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Papers by Jean-Lou Justine

Pacific Conservation Biology, 2023

Context. Strandings are an important source of information for estimating marine mammal biodivers... more Context. Strandings are an important source of information for estimating marine mammal biodiversity, particularly in data-sparse ocean basins such as Oceania. Aims. Here, we report on knowledge acquired from 218 stranding events recorded in the waters of New Caledonia (1877-2022). Methods. We investigated spatio-temporal distribution, stable isotope signatures, trace element concentrations, biometry measurements, genetic diversity, and diet, for the four most commonly stranded taxa (dugongs, 35% of events; sperm whales, 19%; Delphinidae, 18%; pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, 14%). Key results. Beginning in 1991, reports of stranding events increased (183 events, 322 individuals, 20 species from seven families: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), with hotspots identified on the west coast (Bourail, Ouano, Nouméa) and in Prony Bay. Causes of death were not determined in 84% of stranding events, but were identified in the majority of expert-led necropsies (24 of 29 individuals from 10 species). Yet, valuable information regarding the impact of anthropogenic activities was gathered for some species of concern, such as the endangered dugong (28% humancaused). Since 2016, training and outreach have been provided to rangers, veterinarians, and various public safety officers to support their engagement in the scientific monitoring of marine mammal strandings. A website (www.rescue.ird.nc) was developed to facilitate standardised data collection and storage, and to provide public access to stranding records. Conclusion. Although the number of individuals reported here remains modest, this study provides new information on poorly documented species in New Caledonia. Implications. Long-term monitoring of strandings can help design effective conservation measures.

Axine belones Abildgaard, 1794 is a polyopisthocotylean monogenean, parasite of belonid fishes, a... more Axine belones Abildgaard, 1794 is a polyopisthocotylean monogenean, parasite of belonid fishes, and there are few accounts with morphological and morphometrical data. Here, we redescribe A. belones based on newly collected specimens from its type-host, the garfish Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1760) collected off Algeria, Western Mediterranean, a new locality for this species. Several anatomical and morphological features (genital apertures and clamps sclerites) are described and illustrated. We provide morpho-anatomical and morphometrical data, along with detailed illustrations of A. belones, and we discuss the host specificity of A. belones. Notes on hosts and localities of this species and other congeners are presented, and host specificity patterns of A. belones revealed stenoxenic specificity to Belonidae Bonaparte, 1835, whilst the genus Axine Abildgaard, 1794 seems to be restricted to fishes of the order Beloniformes. Our attempt to investigate morphometric variations between Mediterranean and oceanic specimens revealed that the two populations differed by the number of testes, body length, and clamp dimensions. However, the limited number of measured organs in the various accounts precluded any distinction between the populations. Molecular data for both Mediterranean and oceanic specimens are needed to determine the existence of cryptic species.

Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie et biologie animale, 1994

SUMMARY Tetraonchoides sp.(Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Tetraonchoididae), a gi... more SUMMARY Tetraonchoides sp.(Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Tetraonchoididae), a gill parasite of the fish Uranoscopus sp. in Dakar, Senegal, was studied by transmission electron microscopy. In most of its surface, the external syncytial layer of the tegument has one of the simplest structures found in the Monogenea. The syncytium is thin (0.75 pm) with apical and basal membranes almost rectilinear, very few cytoplasmic inclusions, and almost no microvilli. Tegumentary receptors are of the ...

Abstract Aim: Alien species introduced into new ecosystems occasionally predate upon or outcompet... more Abstract
Aim: Alien species introduced into new ecosystems occasionally predate upon or outcompete native species. Land planarians (Geoplanidae) are a family of carnivorous
Platyhelminthes among which several species are found outside their native range.
Specifically, hammerhead flatworms originate from Asia and Madagascar but have
now reached many new locations worldwide through the transport of exotic plants.
Because they are predators of earthworms and snails, they are considered a potential threat to native ecosystems. In this context, to anticipate their potential impacts
and to inform early preventative actions, it is necessary to know where these species
could spread to in future, or where they might already be present but undetected.
Location: Worldwide.
Methods: Here, we used occurrence records from online databases and climatic and
soil variables to model the potential distribution of five hammerhead flatworm species (Bipalium adventitium, B. kewense, B. pennsylvanicum, B. vagum and Diversibipalium
multilineatum) that are known to occur outside their native range.
Results: We demonstrate that precipitation is an important factor determining their
distribution, which is in accordance with their known affinity for humidity. We show
that some areas have the potential to be invaded by all five species, including regions
that are relatively spared so far. This includes the River Plate basin in South America,
which already harbours a diverse fauna of native terrestrial flatworms and which appears to also be a potential hotspot for the establishment of alien hammerhead flatworms. According to scenarios of future climate change, two species (B. kewense and
B. vagum) that currently have the largest observed global range are predicted to further increase their potential distribution.
Main conclusions: The results we report can be used to provide guidance for monitoring the potential sources of introduction of alien hammerhead flatworms in regions
that are suitable, but which are not yet colonized.

A short paper in English in &"The Conversation" about the invasion of Metropolitan France by the ... more A short paper in English in &"The Conversation" about the invasion of Metropolitan France by the land flatworm Obama nungara;
Article en anglais dans "The Conversation" à propos de l'invasion de la France Métropolitaines par le Plathelminthe terrestre Obama nungara.

A paper in French in "The Conversation" about recent findings on spermatozoa of Monogenes (Platy... more A paper in French in "The Conversation" about recent findings on spermatozoa of Monogenes (Platyhelminthes) and their interest for the understanding of evolution.

Article en français dans "The Conversation" à propos de découvertes récentes sur les spermatozoïdes des Monogènes (Plathelminthes) et leur intérêt pour comprendre l'évolution.

Zootaxa, 2021

The land flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) is recorded from the island... more The land flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) is recorded from the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Martin in the Caribbean arc. Photographs and records were obtained mainly from citizen science and ranged from the end of 2018 to February 2021; several specimens were deposited in the collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. Thirty records were from Guadeloupe, but only one from Martinique and from Saint Martin, respectively. The COI sequences of 3 specimens from Guadeloupe show that they belong to the World haplotype also found in many countries. We also report P. manokwari from Fort Myers, Florida, USA, with molecular characterization, which was also the World haplotype. This is the first published record of P. manokwari for Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin and the second for islands in the Caribbean, after Puerto Rico.

Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases, 2021

Parasite, 2020

Helminthological examinations of three species of sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, Triaenodon obesus (b... more Helminthological examinations of three species of sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, Triaenodon obesus (both Carcharhinidae, Carcharhiniformes) and Stegostoma fasciatum (Stegostomatidae, Orectolobiformes) from New Caledonian waters, carried out during 2003–2005, revealed the presence of three species of adult anisakid nematodes referable to Terranova Leiper et Atkinson, 1914. However, this genus can no longer be considered valid, because its type species has been designated a species inquirenda. Therefore, the present nematodes are assigned to two newly established genera, Euterranova n. gen. [type species E. dentiduplicata n. sp.] and Neoterranova n. gen. [type species N. scoliodontis (Baylis, 1931) n. comb.], based mainly on different labial structures. Euterranova dentiduplicata n. sp. from the stomach of S. fasciatum is mainly characterized by the presence of lips with two rows of denticles. Innominate specimens of Euterranova (a female and a third-stage larva) were collected from the d...

Parasite, 2020

Recent examinations of cucullanid nematodes (Cucullanidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, ... more Recent examinations of cucullanid nematodes (Cucullanidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, collected in the years 2004–2009, revealed the presence of the following five new species of Cucullanus Müller, 1777, all parasitic in Perciformes: Cucullanus variolae n. sp. from Variola louti (type host) and V. albimarginata (both Serranidae); Cucullanus acutospiculatus n. sp. from Caesio cuning (Caesionidae); Cucullanus diagrammae n. sp. from Diagramma pictum (Haemulidae); Cucullanus parapercidis n. sp. from Parapercis xanthozona (type host) and P. hexophtalma (both Pinguipedidae); and Cucullanus petterae n. sp. from Epinephelus merra (type host) and E. fasciatus (both Serranidae). An additional congeneric species, Cucullanus bioccai Orecchia et Paggi, 1987 was recorded from Mugil cephalus (Mugilidae, Mugiliformes) (first record in the Pacific Ocean) and Cucullanus sp. (only female) was found in Arothron manilensis (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes). Furthermore, two known cucullanid...

Parasite, 2020

Recent examinations of anisakid nematodes (Anisakidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, coll... more Recent examinations of anisakid nematodes (Anisakidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, collected in the years 2003–2008, revealed the presence of the following five new species of Raphidascaris Railliet et Henry, 1915, all belonging to the subgenus Ichthyascaris Wu, 1949: Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) spinicauda n. sp. from the redbelly yellowtail fusilier Caesio cuning (Caesionidae, Perciformes); Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) fasciati n. sp. from the blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (Serranidae, Perciformes); Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) nudicauda n. sp. from the brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis (Synodontidae, Aulopiformes); Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) euani n. sp. from the Japanese large-eye bream Gymnocranius euanus (Lethrinidae, Perciformes); and Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) elopsis n. sp. from the Hawaiian ladyfish Elops hawaiensis (Elopidae, Elopiformes). An additional two congeneric species, R. (I.) etelidis Moravec et Justine, 2012 and R. (I.) sillag...

Parasite, 2020

Recent examinations of spirurid nematodes (Spirurida) from deep-sea or coral reef marine fishes o... more Recent examinations of spirurid nematodes (Spirurida) from deep-sea or coral reef marine fishes off New Caledonia, collected in the years 2006–2009, revealed the presence of the following five species: Ichthyofilaroides novaecaledoniensis (Moravec et Justine, 2009) n. gen., n. comb. (transferred from Ichthyofilaria Yamaguti, 1935) (females) (Guyanemidae) from the deep-sea fish Hoplichthys citrinus (Hoplichthyidae, Scorpaeniformes), Philometra sp. (male fourth-stage larva and mature female) (Philometridae) from Epinephelus maculatus (Serranidae, Perciformes), Ascarophis (Dentiascarophis) adioryx Machida, 1981 (female) (Cystidicolidae) from Sargocentron spiniferum (Holocentridae, Beryciformes), Ascarophis (Ascarophis) nasonis Machida, 1981 (males and females) from Naso lituratus and N. unicornis (Acanthuridae, Perciformes), and Ascarophisnema tridentatum Moravec et Justine, 2010 (female) from Gymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae, Perciformes). Two species, I. novaecaledoniensis and A...

Parasite, 2019

Recent examinations of camallanid nematodes (Camallanidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, ... more Recent examinations of camallanid nematodes (Camallanidae) from marine fishes off New Caledonia, collected in the years 2003–2011, revealed the presence of the following five new species of Procamallanus Baylis, 1923, all belonging to the subgenus Spirocamallanus Olsen, 1952: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) dispar n. sp. from the common ponyfish Leiognathus equulus (type host) and the striped ponyfish Aurigequula fasciata (both Leiognathidae, Perciformes); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) bothi n. sp. from the leopard flounder Bothus pantherinus (Bothidae, Pleuronectiformes); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) hexophtalmatis n. sp. from the speckled sandperch Parapercis hexophtalma (Pinguipedidae, Perciformes); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) synodi n. sp. from the sand lizardfish Synodus dermatogenys (Synodontidae, Aulopiformes); and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) thalassomatis n. sp. from the yellow-brown wrasse Thalassoma lutescens (Labridae, Perciformes). These are described based ...

Systematic Parasitology, 2019

Parasite, 2018

We describe here the mature spermatozoa of three species of bucephalids, namely Bucephalus margar... more We describe here the mature spermatozoa of three species of bucephalids, namely Bucephalus margaritae, Rhipidocotyle khalili and Prosorhynchus longisaccatus. This study provides the first ultrastructural data on the genera Bucephalus and Rhipidocotyle and enabled us to confirm the model of the mature spermatozoon in the Bucephalinae. The spermatozoon exhibits two axonemes with the 9 + “1” pattern of the Trepaxonemata, one of which is very short, lateral expansion, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane located in the anterior extremity of the spermatozoon and associated with cortical microtubules, spine-like bodies, a mitochondrion, and a nucleus. The maximum number of cortical microtubules is located in the anterior part of the spermatozoon. However, more studies are needed to elucidate if spine-like bodies are present in all the Bucephalinae or not. In the Prosorhynchinae, the mature spermatozoon exhibits a similar ultrastructural pattern. Some differences are observed, par...

PeerJ, 2018

Species of the genera and , or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae),... more Species of the genera and , or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: , , and an unnamed 'black' species. We also report the presence of from ...

Advances in parasitology, 2017

The wide biodiversity and economic importance of digeneans have motivated a great deal of researc... more The wide biodiversity and economic importance of digeneans have motivated a great deal of research in the last decade, focussing on their phylogenetic positions. Molecular research was instrumental for our understanding of phylogeny in the Digenea, but spermatological studies have also provided many results, which are potentially useful for phylogeny; however, the complete spermatological data set has never been reviewed in a whole phylogenetic perspective. Spermatological data are now available for more than 100 species, belonging to 15 superfamilies and 46 families. In this paper, we try to summarize the current knowledge about sperm structure in the digeneans and propose a classification of digenean spermatozoa into five basic models. The main ultrastructural characters used are (1) the type of axoneme, (2) the lateral expansion, (3) the association 'external ornamentation of the plasma membrane + cortical microtubules', (4) the field of cortical microtubules and its numb...

Pacific Conservation Biology, 2023

Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie et biologie animale, 1994

Article en français dans "The Conversation" à propos de découvertes récentes sur les spermatozoïdes des Monogènes (Plathelminthes) et leur intérêt pour comprendre l'évolution.

Zootaxa, 2021

Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases, 2021

Parasite, 2020

Parasite, 2019

Systematic Parasitology, 2019

Parasite, 2018

PeerJ, 2018

Advances in parasitology, 2017

Cet articles explique aux professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire comment illustrer facilement l... more Cet articles explique aux professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire comment illustrer facilement les leçons sur les grandes maladies parasitaires. Ces leçons paraissent souvent bien abstraites aux élèves ; l’observation de parasites vivants, présentés dans les organes infestés doit faciliter cet enseignement. Les bilharzioses ou schistosomiases sont les maladies à Trématodes les plus importantes dans le monde. Il n'est pas possible de montrer aux élèves les parasites de l’Homme : Schistosoma mansoni, agent de la bilharziose intestinale, ou S. haematobium, agent de la bilharziose vésicale. On peut, par contre, récolter facilement une espèce voisine, S. bovis (fig. 1), qui parasite les vaisseaux sanguins mésentériques du Boeuf, du Mouton, de la Chèvre et de divers grands animaux sauvages.

Chapter I. Material and methods 1. Material A list of the parasites studied (and their hosts) i... more Chapter I. Material and methods
1. Material
A list of the parasites studied (and their hosts) is given: about 40 species of Monogeneans, 10 Digeneans, some Cestodes and Temnocephala.
2. Methods
The methods used for parasite collection, light and transmission electron microscopy are described.

Chapter II. Descriptive study of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa
1. Gross structure of the testis
The testis contains supporting cells, and germinal cells which are grouped in a common cytoplasmic mass at the spermatid stage. The evolution of this mass is described.
2. Spermiogenesis
A "classical" spermiogenesis is described in the Digeneans: 7 stages are defined. This spermiogenesis is also found in the Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans. The various processes of spermiogenesis of other species may be compared with the "classical" spermiogenesis; they show modifications which are generally simplifications. A general Table showing the possible homologies between the stages of spermiogenesis found in the different species is proposed. In the case of the schistosome, after analysing the spermiogenesis, we suggest considering its aberrant spermatozoon as "neotenic", because it resembles a precociously matured spermatid. The fate and possible role of two organelles of the spermatid which are absent in the spermatozoon, the centre body and the striated roots, are considered. The process of separation of the nature spermatozoon is discussed. The aberrant case of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon is underlined, because it is the single case which cannot be compared with the "classical" spermiogenesis. The spermiogenesis of Monogeneans and Digeneans is compared with that of the other Platyhelminthes: it is close to that of Cestodes, but it shows fundamental differences from that of Turbellarians, in spite of a superficial resemblance of the spermatozoa.
3. Structure of the mature spermatozoa
Spermatozoa of Digeneans and Monogeneans are generally filiform. A Table compares the length of spermatozoa in various species. A "classical" pattern of spermatozoon (or type 1) is described: it comes from the "classical" spermiogenesis. The "classical" spermatozoon contains two axonemes incorporated in the sperm body and cortical longitudinal microtubules. This "classical" pattern is almost universal within Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans, but is unknown in the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans. It also exists, in a slightly modified form, in some Cestodes. Spermatozoa of the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans are classified by means of two simple ultrastructural characteristics, the number of axonemes (1 or 2) and the presence of cortical microtubules, in three patterns (types 2, 3 and 4). The cases of the Digenean Schistosoma (non filiform) and of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon (aflagellate) are aberrant and set aside. Comparative diagrams are presented.
4. The organelles of the spermatozoon and their evolution during spermiogenesis
Centrioles of mature spermatozoa are atypical and are generally made up of 9 singlets, instead of the typical structure of triplets found in the spermatids. The axonemes show a special pattern, called 9+ ''1 "; the few variations are presented. The ornamentations associated with the membrane are described. The position of the nucleus is discussed: it is posterior, meaning that spermatozoa of Digeneans and Monogeneans are "inverted" compared with those of other animals. Coils of spermatozoa found in some species are considered to be details added to a fundamentally filiform structure.
5. Motility of spermatozoa
Comparative Tables of spermatozoan motility and ultrastructure (axonemes and microtubules) are given. It is impossible to correlate in a precise manner ultrastructure and motility.
6. Behaviour of the spermatozoa during fertilization
The spermatozoa penetrate the oocyte with the nucleus in a posterior position; available data concern only few species, mainly with "classical" spermatozoa.
7. Partial conclusion after chapter II
Data advanced in this chapter are summarised and discussed.

Chapter III. Morphology of spermatozoa, biology of fertilization and phylogeny
1. Introduction
Some classical cases of the literature are considered.
2. Spermatozoa and biology of fertilization
The "classical" spermatozoon (type 1 ) of the Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans seems to be linked with internal fertilization, through genital ducts (Digeneans) or by hypodermic injection (at least a part of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans). In the monopisthocotylean Monogeneans (with spermatozoa of types 2, 3 and 4), the literature mentions some cases of spermatophores, but it is not possible to establish a strict relationship between these sperm structures and fertilization by spermatophore. The case of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon is interesting. In this animal, the biology of fertilization is unique because the two members of the pair are fused, and the spermatozoon is the only aflagellate case known: it displays a remarkable correlation between the biology of fertilization and sperm structure. The case of the schistosomes is discussed. Attempts are made to relate the atypical structure of the spermatozoon to the peculiar characteristics of the schistosomes: gonochorism, progenesis, life in pairs. It seems that life in permanent pairs is a factor of differentiation of atypical sperm structures, in the schistosomes, Diplozoon, and some Didymozoonidae.
3. Spermatozoa and phylogeny
Relationships between phylogeny, taxonomy, biology of fertilization and sperm structure are discussed. In the Trematodes (Digeneans and Aspidogastreans), the sperm structure is very homogenous (type 1) and thus of little use for the understanding of phylogeny within this group. The few variations known (Didymozoata and Strigeata) seem to be linked mainly with the biology of fertilization rather than with phylogeny. In the Monogeneans, comparative spermatology allows us to separate Polyopisthocotyleans and Monopisthocotyleans. Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans are very homogenous and share type 1 with the Trematodes. The single really different case, Diplozoon, seems to have no phyletic value but is correlated with the biology of fertilization. Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans show three types of spermatozoa. A phyletic scheme built only from sperm ultrastructure shows resemblances with classical phylogenies drawn from the structure of the adults, and a remarkable coincidence with modern phylogenies elaborated from the structure of larvae. The case of the Monogeneans is thus a demonstrative example of the usefulness of comparative spermatology for the understanding of phylogeny.
4. Trends in the evolution of spermatozoa in parasitic Platyhelminthes
Spermatozoa of Platyhelminthes are generally biflagellate. After a comparative study, we consider that the less evolved spermatozoon in the parasitic Platyhelminthes (Monogeneans, Digeneans and Cestodes) is the "classical" type, or type 1. This type 1 is maintained in the Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans, but is modified in the Cestodes (loss of the mitochondrion, and of one axoneme in some cases), and in the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans (loss of the microtubules am of one axoneme). The origin of type 1 may possibly be found in the Turbellaria Rhabdocoela Kalyptorhynchia. Comparative and phyletic diagrams of sperm structure in the phylum Platyhelminthes are given.

Trends in Parasitology, 2002

Encyclopédie Clartés, 2003

Le nom "Plathelminthes" qui signifie vers plats donne une bonne définition de l'aspect des membre... more Le nom "Plathelminthes" qui signifie vers plats donne une bonne définition de l'aspect des membres de cet embranchement. La forme plate correspond à la nécessité physique de faire pénétrer l'oxygène à l'intérieur du corps, en l'absence de système respiratoire ou circulatoire.

Encyclopédie Clartés, 2001

On réunit classiquement dans les Némathelminthes deux groupes d'animaux dont l'aspect morphologiq... more On réunit classiquement dans les Némathelminthes deux groupes d'animaux dont l'aspect morphologique est très similaire : les Nématodes et les Gordiens. Cet article décrit brièvement l’organisation interne des nématodes (« un tube dans une tube ») et détaille les cycles de quelques nématodes parasites : l'ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides), l'oxyure (Enterobius vermicularis), les ankylostomes (Ancylostoma duodenale et Necator americanus), la trichine (Trichinella spiralis), les filaires comme la filaire de Médine (Dracunculus medinensis), la filaire de Bancroft (Wucheraria bancrofti), la filaire Loa loa, l’onchocerque (Onchocerca volvulus), les Anisakis, les Toxocara et l'anguillule intestinale (Strongyloides stercoralis). L’article inclut aussi des encadrés sur Caenorhabditis elegans, « le ver », et sur la question « Combien d'espèces de Nématodes? ». Le paragraphe sur les Nématomorphes ou Gordiens est court.

L’attention des lecteurs est attirée sur le fait que cet article date de 2001.

Encyclopédie Clartés, 2001

Les "vers" incluent une grande variété d'animaux sans liens phylogénétiques (sans origine évoluti... more Les "vers" incluent une grande variété d'animaux sans liens phylogénétiques (sans origine évolutive commune), simplement réunis par leur convergence morphologique.

Les introductions d’espèces invasives sont reconnues comme une des causes de perte de biodiversit... more Les introductions d’espèces invasives sont reconnues comme une des causes de perte de biodiversité notamment au niveau des îles. La mondialisation des échanges accélère les introductions d’espèces dans le milieu naturel pouvant ainsi causer des dommages, à la biodiversité, l’économique ou la santé. Ces introductions peuvent être volontaires (pêche, horticulture, etc.) ou involontaires (pathogènes, espèces importées avec du fret, etc.) et nécessite la mise en place de systèmes de surveillance adaptés à chaque territoire (îles, métropole). Au-delà de l’aspect préventif de l’introduction d’une espèce invasive dans le milieu naturel (contrôle douanier, réglementation etc.), différents outils de surveillance sont utilisés pour détecter ou suivre une espèce introduite, voir invasive dans l’environnement.
Le poster présente ici trois exemples de suivis d’espèces invasives via l’utilisation des sciences participatives. D’une manière générale, ces programmes permettent de suivre des espèces (via des inventaires naturalistes, de la cartographie etc.) dans un but de connaissance et de conservation de la biodiversité, associant différents observateurs (naturalistes, grand public) et des organismes scientifiques. Un maximum d’observations est alors collecté facilement et rapidement de manière pédagogique et ludique.
Les sciences participatives sont particulièrement efficaces pour détecter précocement des espèces invasives. C’est le cas du Plathelminthe de Nouvelle Guinée, Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, découvert récemment dans les serres du Jardin des Plantes de Caen et actuellement confiné. Elles permettent également de suivre des taxons à large distribution comme le Frelon asiatique, Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836 ou le plathelminthe dit « marron plat ».
L’engouement des différents contributeurs pour ces sciences participatives permet d’enrichir les connaissances sur la distribution des espèces, leur écologie et leur biologie, et de définir des actions appropriées dans le but de limiter la perte de biodiversité.