Øivind Strand | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (original) (raw)
Papers by Øivind Strand
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015
Advances in Complex Systems
Economic complexity measures have been constructed on the basis of bipartite country-product netw... more Economic complexity measures have been constructed on the basis of bipartite country-product network data, but without paying attention to the technological dimension or manufacturing capabilities. In this study, we submit a Ternary Complexity Index (TCI), which explicitly incorporates technological knowledge as a third dimension, measured in terms of patents. Different from a complexity indicator based on the Triple Helix model (THCI) or a measure based on patents and countries (PatCI), TCI — products, countries, and patents — can be modeled in terms of Lotka–Volterra equations and thus the further evolution of an innovation eco-system can be specified. We test the model using empirical data. The results of a regression analysis show that TCI improves on Hidalgo and Hausmann’s [The building blocks of economic complexity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (26) (2009) 10570–10575] and Tacchella et al.’s [A new metrics for countries fitness and products complexity, Sci. Rep. 2 (2012)] comple...
International Journal of Innovation Management
How do innovation ecosystems affect the technological innovation capabilities (TICs), as defined ... more How do innovation ecosystems affect the technological innovation capabilities (TICs), as defined by Yam et al. (2004), and company performance? Empirical data was acquired through a survey of 75 maritime equipment suppliers in an industry cluster in Norway. Regression analysis was supplemented with partial least square methods in order to compensate for the low number of respondents. Significant effects were found for manufacturing and marketing capabilities on company performance. The results for organisational capability were method dependent. Learning, R&D, resource allocation and strategic capabilities were identified as insignificant. These results conflict with other studies that identified manufacturing capabilities as the only insignificant TIC construct. However, the findings are partially in line with studies that have questioned learning, organising, and resource capabilities as drivers for competitive advantages. The moderating effect of cluster interaction and manufactu...
This study is conducted with a sample of Norwegian and Philippino officers sailing on Norwegian o... more This study is conducted with a sample of Norwegian and Philippino officers sailing on Norwegian owned vessels. A self administered questionnaire with 36 items, together with 14 questions about age, sex, education, occupation, duration of employment, involvement in accident and a summary question on safety attitude, was used to collect the data. A total of 991 questionnaires were returned from 141 vessels and 16 shipping companies, giving a calculated response rate of 67%. Of the officers 49% were from the Philippines and 51% from Norway. Nearly all respondents were male. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 6 dimensions/scales with a Cronbach alpha higher than 0.65 that were used as input in regression analysis. Attitude ambivalence has often been found to have moderating effects on attitude-intention relations (Costarelli and Colloca, 2007). In this paper Safety ambivalence is measured as an index of mixed attitudes based on two safety affect variables, one with positive and one with negative connotation. The index is computed as a "Griffin-index" (see, for example, Thompson et al., 1995; Connor and Sparks, 2002) based on the two variables Positive affect (PA) and Negative affect (NA), respectively, where Safety ambivalence = (PA + NA)/2-|PA-NA|. Safety ambivalence has both a direct negative effect on Positive safety attitude as well as a moderating effect on the links from antecedents to Positive safety attitude. Norwegian and Philippino officers showed no significant difference with respect to Fatalism.
SSRN Electronic Journal
The innovation capacity of Norwegian innovation system, according Triple Helix model of innovatio... more The innovation capacity of Norwegian innovation system, according Triple Helix model of innovations approach, is analyzed in terms of mutual information among geographical, sectorial, and size distributions of firms as dimensions of probabilistic entropy. Negative entropies can be considered as a consequence of synergy among these dimensions. Three different techniques for evaluation of temporal synergy evolution are used: R/S analysis, DFT, and geographical synergy decomposition. The calculations are based on data for all Norwegian firms registered between 2002 and 2014. The results suggest that the synergy at the level of both the country and its seven regions show non-chaotic oscillatory behavior and resonate in a set of natural frequencies.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
In Norway, as well as in other northern European nations, public expenditure is in the range of 5... more In Norway, as well as in other northern European nations, public expenditure is in the range of 50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This shows clearly that the public sector plays a dominant role in the national economy. This sector is challenged by a rapid aging society, an increased globalization, and stagnation in the economy. These factors threaten the foundation of the welfare state. If not organized differently, the number of people needed to care for an ageing population will soon outnumber people working in the industry. At the same time we experience an explosion of new communication technologies, based on WIFI and permanent broadband connections in homes, nursing homes and in public areas. In this situation many politicians and bureaucrats turn to the slogan of innovation as a magic wand in order to solve the lack of resources in public sector. The stunning results from innovation in the private sector technological firms are expected to be transferable to the labour ...
A literature review of the effects of entrepreneurship education has been performed. There are a ... more A literature review of the effects of entrepreneurship education has been performed. There are a large number of related research areas, and the author has chosen to look through the eyes of an entrepreneurship educator when deciding whether these areas should be included or excluded. This paper is mainly restricted to studies which use a control group, or a quasi-experimental approach. The main problem addressed is whether it is possible to measure the effect of entrepreneurship education on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. If so, can this effect be attributed to specific characteristics of the teaching methods or the education? A new large scale longitudinal study which has tried to measure the more direct macro-economic effect of participating in an entrepreneurship education programme has also been included.
This paper deals with the measurements of emotions, power, status and performance in teams within... more This paper deals with the measurements of emotions, power, status and performance in teams within an entrepreneurship module at Ålesund University College. Our focus is on the difference between post apprentice students who hold a vocational diploma when entering a degree programme and the other students. The purpose of the paper is threefold: First to develop and verify a Norwegian version of the Pana X scale for measurement of emotions. Second we develop and test a questionnaire measuring power and status in teams. Third we search for systematic differences between the two student groups. The main findings can be summarized as follows: • The diploma students report more joy, less fear, and less ambivalence. • The moderation of joy is associated with interaction between fear and status for the
”The zone of proximal development…..is the distance between the actual developmental level as det... more ”The zone of proximal development…..is the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.” (Vygotsky, 1978. p. 86) This paper discusses some of the characteristics of entrepreneurship education within the framework of culture historical activity theory (Engstrøm, 1987; web 1). First, we analyse the JA-YE Start-up concept in light of the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The Vygotskian concept of ZPD is expanded from the original frames of early childhood learning to learning through entrepreneurship education activities. The asymmetrical relation between the children and the adult (or more capable peers) is developed towards a more symmetrical relation between the teacher and the students in an entrepreneurship setting (Roth & Radford, 2010). Secondly, we analyse the JA-YE Start-up concept as an...
on entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to share our experience with how entrepreneur... more on entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to share our experience with how entrepreneurship activities on campus can be organised: we offer a description of how we try to develop the entrepreneurial culture at Aalesund university college (AaUC) in Norway. The project has several stakeholders such as students, local industry and various governmental institutions. We further elaborate on the lessons learned
Industrial rights have been high on the political agenda since the Norwegian government launched ... more Industrial rights have been high on the political agenda since the Norwegian government launched their action plan for industrial rights in 2006 (Ministry of trade and industry, 2006) and recently launched a white paper on intellectual property rights from (Ministry of trade and industry, 2013). This paper investigates whether utilisation of industrial rights can be used as an indicator for the quality of the regional innovation system. It broadens the perspective through the inclusion of all three industrial rights (Patent, Trademarks, and Registered Design) and does not entirely focus on patent,which have been common in previous studies. Method: Data are harvested from the Norwegian Industrial Property Offices’ online database (2012). The database contains information of all three industrial rights: 1) Patent 2) Trademarks and 3) Registered Design. Data on applications and granted rights from 2000 and forward are analysed at county level. The EU Regional Innovation scoreboards (EU...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
The Triple Helix model of university-industry-government relations allows us to use mutual inform... more The Triple Helix model of university-industry-government relations allows us to use mutual information among geographical, sectorial, and size distribution of firms to measure synergy at various geographical scales in a nation. In this paper we decompose the synergy in Triple Helix relations and analyze the decomposition at the county level. We use micro-level data for all Norwegian firms from 2002 to 2014. This provides new and more detailed insight into the factors explaining the previously reported variation in synergy at county level in Norway.
Innovation is often assumed ex ante to be systemic, for example, at the national and/or regional ... more Innovation is often assumed ex ante to be systemic, for example, at the national and/or regional levels or within sectors (Carlsson, 2006). From a different motivation (Triple Helix), we further develop an indicator that allows us to test for systemness in terms of synergy in multivariate distributions. The Norwegian innovation system is studied because data is available at the national level (from the statistics office), but the synergy at the national level can be decomposed. The geographical distribution of synergy is compared to the levels of R&D funding, location of universities, and indicators for foreign direct investments (FDI). The results can also be compared with previous studies for the Netherlands, Germany, and Hungary, and the limitation of studying national systems as given can further be specified.
Aalesund University College (AAUC) in Norway uses student enterprise (SE) as an important compone... more Aalesund University College (AAUC) in Norway uses student enterprise (SE) as an important component in their education in innovation and entrepreneurship. We have chosen the perspective of triple helix (TH) to examine the SEs best practice. The TH interaction between AAUC, the public support system, and industry and commerce during the lifetime of a SE is essential to experience a realistic process of running an enterprise. This approach has resulted in winning national competitions and getting 2nd place two years in a row in European competitions (JA-YE). Looking closer at three of the best SEs (one from the Engineering Department and two from the Business Department), we are able to examine different factors that were significant for the degree of success. The factors are grade, merits, quality of network and quality of process using the inside action research method (IAR). The student enterprise process involves lessons learnt on campus and means that the students obtain a favourable position to become successful in a competitive business environment. Our objective is that students who graduate with a bachelor's degree from AAUC have acquired knowledge and experience to establish and manage an enterprise in real business life. When transforming a SE to an ordinary enterprise, there are factors other than grades and merits that are important. We observe that network and process quality has vital importance.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015
Advances in Complex Systems
Economic complexity measures have been constructed on the basis of bipartite country-product netw... more Economic complexity measures have been constructed on the basis of bipartite country-product network data, but without paying attention to the technological dimension or manufacturing capabilities. In this study, we submit a Ternary Complexity Index (TCI), which explicitly incorporates technological knowledge as a third dimension, measured in terms of patents. Different from a complexity indicator based on the Triple Helix model (THCI) or a measure based on patents and countries (PatCI), TCI — products, countries, and patents — can be modeled in terms of Lotka–Volterra equations and thus the further evolution of an innovation eco-system can be specified. We test the model using empirical data. The results of a regression analysis show that TCI improves on Hidalgo and Hausmann’s [The building blocks of economic complexity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (26) (2009) 10570–10575] and Tacchella et al.’s [A new metrics for countries fitness and products complexity, Sci. Rep. 2 (2012)] comple...
International Journal of Innovation Management
How do innovation ecosystems affect the technological innovation capabilities (TICs), as defined ... more How do innovation ecosystems affect the technological innovation capabilities (TICs), as defined by Yam et al. (2004), and company performance? Empirical data was acquired through a survey of 75 maritime equipment suppliers in an industry cluster in Norway. Regression analysis was supplemented with partial least square methods in order to compensate for the low number of respondents. Significant effects were found for manufacturing and marketing capabilities on company performance. The results for organisational capability were method dependent. Learning, R&D, resource allocation and strategic capabilities were identified as insignificant. These results conflict with other studies that identified manufacturing capabilities as the only insignificant TIC construct. However, the findings are partially in line with studies that have questioned learning, organising, and resource capabilities as drivers for competitive advantages. The moderating effect of cluster interaction and manufactu...
This study is conducted with a sample of Norwegian and Philippino officers sailing on Norwegian o... more This study is conducted with a sample of Norwegian and Philippino officers sailing on Norwegian owned vessels. A self administered questionnaire with 36 items, together with 14 questions about age, sex, education, occupation, duration of employment, involvement in accident and a summary question on safety attitude, was used to collect the data. A total of 991 questionnaires were returned from 141 vessels and 16 shipping companies, giving a calculated response rate of 67%. Of the officers 49% were from the Philippines and 51% from Norway. Nearly all respondents were male. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 6 dimensions/scales with a Cronbach alpha higher than 0.65 that were used as input in regression analysis. Attitude ambivalence has often been found to have moderating effects on attitude-intention relations (Costarelli and Colloca, 2007). In this paper Safety ambivalence is measured as an index of mixed attitudes based on two safety affect variables, one with positive and one with negative connotation. The index is computed as a "Griffin-index" (see, for example, Thompson et al., 1995; Connor and Sparks, 2002) based on the two variables Positive affect (PA) and Negative affect (NA), respectively, where Safety ambivalence = (PA + NA)/2-|PA-NA|. Safety ambivalence has both a direct negative effect on Positive safety attitude as well as a moderating effect on the links from antecedents to Positive safety attitude. Norwegian and Philippino officers showed no significant difference with respect to Fatalism.
SSRN Electronic Journal
The innovation capacity of Norwegian innovation system, according Triple Helix model of innovatio... more The innovation capacity of Norwegian innovation system, according Triple Helix model of innovations approach, is analyzed in terms of mutual information among geographical, sectorial, and size distributions of firms as dimensions of probabilistic entropy. Negative entropies can be considered as a consequence of synergy among these dimensions. Three different techniques for evaluation of temporal synergy evolution are used: R/S analysis, DFT, and geographical synergy decomposition. The calculations are based on data for all Norwegian firms registered between 2002 and 2014. The results suggest that the synergy at the level of both the country and its seven regions show non-chaotic oscillatory behavior and resonate in a set of natural frequencies.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
In Norway, as well as in other northern European nations, public expenditure is in the range of 5... more In Norway, as well as in other northern European nations, public expenditure is in the range of 50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This shows clearly that the public sector plays a dominant role in the national economy. This sector is challenged by a rapid aging society, an increased globalization, and stagnation in the economy. These factors threaten the foundation of the welfare state. If not organized differently, the number of people needed to care for an ageing population will soon outnumber people working in the industry. At the same time we experience an explosion of new communication technologies, based on WIFI and permanent broadband connections in homes, nursing homes and in public areas. In this situation many politicians and bureaucrats turn to the slogan of innovation as a magic wand in order to solve the lack of resources in public sector. The stunning results from innovation in the private sector technological firms are expected to be transferable to the labour ...
A literature review of the effects of entrepreneurship education has been performed. There are a ... more A literature review of the effects of entrepreneurship education has been performed. There are a large number of related research areas, and the author has chosen to look through the eyes of an entrepreneurship educator when deciding whether these areas should be included or excluded. This paper is mainly restricted to studies which use a control group, or a quasi-experimental approach. The main problem addressed is whether it is possible to measure the effect of entrepreneurship education on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. If so, can this effect be attributed to specific characteristics of the teaching methods or the education? A new large scale longitudinal study which has tried to measure the more direct macro-economic effect of participating in an entrepreneurship education programme has also been included.
This paper deals with the measurements of emotions, power, status and performance in teams within... more This paper deals with the measurements of emotions, power, status and performance in teams within an entrepreneurship module at Ålesund University College. Our focus is on the difference between post apprentice students who hold a vocational diploma when entering a degree programme and the other students. The purpose of the paper is threefold: First to develop and verify a Norwegian version of the Pana X scale for measurement of emotions. Second we develop and test a questionnaire measuring power and status in teams. Third we search for systematic differences between the two student groups. The main findings can be summarized as follows: • The diploma students report more joy, less fear, and less ambivalence. • The moderation of joy is associated with interaction between fear and status for the
”The zone of proximal development…..is the distance between the actual developmental level as det... more ”The zone of proximal development…..is the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.” (Vygotsky, 1978. p. 86) This paper discusses some of the characteristics of entrepreneurship education within the framework of culture historical activity theory (Engstrøm, 1987; web 1). First, we analyse the JA-YE Start-up concept in light of the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The Vygotskian concept of ZPD is expanded from the original frames of early childhood learning to learning through entrepreneurship education activities. The asymmetrical relation between the children and the adult (or more capable peers) is developed towards a more symmetrical relation between the teacher and the students in an entrepreneurship setting (Roth & Radford, 2010). Secondly, we analyse the JA-YE Start-up concept as an...
on entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to share our experience with how entrepreneur... more on entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to share our experience with how entrepreneurship activities on campus can be organised: we offer a description of how we try to develop the entrepreneurial culture at Aalesund university college (AaUC) in Norway. The project has several stakeholders such as students, local industry and various governmental institutions. We further elaborate on the lessons learned
Industrial rights have been high on the political agenda since the Norwegian government launched ... more Industrial rights have been high on the political agenda since the Norwegian government launched their action plan for industrial rights in 2006 (Ministry of trade and industry, 2006) and recently launched a white paper on intellectual property rights from (Ministry of trade and industry, 2013). This paper investigates whether utilisation of industrial rights can be used as an indicator for the quality of the regional innovation system. It broadens the perspective through the inclusion of all three industrial rights (Patent, Trademarks, and Registered Design) and does not entirely focus on patent,which have been common in previous studies. Method: Data are harvested from the Norwegian Industrial Property Offices’ online database (2012). The database contains information of all three industrial rights: 1) Patent 2) Trademarks and 3) Registered Design. Data on applications and granted rights from 2000 and forward are analysed at county level. The EU Regional Innovation scoreboards (EU...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
The Triple Helix model of university-industry-government relations allows us to use mutual inform... more The Triple Helix model of university-industry-government relations allows us to use mutual information among geographical, sectorial, and size distribution of firms to measure synergy at various geographical scales in a nation. In this paper we decompose the synergy in Triple Helix relations and analyze the decomposition at the county level. We use micro-level data for all Norwegian firms from 2002 to 2014. This provides new and more detailed insight into the factors explaining the previously reported variation in synergy at county level in Norway.
Innovation is often assumed ex ante to be systemic, for example, at the national and/or regional ... more Innovation is often assumed ex ante to be systemic, for example, at the national and/or regional levels or within sectors (Carlsson, 2006). From a different motivation (Triple Helix), we further develop an indicator that allows us to test for systemness in terms of synergy in multivariate distributions. The Norwegian innovation system is studied because data is available at the national level (from the statistics office), but the synergy at the national level can be decomposed. The geographical distribution of synergy is compared to the levels of R&D funding, location of universities, and indicators for foreign direct investments (FDI). The results can also be compared with previous studies for the Netherlands, Germany, and Hungary, and the limitation of studying national systems as given can further be specified.
Aalesund University College (AAUC) in Norway uses student enterprise (SE) as an important compone... more Aalesund University College (AAUC) in Norway uses student enterprise (SE) as an important component in their education in innovation and entrepreneurship. We have chosen the perspective of triple helix (TH) to examine the SEs best practice. The TH interaction between AAUC, the public support system, and industry and commerce during the lifetime of a SE is essential to experience a realistic process of running an enterprise. This approach has resulted in winning national competitions and getting 2nd place two years in a row in European competitions (JA-YE). Looking closer at three of the best SEs (one from the Engineering Department and two from the Business Department), we are able to examine different factors that were significant for the degree of success. The factors are grade, merits, quality of network and quality of process using the inside action research method (IAR). The student enterprise process involves lessons learnt on campus and means that the students obtain a favourable position to become successful in a competitive business environment. Our objective is that students who graduate with a bachelor's degree from AAUC have acquired knowledge and experience to establish and manage an enterprise in real business life. When transforming a SE to an ordinary enterprise, there are factors other than grades and merits that are important. We observe that network and process quality has vital importance.