Ghaid Al-Rabadi | Mutah University (original) (raw)

Papers by Ghaid Al-Rabadi

Andrologia, 2020

Mature males are known to have larger muscle mass and different characteristics when compared to ... more Mature males are known to have larger muscle mass and different characteristics when compared to females. This difference between genders becomes obvious mainly after sexual maturity which can be attributed to the different types of secreted sex hormones. Androgens are the male sex hormones that are mainly responsible for developing and maintaining the masculine characteristics (DJHMB, 2016). Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione are all considered to be androgens; however, testosterone is considered to be the major androgen circulating in the blood (Hall, 2010). High testosterone concentration can have negative feedback on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to reduce their hormones secretion. As well, high testosterone concentrations may have a down-regulatory effect on androgen receptors (Lin, Rajfer,

Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2019

This work aimed to investigate the ions composition of wastewater produced after reverse osmosis ... more This work aimed to investigate the ions composition of wastewater produced after reverse osmosis and the suitability of using wastewater as a drinking source for different farm animals, especially in poultry, the most sensitive/intolerant farm animals. Ten samples of wastewater (three replicates) were obtained from different water filtration stations in Jordan and were analysed for their cations: sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) and anions; fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), nitrite (NO 2), nitrate (NO 3), phosphate (PO 4) and sulfate (SO 4) concentrations. The highest variation was found in both K (CV% = 99.7) and F (CV% = 90.78). With mineral concentration in extreme/highest cases, analysed wastewater samples can provide a negligible contribution to poultry (broilers) requirements, as the case in K (0.27%) or can supply excessive amounts as in Na (150.0%). In all wastewater samples, Cl and F levels were above the safety guidelines recommended for poultry drinking water. In some of the selected samples, presence of Na (9 out of 10 samples) and sulfate (5 out of 10 samples) was higher than the recommended limits for broilers. Other analysed minerals were found tolerable by poultry. Results suggest the feasibility of re-using wastewater directly or indirectly after mixing it with public water as a source of drinking water for farm animals.

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2018

Milk fever is an important disease that affect lactating cow due to the shortage of calcium circu... more Milk fever is an important disease that affect lactating cow due to the shortage of calcium circulation after parturition. Incidence of milk fever can be minimized by changing diet acidity/alkalinity before parturition to enhance Ca release of bone, and minimizing it excretion through several regulatory mechanisms. However, cow’s regulatory mechanisms are inadequate in its ability to satisfy the increased metabolic requirement of calcium. Many formulas have been suggested in literature for calculating Dietary Cation-Anion Differences (DCAD) in attempts to acidify diets to minimize the incidence of milk fever. Thus, selection of feed ingredients, and used formula (DCAD below 0 mEq/kg) are important when formulating diet to reach appropriate acidification of the cows’ blood. The aim of current study is to characterize and to measure DCAD of different feed ingredients (Listed in: National Research Council (NRC, 2001)) using the most used equations reported in the literature which are h...

The Journal of Poultry Science, 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing fat in broiler grower diet with sucrose c... more This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing fat in broiler grower diet with sucrose combined with supplementation of the synthetic amino acid lysine on growth performance, gastrointestinal morphology, and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. Broilers were raised for 21 days and then divided into two treatment groups (n＝24 in each group). Two dietary treatments were used: corn-soy-based diet with oil (control) and cornsoy-based diet formulated with sucrose (3.30%) and lysine hydrochloride (3.36%). The experimental period was 21 days (from 21 to 42 days of age). At the end of week 6, all the birds in each treatment were slaughtered via neck slit, defeathered, and eviscerated for carcass and intestinal morphological characterization. Blood samples were collected to measure blood lipoprotein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. The results showed that supplementation of sucrose and lysine hydrochloride to broiler ration significantly (P＜0.05) decreased feed intake by half and reduced average daily gain during the study period compared to those observed in broilers fed control diet. Further, this supplementation significantly altered gastrointestinal morphology and blood lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) and total cholesterol levels. In conclusion, corn-soy-based diet fortified with sucrose (3.30%) and lysine hydrochloride (3.36%) within current nutrient specifications has a negative effect on broiler growth performance.

Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, Jan 13, 2017

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly ... more Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in ...

Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn particle sizes on broiler performance, c... more This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn particle sizes on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology during growing stage. Forty five broiler chickens were brooded for 21 days and thereafter divided into three treatment groups. Each group were fed different level of corn particle sizes (fine = 0.96 mm, medium = 1.22 mm and coarse = 1.60 mm). Each treatment was replicated five times (3 birds/replicate). The experiment was conducted from day 21 to day 42 of age (week 4-week 6). At d 42, all birds were slaughtered and eviscerated for carcass and intestinal moropholgy analysis. The results showed that corn particle size level did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (g/day) at the end of week 4 (range from 73.57-75.18 g/day), week 5 (range from 77.39-81.9 g/day) and week 6 (range from 68.57-72.65 g/day); feed conversion ratio (g/g) at the end of week 4 (range from 1.53-1.55), week 5 (range from 1.62-1.87) and week 6 (range from 2.16-2.32); cumulative feed intake (g) at the end of week 4 (range from 796-808 g) week 5 (range from 1007-1050 g) and week 6 (range from 1085.8-1159.0g). In addition, no effect was pronounced on dressing percentage yield (range from 73.9-75.1%) and gastrointestinal relative organ weight and gastrointestinal relative length and weight with exception for small intestine. Broilers fed medium corn particle sizes (i.e 1.22 mm) had a lower relative weight and relative length weight (2.49 g/kg of BW and 24.99 cm/kg of BW, respectively) compared to broiler fed fine particle sizes (0.94 mm) (2.71 g/kg of BW and 27.13 cm/kg of BW, respectively) and coarse particle sizes (1.6 mm) (2.78 g/kg of BW and 27.82 cm/kg of BW, respectively). It can be concluded that coarse milling of corn grains above the recommended particle sizes have no influence on overall growth parameters in broiler chicken during grower stage. However, subsequent processing steps (such as mixing and pelleting) may be compromised and should be investigated when incorporating coarse particles sizes in poultry diets.

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2017

Hammer Milling Mash grains Sieving and milling coarse fraction No sieving or further milling Barl... more Hammer Milling Mash grains Sieving and milling coarse fraction No sieving or further milling Barley grains Sorghum grains Pelleting Highlights  Coarse fraction from milled barley or sorghum re-ground and added back to fine fraction  Re-ground and single grind diets fed to pigs in pellet and mash forms  Re-grinding caused a highly significant (P<0.001) lowering of feed conversion ratio  Feed efficiency at least as good for re-ground mash diets as pelleted single grind diets

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2016

Ten spices marketed in Jordan, (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L.,... more Ten spices marketed in Jordan, (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were investigated for their phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The influence of different extractants (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at different temperatures (20, 40 and 60˚C) was examined. Results showed at 60˚C using methanol, cloves had the highest level of total phenolics (781.0 mg GAE/100g using acetone). At 40˚C, sumac and cloves had the highest amounts of total phenolics (343.9 mg/100g and 342 mg GAE/100g respectively). At 20˚C, cloves continued to have the highest amount of total phenolics (394.7 mg/100g) using methanol as extactant. Ethanol as extractant, cloves gave the highest level of phenolics (548 mg GAE/100g, 493.4 mg GAE/100g) at 60˚C, while at 20˚C cloves and sumac showed the highest concentrations of phenolics (350.8 mg GAE/100g and 342.8 mg GAE/100g respectively). Acetone as extractant at 60˚C, cloves had the highest levels of phenolics (781 mg GAE/100g) while at 40˚C and at 20˚C, sumac contributed the highest levels of total phenolics (583.2 mg GAE/100g and 754.5 mg GAE/100g). The total phenolics concentration varied significantly among the spices. Their values varied according to the extractant and extracting temperature. IC50 (radical scavenging activity) reflecting the antioxidant activity was presented. Results showed that cloves had the highest antioxidant activity while the cinnamon, turmeric and sumac had a appreciable level of antioxidant activity. Green cardamom and coriander had the lowest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with total phenolic compounds content of the investigated spices. K. I. Ereifej et al.

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2016

Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Z... more Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20˚C, 40˚C and 60˚C). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20˚C. At 40˚C using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60˚C, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2015

The present study showed significant initial microbial load, as well nutritional value of ten spi... more The present study showed significant initial microbial load, as well nutritional value of ten spices used widely across the world in food preparation. The microbiological tests demonstrated that sumac and cloves had the highest antimicrobial activity with respect to total plate counting and spore forming count. Results showed that chemical composition of the spices and herbs varied significantly. Dry matter content ranged between 83.6% and 92.4%. The highest ash content 10.4% was found in sweet cumin, protein 21.2% in cumin, fat 19.7% in sumac, fiber 59.2% in turmeric and carbohydrates 27.3% in sumac. These spices were also differing in their minerals content. Substantial amounts of Ca, Na, K and Mg were found, while Cu, Fe, P, Mn and Zn were present in trace amounts in all investigated spices.

Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014

This study investigated the effect of sun drying (Sd) and freeze drying (Fd) on the chemical, nut... more This study investigated the effect of sun drying (Sd) and freeze drying (Fd) on the chemical, nutritional and biological properties of either unsalted (Us) or salted (Sa) Jameed produced from goat milk. The products were characterized by measuring the chemical, physical and biological properties. SDS-PAGE was used to characterize the effect of processing conditions on protein subunits. Major new bands were found in SDS-PAGE of Jameed prepared by SdUs and FdUs from goat milk but not from that prepared by SdSa and FdSa. Preparation of Jameed by with or without salt treatments of Jameed by sun drying enhances the contents of short chain fatty acids. Result showed that the preparation of Jameed by SdUs decreased the content of caprylic acid. That prepared by sun drying and with or without salt increased the stability, shelf life and inhibitory activities of ACE and α-amylase. The optimum color values were found in Jameed prepared by FdSa. Different processing treatments influenced content of all fatty acids except for margaric and oleic acid.

Journal of Food Engineering, 2011

Milled barley and sorghum grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium,... more Milled barley and sorghum grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium, 0.5-1.0 mm; coarse, >1.0 mm) and extruded at two maximum temperatures (100°C; 140°C). Mechanical resistance and specific mechanical energy during extrusion was significantly higher for fine fractions, and extrusion at high temperature resulted in higher mechanical resistance. Pressure generated during extrusion was higher for the fine fraction in sorghum but lower in barley. Expansion index was highest for the fine fraction for barley, but did not differ significantly between sorghum fractions or with extrusion temperature. For all samples, extrusion at low temperature resulted in a higher final paste consistency and lower water absorption index, but there was no significant effect on water solubility index (WSI). Fraction size showed a significant effect on WSI in sorghum but not in barley. The results are rationalised in terms of differences in grain composition between sorghum and barley.

Food Hydrocolloids, 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fortification of wheat flour with barley... more This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fortification of wheat flour with barley flour (BF) and barley protein isolate (BPI) at three levels; 5, 10 and 15% levels on the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and biological properties of pita bread. Proteins fractions such as globulin, prolamin, glutelin-1 and glutelin-2 as well as protein isolates were extracted from barley flour and evaluated for protein yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality. Highest yield and essential amino acids contents were obtained in barley protein isolate. SDS-PAGE gels electrophoresis indicated that fortified wheat flour with BPI and BF consists of proteins coming from wheat flour and barley proteins. The contents of essential limiting amino acids in bread were increased from 1.38 to 3.10 g/100 g for lysine and from 0.86 to 1.73 g/100 g for methionine as the ratio of fortification with BF and BPI increased from 0 to 15%. The highest content of total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory activity for both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and a-amylase were found in fortified bread with BPI at 15%. Results indicated that bread made from fortification of wheat flour with BF and BPI at 15% showed superior chemical, physico-chemical, nutritional and biological properties.

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011

Barley and sorghum milled grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium,... more Barley and sorghum milled grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium, 0.5-1.0 mm; coarse, >1.0 mm) and extruded at two temperature levels (maximum of 100 • C or 140 • C), to determine the effect of pre-extrusion fraction size on starch digestibility. Following extrusion, in vitro enzymatic starch digestibility was markedly enhanced with a first order rate, typically ten times greater than before extrusion, but following the same trend i.e. faster digestion for finer pre-extrusion grain sizes. For sorghum, the projected maximum digestibility was also reduced with pre-extrusion grain size. There were only minor differences in digestibility following extrusion at 100 • C compared with 140 • C. Grains were not pre-conditioned, so moisture uptake during extrusion may have been limited, resulting in extrudates containing residual ungelatinized starch granules. It is proposed that the main effect of extrusion processing was to open up the grain endosperm structure, thereby reducing the diffusion path lengths for amylase to digest starch. The results indicate that an efficient use of extrusion processing could be to target separated larger particles from milled grains for re-combination with finer ground grains for improved energy utilization in monogastric feeds.

Animal Bioscience, 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding oregano (Origanum syriac... more Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) and germander (Teucrium polium L.) to poultry diets individually and/or in combination: i) on cooked chicken meat quality and storage stability, ii) to compare this effect with those of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and with the normal basic diet (Control: without supplements).Methods: Broilers (140 birds) were raised for 21 days and then equally divided into five different treatment groups of 28 birds each. The dietary treatments were as follows: i) control; ii) germander (GER, 1.5%); iii) oregano (ORE, 2.5%); iv) combination of GER and ORE (CM, 1.5%, and 2.5%); v) BHA (0.02%). Meat patties from the five treatments were prepared, cooked, and stored at 4°C prior to analysis. During storage, samples were measured for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and total carbonyl levels at 0, 4, and 7 days. In addition, cooked thigh meat was prepared s...

A field work experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of six different barley cultivars... more A field work experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of six different barley cultivars (Athroh, Rum, Yarmok, Mutah, Acsad 176 and local landrace) and three levels of potassium (K) application grown (0, 10 and 20 kg/ha) at two different ecosystems on barley production and morphological parameters. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with split plot arrangement of treatments (K application level as a main plot and barley cultivars as sub-plot) with three replications. The investigated parameters included production and phenological traits : plant height at maturity, grain yield , biological yield, straw yield, number of spikes per plant, 100-kernel weight, average spike weight, days from emergence to heading (time needed for 50% of spikes to be fully emerged from flag leave), days of emergence to maturity (time needed for 50% of peduncles to change in colour to yellow), number of kernels per spike, number of spikes per meter, grain filling period (days) and harvest index. Results showed that different barley cultivars possessed different response under different growing locations. Mutah cultivar had the best performance among other cultivars at Rabba location. However, at Ghweer location, both Athroh and Yarmok cultivars had the best performance. This study also revealed that K application levels did not influence any of production parameters except for number of spikes per unit area (higher at high K application level). From this study, it can be concluded that under specific experiment growing conditions, barley cultivars had different responses at different locations with no significant influence of K application on growth and production parameters.

The mineral composition of two-straw types (barley and wheat) was determined and chosen based on ... more The mineral composition of two-straw types (barley and wheat) was determined and chosen based on their availability and economic feasibility to Jordanian farmers in Karak Governorate. Nine different samples of each straw type were obtained throughout the Governorate from the following villages : Demneh, Mazar, Rakeen, Mohay, Galanzeh, Fako, Rabah, Lwaseh and Bateer. The average mineral composition, namely, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S were measured for each straw type and compared against the average tabulated values mostly used in literature such as those documented by the National Research Council (NRC). Substantial variations within a given straw type were observed in the present study. Among the analyzed minerals in the barley straw samples, P had the highest coefficient of variation (CV% = 40.99%), whereas K had the lowest CV% (19.65%). Among the analyzed mineral concentrations in wheat-straw samples, P also had the highest CV% (64.18%), whereas Mg had the lowest CV% (18.08%). It can be concluded that quantifying variations in mineral concentrations in both wheat and barley straws were necessary to recommend mineral-supplementation strategies.

The aim of this study was to examine correlation between heavy metals (cadmium, lead, nickel, and... more The aim of this study was to examine correlation between heavy metals (cadmium, lead, nickel, and chromium) presence in milk and dairy cattle feed in Homs Governorate in Syria. One hundred milk and feed samples were randomly obtained from dairy cows that were offered different diets and were examined for heavy metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there is no existent to any correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in milk and feed. For all measured heavy metals (except for nickel), contamination factors other than feed can be responsible for milk contamination by heavy metals that may mask correlation existence between heavy metals in dairy cattle feed and milk.

Populations of barley landrace [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] and wild barley progenitor [Hordeum spontan... more Populations of barley landrace [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] and wild barley progenitor [Hordeum spontaneum (L.)] were collected from 13 diverse eco-geographical regions in Jordan. In addition to two check varieties (Rum and Acsad 165) were collected from farmers' fields. In total, 28 genotypes were evaluated during germination, early seedling and maturity stages for salt tolerance. Barley populations were exposed to tap water of 0.85 dS m-1 and saline solutions (NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgSO 4) of 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1. Final germination percentage, the lengths of shoot and seminal root, growth and yield related traits were significantly decreased by increasing the level of salinity. Proline content was increased by increasing the level of salinity. A high level of salinity of 16 dS m-1 had a strong impact on reduction of grain yield and other agronomic traits in the examined populations. A considerable variation among populations was detectable. Barley landrace and wild barley that were collected from Tafila region were the most tolerant grown populations in Jordan. Interestingly, the ranking pattern of these two populations at the germination and seedling relatedtraits was consistent with the ranking pattern at the maturity phase. In conclusion, this study indicates that barley landrace and wild barley populations are potential donors for genes of salt tolerance that can be used to enhance salinity tolerance in barley.

Andrologia, 2020

Mature males are known to have larger muscle mass and different characteristics when compared to ... more Mature males are known to have larger muscle mass and different characteristics when compared to females. This difference between genders becomes obvious mainly after sexual maturity which can be attributed to the different types of secreted sex hormones. Androgens are the male sex hormones that are mainly responsible for developing and maintaining the masculine characteristics (DJHMB, 2016). Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione are all considered to be androgens; however, testosterone is considered to be the major androgen circulating in the blood (Hall, 2010). High testosterone concentration can have negative feedback on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to reduce their hormones secretion. As well, high testosterone concentrations may have a down-regulatory effect on androgen receptors (Lin, Rajfer,

Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2019

This work aimed to investigate the ions composition of wastewater produced after reverse osmosis ... more This work aimed to investigate the ions composition of wastewater produced after reverse osmosis and the suitability of using wastewater as a drinking source for different farm animals, especially in poultry, the most sensitive/intolerant farm animals. Ten samples of wastewater (three replicates) were obtained from different water filtration stations in Jordan and were analysed for their cations: sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) and anions; fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), nitrite (NO 2), nitrate (NO 3), phosphate (PO 4) and sulfate (SO 4) concentrations. The highest variation was found in both K (CV% = 99.7) and F (CV% = 90.78). With mineral concentration in extreme/highest cases, analysed wastewater samples can provide a negligible contribution to poultry (broilers) requirements, as the case in K (0.27%) or can supply excessive amounts as in Na (150.0%). In all wastewater samples, Cl and F levels were above the safety guidelines recommended for poultry drinking water. In some of the selected samples, presence of Na (9 out of 10 samples) and sulfate (5 out of 10 samples) was higher than the recommended limits for broilers. Other analysed minerals were found tolerable by poultry. Results suggest the feasibility of re-using wastewater directly or indirectly after mixing it with public water as a source of drinking water for farm animals.

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2018

Milk fever is an important disease that affect lactating cow due to the shortage of calcium circu... more Milk fever is an important disease that affect lactating cow due to the shortage of calcium circulation after parturition. Incidence of milk fever can be minimized by changing diet acidity/alkalinity before parturition to enhance Ca release of bone, and minimizing it excretion through several regulatory mechanisms. However, cow’s regulatory mechanisms are inadequate in its ability to satisfy the increased metabolic requirement of calcium. Many formulas have been suggested in literature for calculating Dietary Cation-Anion Differences (DCAD) in attempts to acidify diets to minimize the incidence of milk fever. Thus, selection of feed ingredients, and used formula (DCAD below 0 mEq/kg) are important when formulating diet to reach appropriate acidification of the cows’ blood. The aim of current study is to characterize and to measure DCAD of different feed ingredients (Listed in: National Research Council (NRC, 2001)) using the most used equations reported in the literature which are h...

The Journal of Poultry Science, 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing fat in broiler grower diet with sucrose c... more This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing fat in broiler grower diet with sucrose combined with supplementation of the synthetic amino acid lysine on growth performance, gastrointestinal morphology, and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. Broilers were raised for 21 days and then divided into two treatment groups (n＝24 in each group). Two dietary treatments were used: corn-soy-based diet with oil (control) and cornsoy-based diet formulated with sucrose (3.30%) and lysine hydrochloride (3.36%). The experimental period was 21 days (from 21 to 42 days of age). At the end of week 6, all the birds in each treatment were slaughtered via neck slit, defeathered, and eviscerated for carcass and intestinal morphological characterization. Blood samples were collected to measure blood lipoprotein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. The results showed that supplementation of sucrose and lysine hydrochloride to broiler ration significantly (P＜0.05) decreased feed intake by half and reduced average daily gain during the study period compared to those observed in broilers fed control diet. Further, this supplementation significantly altered gastrointestinal morphology and blood lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) and total cholesterol levels. In conclusion, corn-soy-based diet fortified with sucrose (3.30%) and lysine hydrochloride (3.36%) within current nutrient specifications has a negative effect on broiler growth performance.

Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, Jan 13, 2017

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly ... more Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in ...

Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn particle sizes on broiler performance, c... more This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn particle sizes on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology during growing stage. Forty five broiler chickens were brooded for 21 days and thereafter divided into three treatment groups. Each group were fed different level of corn particle sizes (fine = 0.96 mm, medium = 1.22 mm and coarse = 1.60 mm). Each treatment was replicated five times (3 birds/replicate). The experiment was conducted from day 21 to day 42 of age (week 4-week 6). At d 42, all birds were slaughtered and eviscerated for carcass and intestinal moropholgy analysis. The results showed that corn particle size level did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (g/day) at the end of week 4 (range from 73.57-75.18 g/day), week 5 (range from 77.39-81.9 g/day) and week 6 (range from 68.57-72.65 g/day); feed conversion ratio (g/g) at the end of week 4 (range from 1.53-1.55), week 5 (range from 1.62-1.87) and week 6 (range from 2.16-2.32); cumulative feed intake (g) at the end of week 4 (range from 796-808 g) week 5 (range from 1007-1050 g) and week 6 (range from 1085.8-1159.0g). In addition, no effect was pronounced on dressing percentage yield (range from 73.9-75.1%) and gastrointestinal relative organ weight and gastrointestinal relative length and weight with exception for small intestine. Broilers fed medium corn particle sizes (i.e 1.22 mm) had a lower relative weight and relative length weight (2.49 g/kg of BW and 24.99 cm/kg of BW, respectively) compared to broiler fed fine particle sizes (0.94 mm) (2.71 g/kg of BW and 27.13 cm/kg of BW, respectively) and coarse particle sizes (1.6 mm) (2.78 g/kg of BW and 27.82 cm/kg of BW, respectively). It can be concluded that coarse milling of corn grains above the recommended particle sizes have no influence on overall growth parameters in broiler chicken during grower stage. However, subsequent processing steps (such as mixing and pelleting) may be compromised and should be investigated when incorporating coarse particles sizes in poultry diets.

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2017

Hammer Milling Mash grains Sieving and milling coarse fraction No sieving or further milling Barl... more Hammer Milling Mash grains Sieving and milling coarse fraction No sieving or further milling Barley grains Sorghum grains Pelleting Highlights  Coarse fraction from milled barley or sorghum re-ground and added back to fine fraction  Re-ground and single grind diets fed to pigs in pellet and mash forms  Re-grinding caused a highly significant (P<0.001) lowering of feed conversion ratio  Feed efficiency at least as good for re-ground mash diets as pelleted single grind diets

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2016

Ten spices marketed in Jordan, (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L.,... more Ten spices marketed in Jordan, (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were investigated for their phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The influence of different extractants (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at different temperatures (20, 40 and 60˚C) was examined. Results showed at 60˚C using methanol, cloves had the highest level of total phenolics (781.0 mg GAE/100g using acetone). At 40˚C, sumac and cloves had the highest amounts of total phenolics (343.9 mg/100g and 342 mg GAE/100g respectively). At 20˚C, cloves continued to have the highest amount of total phenolics (394.7 mg/100g) using methanol as extactant. Ethanol as extractant, cloves gave the highest level of phenolics (548 mg GAE/100g, 493.4 mg GAE/100g) at 60˚C, while at 20˚C cloves and sumac showed the highest concentrations of phenolics (350.8 mg GAE/100g and 342.8 mg GAE/100g respectively). Acetone as extractant at 60˚C, cloves had the highest levels of phenolics (781 mg GAE/100g) while at 40˚C and at 20˚C, sumac contributed the highest levels of total phenolics (583.2 mg GAE/100g and 754.5 mg GAE/100g). The total phenolics concentration varied significantly among the spices. Their values varied according to the extractant and extracting temperature. IC50 (radical scavenging activity) reflecting the antioxidant activity was presented. Results showed that cloves had the highest antioxidant activity while the cinnamon, turmeric and sumac had a appreciable level of antioxidant activity. Green cardamom and coriander had the lowest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with total phenolic compounds content of the investigated spices. K. I. Ereifej et al.

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2016

Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Z... more Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20˚C, 40˚C and 60˚C). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20˚C. At 40˚C using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60˚C, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2015

The present study showed significant initial microbial load, as well nutritional value of ten spi... more The present study showed significant initial microbial load, as well nutritional value of ten spices used widely across the world in food preparation. The microbiological tests demonstrated that sumac and cloves had the highest antimicrobial activity with respect to total plate counting and spore forming count. Results showed that chemical composition of the spices and herbs varied significantly. Dry matter content ranged between 83.6% and 92.4%. The highest ash content 10.4% was found in sweet cumin, protein 21.2% in cumin, fat 19.7% in sumac, fiber 59.2% in turmeric and carbohydrates 27.3% in sumac. These spices were also differing in their minerals content. Substantial amounts of Ca, Na, K and Mg were found, while Cu, Fe, P, Mn and Zn were present in trace amounts in all investigated spices.

Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014

This study investigated the effect of sun drying (Sd) and freeze drying (Fd) on the chemical, nut... more This study investigated the effect of sun drying (Sd) and freeze drying (Fd) on the chemical, nutritional and biological properties of either unsalted (Us) or salted (Sa) Jameed produced from goat milk. The products were characterized by measuring the chemical, physical and biological properties. SDS-PAGE was used to characterize the effect of processing conditions on protein subunits. Major new bands were found in SDS-PAGE of Jameed prepared by SdUs and FdUs from goat milk but not from that prepared by SdSa and FdSa. Preparation of Jameed by with or without salt treatments of Jameed by sun drying enhances the contents of short chain fatty acids. Result showed that the preparation of Jameed by SdUs decreased the content of caprylic acid. That prepared by sun drying and with or without salt increased the stability, shelf life and inhibitory activities of ACE and α-amylase. The optimum color values were found in Jameed prepared by FdSa. Different processing treatments influenced content of all fatty acids except for margaric and oleic acid.

Journal of Food Engineering, 2011

Milled barley and sorghum grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium,... more Milled barley and sorghum grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium, 0.5-1.0 mm; coarse, >1.0 mm) and extruded at two maximum temperatures (100°C; 140°C). Mechanical resistance and specific mechanical energy during extrusion was significantly higher for fine fractions, and extrusion at high temperature resulted in higher mechanical resistance. Pressure generated during extrusion was higher for the fine fraction in sorghum but lower in barley. Expansion index was highest for the fine fraction for barley, but did not differ significantly between sorghum fractions or with extrusion temperature. For all samples, extrusion at low temperature resulted in a higher final paste consistency and lower water absorption index, but there was no significant effect on water solubility index (WSI). Fraction size showed a significant effect on WSI in sorghum but not in barley. The results are rationalised in terms of differences in grain composition between sorghum and barley.

Food Hydrocolloids, 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fortification of wheat flour with barley... more This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fortification of wheat flour with barley flour (BF) and barley protein isolate (BPI) at three levels; 5, 10 and 15% levels on the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and biological properties of pita bread. Proteins fractions such as globulin, prolamin, glutelin-1 and glutelin-2 as well as protein isolates were extracted from barley flour and evaluated for protein yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality. Highest yield and essential amino acids contents were obtained in barley protein isolate. SDS-PAGE gels electrophoresis indicated that fortified wheat flour with BPI and BF consists of proteins coming from wheat flour and barley proteins. The contents of essential limiting amino acids in bread were increased from 1.38 to 3.10 g/100 g for lysine and from 0.86 to 1.73 g/100 g for methionine as the ratio of fortification with BF and BPI increased from 0 to 15%. The highest content of total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory activity for both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and a-amylase were found in fortified bread with BPI at 15%. Results indicated that bread made from fortification of wheat flour with BF and BPI at 15% showed superior chemical, physico-chemical, nutritional and biological properties.

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011

Barley and sorghum milled grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium,... more Barley and sorghum milled grains were separated into three size fractions (fine, <0.5 mm; medium, 0.5-1.0 mm; coarse, >1.0 mm) and extruded at two temperature levels (maximum of 100 • C or 140 • C), to determine the effect of pre-extrusion fraction size on starch digestibility. Following extrusion, in vitro enzymatic starch digestibility was markedly enhanced with a first order rate, typically ten times greater than before extrusion, but following the same trend i.e. faster digestion for finer pre-extrusion grain sizes. For sorghum, the projected maximum digestibility was also reduced with pre-extrusion grain size. There were only minor differences in digestibility following extrusion at 100 • C compared with 140 • C. Grains were not pre-conditioned, so moisture uptake during extrusion may have been limited, resulting in extrudates containing residual ungelatinized starch granules. It is proposed that the main effect of extrusion processing was to open up the grain endosperm structure, thereby reducing the diffusion path lengths for amylase to digest starch. The results indicate that an efficient use of extrusion processing could be to target separated larger particles from milled grains for re-combination with finer ground grains for improved energy utilization in monogastric feeds.

Animal Bioscience, 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding oregano (Origanum syriac... more Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) and germander (Teucrium polium L.) to poultry diets individually and/or in combination: i) on cooked chicken meat quality and storage stability, ii) to compare this effect with those of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and with the normal basic diet (Control: without supplements).Methods: Broilers (140 birds) were raised for 21 days and then equally divided into five different treatment groups of 28 birds each. The dietary treatments were as follows: i) control; ii) germander (GER, 1.5%); iii) oregano (ORE, 2.5%); iv) combination of GER and ORE (CM, 1.5%, and 2.5%); v) BHA (0.02%). Meat patties from the five treatments were prepared, cooked, and stored at 4°C prior to analysis. During storage, samples were measured for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and total carbonyl levels at 0, 4, and 7 days. In addition, cooked thigh meat was prepared s...

A field work experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of six different barley cultivars... more A field work experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of six different barley cultivars (Athroh, Rum, Yarmok, Mutah, Acsad 176 and local landrace) and three levels of potassium (K) application grown (0, 10 and 20 kg/ha) at two different ecosystems on barley production and morphological parameters. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with split plot arrangement of treatments (K application level as a main plot and barley cultivars as sub-plot) with three replications. The investigated parameters included production and phenological traits : plant height at maturity, grain yield , biological yield, straw yield, number of spikes per plant, 100-kernel weight, average spike weight, days from emergence to heading (time needed for 50% of spikes to be fully emerged from flag leave), days of emergence to maturity (time needed for 50% of peduncles to change in colour to yellow), number of kernels per spike, number of spikes per meter, grain filling period (days) and harvest index. Results showed that different barley cultivars possessed different response under different growing locations. Mutah cultivar had the best performance among other cultivars at Rabba location. However, at Ghweer location, both Athroh and Yarmok cultivars had the best performance. This study also revealed that K application levels did not influence any of production parameters except for number of spikes per unit area (higher at high K application level). From this study, it can be concluded that under specific experiment growing conditions, barley cultivars had different responses at different locations with no significant influence of K application on growth and production parameters.

The mineral composition of two-straw types (barley and wheat) was determined and chosen based on ... more The mineral composition of two-straw types (barley and wheat) was determined and chosen based on their availability and economic feasibility to Jordanian farmers in Karak Governorate. Nine different samples of each straw type were obtained throughout the Governorate from the following villages : Demneh, Mazar, Rakeen, Mohay, Galanzeh, Fako, Rabah, Lwaseh and Bateer. The average mineral composition, namely, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S were measured for each straw type and compared against the average tabulated values mostly used in literature such as those documented by the National Research Council (NRC). Substantial variations within a given straw type were observed in the present study. Among the analyzed minerals in the barley straw samples, P had the highest coefficient of variation (CV% = 40.99%), whereas K had the lowest CV% (19.65%). Among the analyzed mineral concentrations in wheat-straw samples, P also had the highest CV% (64.18%), whereas Mg had the lowest CV% (18.08%). It can be concluded that quantifying variations in mineral concentrations in both wheat and barley straws were necessary to recommend mineral-supplementation strategies.

The aim of this study was to examine correlation between heavy metals (cadmium, lead, nickel, and... more The aim of this study was to examine correlation between heavy metals (cadmium, lead, nickel, and chromium) presence in milk and dairy cattle feed in Homs Governorate in Syria. One hundred milk and feed samples were randomly obtained from dairy cows that were offered different diets and were examined for heavy metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there is no existent to any correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in milk and feed. For all measured heavy metals (except for nickel), contamination factors other than feed can be responsible for milk contamination by heavy metals that may mask correlation existence between heavy metals in dairy cattle feed and milk.

Populations of barley landrace [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] and wild barley progenitor [Hordeum spontan... more Populations of barley landrace [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] and wild barley progenitor [Hordeum spontaneum (L.)] were collected from 13 diverse eco-geographical regions in Jordan. In addition to two check varieties (Rum and Acsad 165) were collected from farmers' fields. In total, 28 genotypes were evaluated during germination, early seedling and maturity stages for salt tolerance. Barley populations were exposed to tap water of 0.85 dS m-1 and saline solutions (NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgSO 4) of 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1. Final germination percentage, the lengths of shoot and seminal root, growth and yield related traits were significantly decreased by increasing the level of salinity. Proline content was increased by increasing the level of salinity. A high level of salinity of 16 dS m-1 had a strong impact on reduction of grain yield and other agronomic traits in the examined populations. A considerable variation among populations was detectable. Barley landrace and wild barley that were collected from Tafila region were the most tolerant grown populations in Jordan. Interestingly, the ranking pattern of these two populations at the germination and seedling relatedtraits was consistent with the ranking pattern at the maturity phase. In conclusion, this study indicates that barley landrace and wild barley populations are potential donors for genes of salt tolerance that can be used to enhance salinity tolerance in barley.