentioning the historical background of Anatolian-Mesopotamian relations, the word sukkurtum in Old Assyrian texts is emphasized in this study. In Kültepe texts, the interruption of trade is usually expressed with the word sukkurtum. Among the Kültepe tablets published until now, ten texts containing the term of sukkurtum were identified and eight of them were published beforehand. All Akkadian dictionaries have noted that the word sukkurtum is derived from the verb sekēru(m) I (to cut, to suspend, to stop). This word has been translated as "commercial restriction, suspension, embargo" in all the documents in which it appears. In fact, these texts that the word sukkurtum is mentioned do not contain detailed information about why the Assyrian merchants had to suspend their commercial activities. In this study, some comments are made in the light of the information obtained from documents (Kt. c/k 978; Kt. n/k 694), which were published first time here, with all the texts where the word is mentioned, and evaluations are made about the reasons and consequences of the practice of sukkurtum that caused the suspension of trading activities.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The subject of this article is 3 stone lion statues dating to the Seljuk Period, which are in the... more The subject of this article is 3 stone lion statues dating to the Seljuk Period, which are in the museum storage and garden display of the Directorate of Anatolian Civilizations Museum. The lion figure can be found in various periods of art history, in different branches of art and in different mediums. There is an important accumulation of publications in which the issue of figurative decoration in Anatolian Turkish art is handled directly and indirectly. In this study, the aim is to define and introduce the previously unpublished Seljuk Period lion sculptures in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations stone artifacts group. The physical form and stylistic features of the lion sculptures were determined technically in stone material. The iconography will be explained within the framework of the symbolic meanings attributed to the lion figure.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
As the Ottoman domination in the Mediterranean became widespread, the Orthodox, who were accepted... more As the Ottoman domination in the Mediterranean became widespread, the Orthodox, who were accepted as Greek, took the place of Venetian, Genoese and French sea merchants by using their privileged position among non-Muslims in Ottoman politics. However, the armed struggle of the Greeks, which started with the Philiki Eterya Society in 1814 with the political and military support of the European states after the 1797 French Revolution, resulted in the establishment of an independent Greek Principality after the Navarino Disaster in 1830. In the century following this date, Greece extended to Anatolia under the "Megali Idea", but this situation was definitely ended with the Turkish War of Independence. In every expansion of Greece, a great cultural genocide was committed against the architectural works belonging to the societies they massacred to cover up the crimes committed and the humanitarian massacre. During the Ottoman period, many monuments were built in the geography of Greece from the early period to the beginning of the 20th century. In this study, changes in mosques, masjids, namazgahs, imaret, dervish lodges and tombs over time, according to the regions, are presented under the heading of the religious buildings surviving in Greece. In addition, the geographical distribution of these surviving artifacts is presented. In this context, 293 monuments examined on site throughout Greece were included in this research. The analyzed works were also separated according to their building types based on their first functions. On the other hand, also another classification was made for the last function. Finally, these 293 monuments, which were examined, were evaluated based on their initial state when the Ottoman conquest, the functional changes that took place after the Ottoman Empire, and the criteria determined by institutions such as UNESCO, ICOMOS and CoE.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Gökçe GÜNEL* Today, Ankara Castle is like an open-air museum with its fortification walls, bastio... more Gökçe GÜNEL* Today, Ankara Castle is like an open-air museum with its fortification walls, bastions, mosques, fountains, traditional Ankara houses, and streets with-traces of Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, Ahi, Ottoman and Republican Periods. Hence, the castle, abandoned and neglected for long years is to be preserved and maintained, thus, it should remain as a legacy for the future. Ankara Castle, one of the most important sites among castles in Anatolia, is located in the center of Ankara lowland, over a volcanic hill with a height of 978 m. Archaeological excavations in the castle revealed its continuous occupation starting from, Neolithic Period. Ankara was an important settlement of Phrygia Civilization in 8th century B.C., became the capital of Galatians in Roman Period, and then the capital of Galatian Prima's in Byzantine Period. In Antiquity, the castle situated at the intersection of the Royal Road between the East and the West. In Byzantine Period, the castle gained a magnificent look. Against the Islamic and Turkish invasion, most part of the wall rebuilt by using Roman material culture as spolia. In Middle Ages, most of the population was settled inside the high castle walls, comprising of inner and outer sections. The castle was housed, both military, garrison and civilian community. Military and garrison community were living inside the bastions called as Şark and Akkale located in Inner Castle. The Castle, renovated many times in Byzantium period, took its current condition with the renovations that took place in Seljuk and Ottoman periods. It was destroyed during the Timurid invasion in 1402, during the Celali invasions in 17th century and during the reign of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha in 1832. The city, conquered by the Turks in 1073, developed and became an important commercial center during Anatolian Seljuk and Ottoman periods. In the Middle Ages, Ankara was located at the intersection of the crucial commercial network of the time, the Silk Road, starting from China and lying towards Europe. Ankara was well-known with its "sof " production, obtained from the Angora goats grown in the region for centuries, became a major commercial commodity for the city. Soft was very on demand through the European markets such as England and Holland in the 18th cent 19th centuries. Today, the walls of the castle, its bastions, Hisar gate, towers, and Ottoman houses constitute cultural heritage of the city. Before the foundation of the Republic, thanks to the importance given by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to the culture, a museum was founded during the independence war period in Akkale, and set up the foundation of today's Anatolian Civilizations Museum.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
This article is about seven artifacts depicting Isis and Harpocrates. These artifacts were produc... more This article is about seven artifacts depicting Isis and Harpocrates. These artifacts were produced as offerings, for protection and as talismans. Five of the artifacts are metal; one of them is a bronze Isis bust figurine, the other is a silver figurine of Isis. Two bronze figurines with Harpocrates depictions were used as amulets. The bronze ring with a depiction of Harpocrates was used as a talisman. The last two works are gemmae, which are defined as ornamental stones. These are amulets and gems that the person wears for protection. Isis and Harpocrates figures are depicted together on the amulet, and there are seven vowels in Greek on the reverse. The other is a ring stone depicting Isis. Among these artifacts, the bronze bust figurine of Isis holding a bird, the Harpocrates figure on the bronze ring and the Isis figure on the gem are of a previously unknown iconographic style. The metal artifacts are from the private collections of Figen Sarı, Alp Sarı and Mehmet Arsal in Ankara. The bronze ring and stone amulet are from the collection of the Erimtan Archaeology and Art Museum. One ring stone, which is our seventh artifact, is from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations collection. Originating in Egypt, Isis and Harpocrates were very popular in ancient Egypt due to their magical powers as well as representing mother and son. The cult of both Isis and the child Harpocrates spread rapidly in the Greek and Roman world following the Ptolemaic control of Egypt in 300 BC. In particular, from the beginning of the 2nd century AD (Hadrianic period), this cult became ubiquitous in all Roman ruled areas. It is known that Harpocrates belongs to the pantheon of Egyptian gods, but also has an important place in Greek and Roman beliefs. In this study, the mythology of Egyptian-originated goddess Isis and her son, the child-god Horus/Harpocrates will be discussed. The mysterious religion of both gods will be studied in the light of the artifacts here. At the same time, why and how the images of both gods were used by the people of antiquity as amulets and ring stones for protection, health and as talisman will be explored.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Çankırı highway, 25 km from Akyurt and 58 km from Ankara. The area known as Harmanyeri Mevkii was... more Çankırı highway, 25 km from Akyurt and 58 km from Ankara. The area known as Harmanyeri Mevkii was declared a site area with the number 06_AKY_SIT_004 by the Ankara Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Regional Board's decision in 28/09/2012. This Board researched an area with a slightly elevated hill, 300 m southwest of Elecik and in the surrounding fields. They found dense ceramic fragments, nonin-situ architectural blocks and different architectural artifacts in the neighborhood square and schoolyard. Seven of these blocks registered by the board were found in the square where the reeve office (muhtarlık) is located, whereas the other seven were found in the garden of the village school. These two groups of blocks are exhibited within the borders of the village. One of the findings from the school yard is an inscribed block. This inscription, which Speidel previously published mentions a monument built for C. Avianius, who served as a soldier for twelve years for Augustus. In this study, the above-mentioned architectural blocks have been studied and evaluated separately. Two of these exhibited blocks have garland decorations on the front side. In the decoration, there is a bullhead as a carrier and a leaf-fruit combination as a hanger. When the decoration is examined typologically and stylistically, it is dated between the mid-1st and mid-2nd century AD. An orthostat block decorated with symbolic door and the statue of a lion pressing a bull's head with a paw, mentioned in the study, was associated with the grave structures due to the analogies. Although it is not clear whether the artifacts within the scope of the study are related to the tomb monument mentioned in the C. Avianius inscription, it is evaluated that they may belong to a monument.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Giriş P encere açıklıklarının, mekanlarda yalıtım ve aydınlanma sağlamak için ışığı geçiren aynı ... more Giriş P encere açıklıklarının, mekanlarda yalıtım ve aydınlanma sağlamak için ışığı geçiren aynı zamanda sıcak ve soğuktan da etkilenilmesini engelleyen malzemelerle kapatılmasının antik dönemde farklı uygulamaları
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The aryballoi representing the ancient Corinthian pottery workshops are significant as an artisti... more The aryballoi representing the ancient Corinthian pottery workshops are significant as an artistic synthesis of the Orientalizing Period, reflecting a magnificent style despite their miniature dimensions. The terracotta aryballoi were produced in the mid 8th century BC as the "Dark Age" was ending. Just at this period there was a revival in the production of glass vessels. Thus, it became possible to refer to an Iron Age glass industry having both traditional and innovative aspects. The core-forming technique in glass technology which had first been applied during the Bronze Age was revived in the 1st millennium BC. The properties of the core-forming technique were suitable for the production of small, closed glass vessel forms such as aryballoi or alabastra. Starting from the 6th century BC, core-formed aryballoi with glass thread zigzag or feather designs became common in the ancient world. Aryballoi, which were used frequently in Greek daily life as perfume flasks, grave gifts or oil containers, were also carried by athletes who annointed themselves before sports. The same functions continued in the Roman Imperial period. However, the change in glass production techniques (blowing) resulted in different shapes and appearances for Roman glass aryballoi. After the spread of glass blowing throughout the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD, glass vessels became more common and available than previously. Within this context, blown glass aryballoi with dolphin handles (dolphin flasks) became one of the more frequent forms in the repertory of Roman glass vessels; in both the Eastern and Western halves of the Empire. This study evaluates the functions, production techniques, and development of the forms and decorations of Greek and Roman glass aryballoi in detail.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
In the archive of the Boğazköy Expedition of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin), plans ... more In the archive of the Boğazköy Expedition of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin), plans of the excavations of the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Giriktepe were found among documents of the work on Büyükkale in the 1960s. Probably P. Neve, whose signature the drawings bear, had drawn them for R. Temizer, the director of the museum. These plans document the architecture of this small palace of the Urartian elites for the first time. The general outline of the building was adapted to the Bronze Age höyük on which it is situated, whereas its internal structure is comparatively symmetrical. A large, rectangular hall forms the center of the building to the north of an equally large courtyard. The northern part is occupied by a row of rooms that mainly served as kitchens and storerooms. In one of these rooms, the remains of a group of people who died here were found together.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The priest, attested as the Sumerogram LÚ GUDU 12 in the Hittite cuneiform texts and referred to ... more The priest, attested as the Sumerogram LÚ GUDU 12 in the Hittite cuneiform texts and referred to as the "anointed priest" in Hittite dictionaries, appears as an officer in religious ceremonies. He figured in ceremonies with other cult officials and performed these ceremonies in the presence of the king, the queen, crown prince, princes and princesses. Having a strong relationship with the Hatti traditions, the anointed priest assisted the royal family performing their rituals. It is possible that he is not a first-class cult official, considering that he is in the second rank following the SANGA-priest in the texts, and that the GUDU 12priest was given a second-class dress during the KI.LAM festival. One of the main tasks of the anointed priest was the blessing (purification): he washes (blesses) the iškaruhbowl, the prince, the king, the sacrificial animals, especially the hands of the king and the god statues by means of various objects; and he sweeps (sprinkles water) the temple. His other main task was to recite the hymns. This paper includes the similarity between the LÚ GUDU 12-priest, who verbally transmitted Hittite myths and had religious identities, and the epicists who performed the Turkish oral tradition. The Hittite kings were anointed as a part of ascending ceremony to increase the king's power and be ritually purified him and the similar practices in the holy scriptures are also treated in this context. However, the blessing (purification), which is among the tasks of the anointed priest, is also an indication of a process that has come up to the anointed (christ, christus = anointed) today.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
This study focuses on, marriage institution in Hittites by using legal articles. There are severa... more This study focuses on, marriage institution in Hittites by using legal articles. There are several type of marriage in the Hittites such as marriage between male slave and free woman, marriage with the father, brother or relatives of the deceased husband of a woman, called a levirate type marriage, matrilocal marriages and negotiated marriages. Furthermore, incest relations will also be evaluated based on cuneiform texts.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
For more than nine decades, the Boğazköy Excavation and the Anatolian Civilizations Museum have b... more For more than nine decades, the Boğazköy Excavation and the Anatolian Civilizations Museum have been working closely together in the study of Hittite culture. Major objects from the site-for example, the relief of a god from the so-called Lions Gate, a pair of bulls from the area of the royal palace, or the rich collection of cuneiform tablets-are part of the museum's collection. The joint research and preservation project of the site and its finds contributed significantly to Boğazköy-Hattuşa being the only place listed by UNESCO on both the tangible and intangible World Heritage lists.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Ankara is the city where the majority of the population consisted of Muslim Turks during the Selj... more Ankara is the city where the majority of the population consisted of Muslim Turks during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Among the cultural properties that shaped the city in the Turkish period, small and large cemeteries occupy an important place. The Kırklar Cemetery, which has survived to the present day, is still among the residential areas. This cemetery is a graveyard where the deceased Ankara judges are buried and should be a part of the courtyard of the Molla Büyük Mosque built by Kadı Ahmet, located in the nearby vicinity. Until the end of the Ottoman period, in the Kırklar Cemetery, there were mostly marble gravestones in the form of coffins. However, precious tombstones from the demolished cemeteries and graves of the historical city of Ankara since 1930 were brought to the Kırklar Cemetery. With the gravestones lined up side by side, this place has been turned into a depot. Although houses and walls surround it, Kırklar Cemetery has been abandoned. Directorate General of Ankara District Office carried out a Project in 2020 for this cemetery. In this study, the transcriptions of inscriptions for all tombstones in the cemetery were prepared, their characteristics were determined, and an inventory was taken. Cultural Heritage Preservation Board approved the prepared reports, survey, and restoration projects. The aim is to start restoration works in line with the approved projects, thus to bring the original state of the Kırklar Cemetery and revive this forgotten urban memory.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The Galatians, the most enigmatic nomadic communities of Anatolia, one of the Celtic tribes who s... more The Galatians, the most enigmatic nomadic communities of Anatolia, one of the Celtic tribes who settled in the Central Anatolia Region in the Hellenistic Period (279 BC), although their borders could not be determined precisely. Ankara/ Ancyra and its surroundings, located in northwest Galatia, were settled by the Tolistobogii, one of the most prominent tribes of the Galatians, and it was geographically adjacent to Bithynia and Phrygia Epictetus. Two important forts such as Blucium (Karalar) and Peium (Tabanlıoğlu) around Karalar in the direction of Bithynia in the northwest of Ankara belonged to Tolistobogii. In addition, there are other Tolistobogii forts, one overlooking the Kirmir River in Dikmen, Tahirler, the second one in Crentius (close to the Karalar), and the third one in Dikmen, in the south of Peium. Of these, only Karalar was excavated. The forts around these Galatian city settlements were taken under protection and the tumuli in the Blucium (Karalar) region, known as the palace of Deiotarus (105 BC-42 BC) offer significant material evidence on the Galatian burial traditions (although they are robbed). These tumuli were excavated by Remzi Oğuz Arık and burial chamber types were named as Karalar A, B, C, the "Karalar C" type chambers were built with local andesite or rectangular limestone blocks forming a corbelled roof. "Karalar C" type chamber tombs, including Çimşit, were the most common type in Blucium region. For example, within the borders of Ankara: Kazan Karalar C and Çimşit; Polatlı Gordion O and Belkavak Yeniköseler found in 2012 as a result of illegal excavations; Nallıhan, Yukarı Bağdere, Yalacık; Iğdır in Eskişehir Sarıcakaya. Similar monumental tombs are known in different regions such as northwestern Anatolia, Aegean and Thrace. The Kazan Çimşit tumulus was attempted to be robbed during the canal works of DSI in this region in 1971, the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations carried out a salvage excavation and the chamber tomb building blocks were numbered and moved to the Ankara Roman Bath. The Çimşit tumulus tomb chamber is one of the unpublished examples of "Karalar C" type, built in corbelled roof technique. In this article Kazan Çimşit tumulus in corbelled roof type and its finds based on the archival documents handed to me by the Deputy Museum Director Archaeologist Mehmetçik Kutkam and architectural technician Melih Kirişçioğlu and another vaulted burial chamber excavated by the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations on May 17 1993 at Çankırı Kapı Sokak No. 46 (block 2791, parcel 5) will be examined. This tumulus chamber tomb with two human skeletons inside, possibly used for the second time, dating to the 3rd century AD, is located on the northern road of Ankyra.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Bithynian King Nikomedes helped to the Celtic tribes to cross Anatolia, who plundered Thrace and ... more Bithynian King Nikomedes helped to the Celtic tribes to cross Anatolia, who plundered Thrace and the Balkans at the first quarter of 3rd cent. B. C. The Celtic tribes, which took the name Galatian settled in the middle of Anatolia. The Tolistobog group settled in Bithynia in agreement with the Bithynia king Nikomedes. Tektosag and Trokme tribes settled in Central Anatolia. They plundered the settlements and sanctuaries in Anatolia. Galatians fought as mercenaries in the armies of regional and supra-regional kingdoms.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
There is controversy over the date of the Magnesia Temple of Artemis. It can be assumed that the ... more There is controversy over the date of the Magnesia Temple of Artemis. It can be assumed that the differences between the technical details used to remove architectural blocks in the structure will help with the dating. These differences are discussed in the study.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
Makalede kullanılan antik yazarlar ve eser adları Der Neue Pauly'nin kısaltma cetveli esas alınar... more Makalede kullanılan antik yazarlar ve eser adları Der Neue Pauly'nin kısaltma cetveli esas alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Abdurrahman UZUNASLAN* Augustus, who successfully ended the long period of civil wars involving Rome, saved the sovereignty growing continuously for five centuries and becoming unmanageable under the traditional regime from the tutelage of a handful of traditional republicans. and transformed it into an empire in a short time. His planned structural reforms were carried out by new type of senators and governors called homo novus. Especially the Anatolian cities were positively affected by the atmosphere of peace provided by Augustus. Ankyra, where one of the most important branches of the Galatian tribes, the Tektosags, lived, was home to the Temple of Augustus as well as being the koinon capital of the Galatians. Since the beginning of the 1st century AD, it hosted important festivals within the framework of the imperial cult and koinon events. Within the scope of the festivals, Roman-style gladiator games and wild animal fights as well as the Hellenic-style athletic, musical and equestrian competitions were also organized. The epigraphic documents found in the city draw our attention to the philanthropic fame hunters of the city, who competed against each other in the organization of the imperial cult and koinon festivals. Particularly, Hadrian's (117-138) keen interest in the Hellenic-style festivals were exemplary for many cities in Anatolia and Ankyra. In this context, with the permission and support of the Emperor, the first music and art-oriented agon Mystikos (Mystic Festival) was established and performed in the city. Agon Mystikos (ἀγὼν Μυστικός), which placed Ankyra in an important place in the calendar of arts-oriented festivals since the day it was organized, transformed the city into a frequent destination for famous theatre actors, artists and musicians for a long time. The second festival, Megala Asklepeia Soteria Antonineia isopythia (Μεγάλα᾿Ασκλήπεια Σωτήρια᾿Αντονείνεια᾿Ισοπύθια) founded in the city during the Imperial Period, was established with the direct permission of Emperor Caracalla (211-217). The festival including the athletic, musical and equestrian competitions in its program, was first held in 214 AD and it is understood that its existence continued till the co-administrations of Valerianus (253-260) and Gallienus (253-268).
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
İkonografisi (?)" * Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi'nin, 100. Kuruluş Yıldönümü adına çıkartı... more İkonografisi (?)" * Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi'nin, 100. Kuruluş Yıldönümü adına çıkartılan bu çok önemli bilimsel çalışma içinde, bu yayın ile katkıda bulunmama olanak tanıyan, müzede sergilenen bu çok değerli eser üzerinde de çalışmama izin veren değerli meslektaşlarım, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi Müdürü Sayın Yusuf Kıraç ve Müdür Yardımcısı Sayın Umut Alagöz' e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
The three tablets presented in our article were excavated at Kültepe in 1958. Most of the tablets... more The three tablets presented in our article were excavated at Kültepe in 1958. Most of the tablets found in this year belong to the archive of the Assyrian merchant Ahšalim. The letters were written from Ahšalim to Assyrian merchants Uzub-iškum and Uşur-ša-Ištar contain information about thetransportation of gold, silver and good quality fabrics of various colors and the purchase of ḫuşārum stone.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
It is known that Assyrian merchants were treated as defendants or prisoners by both Assyrian merc... more It is known that Assyrian merchants were treated as defendants or prisoners by both Assyrian merchants or institutions and local kings due to some activities that did not comply with the agreement and regulation. It is also understood from the texts that merchants were treated like criminals and were kept in prison for a long period of time although the accusation was not certain. In this study, it will be emphasized that the Assyrian Baziya, whose crime was not specified, was not allowed to enter the city of Kaniš by Ah-šalim and was asked to be sent to Karahna by route Wašhaniya, Hattuš and Šuppiluliya. The published texts discussed with our main document show that the issue was serious and important enough to result in death because of the Assyrian investors, kārum organization and possibly even some local kings or rulers were involved.
Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 100 Yaşında, 2022
After briefly mentioning the historical background of Anatolian-Mesopotamian relations, the word ... more After briefly mentioning the historical background of Anatolian-Mesopotamian relations, the word sukkurtum in Old Assyrian texts is emphasized in this study. In Kültepe texts, the interruption of trade is usually expressed with the word sukkurtum. Among the Kültepe tablets published until now, ten texts containing the term of sukkurtum were identified and eight of them were published beforehand. All Akkadian dictionaries have noted that the word sukkurtum is derived from the verb sekēru(m) I (to cut, to suspend, to stop). This word has been translated as "commercial restriction, suspension, embargo" in all the documents in which it appears. In fact, these texts that the word sukkurtum is mentioned do not contain detailed information about why the Assyrian merchants had to suspend their commercial activities. In this study, some comments are made in the light of the information obtained from documents (Kt. c/k 978; Kt. n/k 694), which were published first time here, with all the texts where the word is mentioned, and evaluations are made about the reasons and consequences of the practice of sukkurtum that caused the suspension of trading activities.