Muhammad Saeed | Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Saeed

Journal of Drug Targeting/Taylor & Francis, 2021

The most commonly used administration methods in clinics and life are oral administration, intrav... more The most commonly used administration methods in clinics and life are oral administration, intravenous injection, and other systemic administration methods. Targeted administration must be an essential long-term development direction due to the limited availability and a high incidence of systemic side effects. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death for people all over the world. Targeted drug delivery (TDD) methods with the heart as the target organ have developed rapidly and are diversified. This article reviews the research progress of various TDD methods around the world with a heart as the target organ. It is mainly divided into two parts: the targeting vector represented by nanoparticles and various TDD methods such as intracoronary injection, ventricular wall injection, pericardial injection, and implantable medical device therapy and put forward some suggestions on the development of targeting. Different TDD methods described in this paper have not been widely used in clinical practice, and some have not even completed preclinical studies. Targeted drug delivery still requires long-term efforts by many researchers to realize the true meaning of the heart.

World's Poultry Science Journal, 2019

Heracleum persicum (golpar) is an endemic medicinal plant that is commonly known as hogweed or Pe... more Heracleum persicum (golpar) is an endemic medicinal plant that is commonly known as hogweed or Persian hogweed. It contains flavonoids and furanocoumarins that probably could stimulate both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. Besides, golpar has a substantial immunostimulatory effect on beta-lymphocytes and macrophages that played important role in antibody synthesis. Its extract at a supplementation level of 1-2.5 ml/l in drinking water showed a remarkable increase in the total immunoglobulins (Ig) (70%), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (100%) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (94%) titres and an increase in antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus (96%) in broilers. In addition, supplementation positively affected the feed intake (9.4%), weight gain (14.7%) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (8.7%) in broilers. Moreover, in several studies, it has potential as an antifungal, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolaemic and growth enhancer agent; which endorsed its extensive contents of phytochemicals (terpenoids, triterpenes, furanocoumarins, volatile substances, flavonoids and alkaloids). It has a positive effect on the levels of glutathione (GSH), peroxidation lipids (MDA), the total antioxidant capacity of plasma or ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), in addition to modulatory effects on liver enzymes including alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST). After reviewing the published literature, it was apparent that golpar has multidimensional biological effects. Nevertheless, little research is available on the effects of golpar on productive performance and other health-related parameters in avian species. Hence, this review encourages veterinarians and poultry researcher to undertake further work to demonstrate the promising beneficial effects of golpar at effective levels to potentially replace the synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in commercial poultry diets.

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2020

It is well documented that life expectancy in developed countries at birth is going to increase f... more It is well documented that life expectancy in developed countries at birth is going to increase from the 20th century. However, regrettably, a potential decline in life expectancy has been proposed for these nations in the 21st century due to a rapid upsurge in the prevalence of fatal degenerative diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer and diabetes. Collectively, these three diseases accounted for 65% of all deaths in urbanized societies and considered as a dynamic issue for shortening the genetically determined lifespan through increased mortalities, morbidities, disabilities, immense sufferings, and premature aging. These fatal degenerative diseases and premature aging are closely associated with oxidative stress produced by the free radicals in the body. In epidemiologic studies, flavonoid-rich foods (FRF) like fruits, vegetables, and beverages have been associated as protective agents against these diseases. These also have been observed for their geroprotective effects and help in preventing the premature aging and the deterioration of brain function, which is related to Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview of the FRF for their potential role against lifespan-shortening complications, i.e., CVD, cancer, and diabetes. We also had drawn the future perspective and dietary guidelines to reduce the fatal diseases burden in urban populations.

Heart Failure Reviews, 2020

β-Adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of cell surface receptors known as G prote... more β-Adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of cell surface receptors known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are coupled to Gs protein (Gαs) for the activation of adenyl cyclase (AC) yielding cyclic AMP (CAMP), and this provides valuable responses, which can affect the cardiac function such as injury. The binding of an agonist to βAR enhance conformation changes that lead to the Gαs subtype of heterotrimeric G protein which is the AC stimulatory G protein for activation of CAMP in the cells. However, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been reported as having an increased rate of death and β1AR, and β2AR are a promising tool that improves the regulatory function in the cardiovascular system (CVS) via signaling. It increases the Gα level, which activates βAR kinase (βARK) that affects and enhance the progression of heart failure (HF) through the activation of cardiomyocyte βARs. We also explained that an increase in GPCR kinases (GRKs) would practically improve the HF pathogenesis and this occurs via the desensitization of βARs, which causes the loss of contractile reserve. The consistency or overstimulation of catecholamines contributes to CVD such as stroke, HF, and cardiac hypertrophy. When there is a decrease in catecholamine responsiveness, it causes aging in old people because the reduction of βAR sensitivity and density in the myocardium enhance down-regulation of βARs to AC in the human heart.

Critical Reviews in Food Sience and Nutrition, 2019

Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phen... more Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Coffee has multifunctional properties as a food additive and nutraceutical. As a nutraceutical, coffee has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidyslipidemic, anti-obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which can serve for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. On the other hand, as a food additive, coffee has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPO), and can function as a prebiotic. The outcomes of different studies also revealed that coffee intake may reduce the incidence of numerous chronic diseases, like liver disease, mental health, and it also overcomes the all-cause mortality, and suicidal risks. In some studies, high intake of coffee is linked to increase CVD risk factors, like cholesterol, plasma homocysteine and blood pressure (BP). There is also a little evidence that associated the coffee consumption with increased risk of lung tumors in smokers. Among adults who consume the moderate amount of coffee, there is slight indication of health hazards with strong indicators of health benefits. Moreover, existing literature suggests that it may be cautious for pregnant women to eliminate the chances of miscarriages and impaired fetal growth. The primary purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the findings of the positive impacts and risks of coffee consumption on human health. In conclusion, to date, the best available evidence from research indicates that drinking coffee up to 3–4 cups/day provides health benefits for most people.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2017

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial herbal plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usual... more Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial herbal plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely pink or white. Several varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons, or roots which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and supplement. It is also grown as a forage plant for poultry and animal. In addition, chicory herb plays a key role as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, immunological, productive and reproductive enhancer, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, anticancer, anti-protozoal, gastro-protective, antidiabetic, analgesic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, wound healing and bitter tonic without inducing therapeutic adverse effect. Regarding the hepatoprotective activity, chicory extract reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).Also, chicory plant is a good and very important protective source for hepatocytes and other liver cells as well as it is used as prebiotic against some species of pathogenic bacteria for both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it enhances immunity and feed efficiency by decreasing pathogenic microorganisms of gastrointestinal tract.Cichorium intybus roots also were used for the relief of mild digestive disorders, such as feeling of flatulence, abdominal fullness, temporary loss of appetite and slow digestion. The present review highlights the importance of chicory as a feed additive used to improve growth and productive performance of poultry as well as salient beneficial applications in animals and humans. Furthermore, it explains the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of chicory and to find the effective level in poultry that would act as liver tonic.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2017

Green tea is an important herb and its products are extensively used in the traditional Chinese m... more Green tea is an important herb and its products are extensively used in the traditional Chinese medicinal system through various formulations. Several reports have revealed its beneficial usage and medicinal aspects for various ailments. Consumption of green tea has gained special attention and popularity in various sectors of the modern era of changing lifestyle. This review aimed to extend the current knowledge on the modes of action and beneficial applications of green tea in humans and animals for safeguarding different health issues. The nutritional, immunological, pharmacological and physiological functionalities of green tea are because of the available bioactive components like caffeine, L-theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and others. It possesses multi-beneficial potential in treating and preventing various disorders of animals and humans, as well as promoting animal (dairy, piggery and goatry) and poultry industry. The present review provides insights on the modes of action and beneficial applications of green tea, which will be useful for nutritionists, pharmacists, physiologists, researchers, veterinarians and animal and poultry producers. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines and effective drugs to popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2017

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in trad... more Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicinal system. In this context, several studies have revealed its health benefits and medicinal potentialities for several ailments. With ever increasing scientific knowledge, search for safer, potential and novel type of health-related supplements quest, scientists are re-directing their research interests to explore natural resources i.e. medicinal herbs/plant derived compounds. Green tea consumption has gained a special attention and popularity in the modern era of changing lifestyle. The present review is aimed to extend the current knowledge by highlighting the importance and beneficial applications of green tea in humans for safeguarding various health issues. Herein, we have extensively reviewed, analyzed, and compiled salient information on green tea from the authentic published literature available in PubMed and other scientific databases. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents including caffeine, L-theanine, polyphenols/ flavonoids and other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans. This review also provides in-depth insights on the medicinal values of green tea which will be useful for researchers, medical professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical industry. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines, and effective drugs as well as popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.

Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 2018

Background: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), is a shrub mostly available in the Mediterranean Se... more Background: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), is a shrub mostly available in the Mediterranean Sea region. The fruits have gained the substantial attention among researchers due to their promising biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, immune modulatory, antitumor, wound healing and antifungal that have been attributed to various constituents of seeds, bark, juice, pericarp, and leaf of this tree across the globe. The phenolic compounds of pomegranate have been documented to possess numbers of prophylactic and therapeutic utilities against various pathological infections as well as non-infectious disorders. Objective: The current review expedites the pharmacological role of Punica granatum L. in curing elements related to infectious and non-infectious disorders. Method: The current review is based on literature and patents already available on various scientific databases highlighting the role of Punica granatum along with its therapeutic potentials against infectious and non-infectious disorders. The databases included under study were PubMed, Med line, PubMed Central, Science Direct and few other scientific databases. The information obtained through these diverse databases is compiled, critically interpreted and presented in the current study. Results: Multi-dimensional beneficial application of pomegranate plant is recorded. The pomegranate seed oil has phytoestrogenic compounds and the fruit is rich in phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity. The fruit and bark of pomegranate are used against intestinal parasites, dysentery, and diarrhea in different animals and human models. Since the ancient time the juice and seeds had considered the best therapy for throat and heart disorders. Ellagic acid is one of the main components of pomegranate with potent antioxidant activity. Results from different studies reported that Punica granatum L or its byproducts can be used as natural food additives in human and animal nutrition in order to boost immunity, microbial safety and provide the housing environment without affecting body weight gain. In addition, Punica granatum L. byproducts can modulate immune function and gut microbiota of broiler chickens as well as reduce the odorous gas emissions from ex-creta. Naturally occurring polyphenols in a pomegranate can be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention of avian Colibacillosis diseases and can also be used as an intestine astringent to relieve diarrhea and enteri-tis in chickens. Conclusion: The present review gives the insight towards major components of pomegranate as well as their pharmacological activities against pathological disorders. In spite of many beneficial properties of Punica granatum L., more research evidence on a molecular basis is needed to find out the molecular mechanism of action in various animals and human models to validate the usefulness of Punica granatum L. as a potent therapeutic agent.

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 2019

The facile one-pot synthesis method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Doxy-Pt (0) NP... more The facile one-pot synthesis method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Doxy-Pt (0) NPs) by reduction method with doxycycline drug as reducing and capping agent. The combined platinum nanoparticles were carefully chosen for cata-lytic reduction of paracetamol as well as used against antimicrobial and anticancer actions with the well difusion process and by measuring the zone of inhibition in mm against Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and Gram-negative (E. coli and S. typhimurium). The Ultraviolet–Visible-absorption spectroscopy technique was used to endorse accumulation of (Doxy-Pt (0) NPs) using the distinctive Plasmon absorption maxima at 264 nm. Another technique of X-ray powder difraction (XRD) pattern was used to conirm the crystalline nature of the prepared Pt (0) NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the particle size of the prepared Pt (0) NPs with a size range of 10–20 nm. The catalytic study showed that the reduction is ~ 99.9% of paracetamol that was consummate in a small period of reaction time (60 s) by competent doxycycline based platinum nanoparticles. The value of K is calculated (rate constant) value for paracetamol catalytic reduction was achieved 7 × 10−2 by drawing InC versus time (s) and the results showed that the reaction is of the irst command kinetics. Furthermore, the reduction in breast cancer cell viability and proliferation via PtNPs was found higher as compare to the normal breast cells (CRL-4010). Therefore, the newly prepared Doxy-Pt (0) NPs had a marvelous catalytic, antibacterial and anticancerous action as a catalyst and drug material. The recent discoveries are similarly extendable for the preservation

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used since long for medicinal purposes. Plant sources... more Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used since long for medicinal purposes. Plant sources are a major part of TCM. Species belonging to genus Mahonia had been used for disorders like inflammation, pharyngolaryngitis, stomach disorders, infections like hepatitis and diseases like those of the skin, besides various other purposes. We have reviewed medicinal uses of an important member of genus Mahonia belonging to family Berberidaceae named Mahonia Bealei (Beale's barberry). Several useful compounds have been extracted from this plant including alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols and lignan. The sources of extraction of these compounds have been leaves, stem and roots. This specie has its own importance among other members of genus as it has been traditionally used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation, etc. Compounds from this plant were extracted and studied by various researchers globally using in vitro and in vivo techniques to find out scientific evidences of medicinal importance of this plant. We have reviewed research carried out on this specie and found that antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-gastrin ability of different parts of this plant has been proven and reported. Still parts of this plant remain underexplored. Moreover, a comparison of activities of isolated compounds must be found because synergistic effect of extracts of different parts of this plant has been proposed but is to be explored scientifically. Therefore, future research should be carried out on different parts of this plant which can be a useful addition to our knowledge of different therapeutic agents.

Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2019

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible fo... more The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of β-mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of β-mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.

World's Poultry Science Journal, 2019

Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019

his study was conducted to evaluate the influence of increased supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO... more his study was conducted to evaluate the influence of increased supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) on performance, quality of egg, blood chemistry, and antioxidant ability in serum of laying chickens (Hisex Brown) reared from 22 to 34 weeks of age. Seventy-two 22-week-old laying hens (Hisex Brown) were haphazardly separated into 3 handling collections of 24 chickens (6 replicates per treatment and four laying hens per replicate). Dietary treatments included basal diet without zinc addition for control group while the 2nd and 3rd groups contained basal diet with 25 or 75 mg ZnO/kg diet. Results showed that the higher level of ZnO (75 mg ZnO/kg diet) elevated (P < 0.01) feed intake during all studied periods compared with the control group and other groups that contained ZnO. The handling groups supplied with 75 mg ZnO/kg diet gave the worst feed: egg ratio within the whole period and the intervals compared with the control and other ZnO levels. Supplementation of zinc decreased egg number and egg output when compared with the control groups. Egg quality traits were statistically differed due to dietary ZnO supplementation except egg shape index, yolk %, and albumin %. Supplementation of zinc decreased triglyceride (P = 0.001) of laying hens. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol level in serum was decreased with 75 mg ZnO/kg in comparison with all treatment groups. Zinc supplementation increased the level of serum zinc without differences in supplemented zinc levels. Dietary supplemental zinc did not affect antioxidant parameters in the serum. It is concluded that dietary zinc supplementation up to 75 mg/kg used as effective supplement to enhance zinc status and antioxidant ability and activities in laying hens.

Journal of Thermal Biology, 2019

Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and ... more Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2019

Many studies tested different feed additives, among these additives, humic substances (HS) have b... more Many studies tested different feed additives, among these additives, humic substances (HS) have been used in livestock and poultry diets. Humic substances commonly present in nature as they are created from the organic matter decomposition, and are normally found in the soil and natural water. Active components of HS consist of humic acid (HA), humus, ulmic acid, fulvic acid, humin and certain microelements. Humic acid is widely used as an alternative growth promoter for antibiotics in improving poultry performance and health. Moreover, supplementation of a commercial substance as a source of HS through the drinking water or diet improved the feed consumption, feed efficiency and weight gain of broiler chickens, and also improved egg weight, egg mass, and egg production of laying hens. This review describes the useful applications and recent facets of HA including its modes of action and various valuable uses in improving the production and health safeguarding of livestock and poultry.

South African Journal Of Animal Science, 2019

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of a phytogenic mixture in the diet on broiler p... more The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of a phytogenic mixture in the diet on broiler production. A total of 400 day-old unsexed Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four treatment groups of 10 replications in a randomised design experiment. The phytogenic feed mixture (BMC) contained equal ratios of black cumin, Moringa oleifera and chicory seeds. The treatment groups were as follows: T1 was fed the basal diet, while T2, T3 and T4 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% or 0.6% of three BMC mixture, respectively. Results showed that increasing the dietary BMC level could be associated with a gradual but significant increase in body weight and improvement in the feed conversion ratio when compared with the control group. Broiler diets enriched with 0.4% to 0.6% of the BMC mixture reduced gut microbial count of coliforms, E. coli and C. perfringens as well as gut pH, compared to the control group. Increasing the dietary BMC mixture level was associated with gradual but significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein concentrations and liver enzymes concentrations. However, there was an increase in the high density lipoprotein concentration, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in serum. In conclusion, the BMC mixture could be deemed an effective growth promoter, but further research is needed to evaluate it as a viable alternative to antibiotics.

Animal Nutrition, 2019

individually or in combination on egg production and quality, and blood hematology and chemistry ... more individually or in combination on egg production and quality, and blood hematology and chemistry of birds reared under summer conditions. The experiment was conducted using a 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 levels of vitamin A (0, 8,000 and 16,000 IU/kg diet) and 3 levels of vitamin E (0, 250 and 500 mg/kg diet). A total of 135 Brown Bovans laying hens were distributed into 9 treatment groups, with 5 replicates (3 hens per pen). A significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed as supplementary vitamin A or E increased (P > 0.05). Hens fed diets supplemented with 16,000 IU vitamin A plus 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet had the best FCR among all groups. Egg quality criteria were not significantly affected by the interaction of vitamins A and E levels. There was a significant (P > 0.01) increase in monocytes and decrease (P > 0.05) in basophils counts in response to vitamin E. Significant decreases were observed in packed cell volume (PCV), thyroxine (T4), alanine transferase (ALT), albumin, total cholesterol and total lipids, and increases in serum levels of globulin and calcium due to vitamin A (P > 0.05). The combination of 0 IU vitamin A and 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet had the highest value of PCV (40.09%) and hemoglobin (Hb) (10.33 mg/100 mL) among all groups. Vitamin E raised (P > 0.01) serum values of total protein, total cholesterol and total lipids. Feed intake, FCR, PCV, Hb, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, T4, ALT and total protein were significantly affected by the interaction of vitamins A and E. The interaction of vitamins A and E was only significant (P ˂ 0.05) with respect to serum total protein values. It can be concluded that layer diets supplemented with vitamins A and E had good results in alleviating the harmful impacts of high ambient temperature. The combination of 16,000 IU vitamin A and 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet is preferable for obtaining better production of laying hens reared under hot summer conditions.

Poultry Science, 2019

Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of L-theanine (a... more Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of L-theanine (an amino acid found only in green tea) as a feed additive in poultry especially broiler are limited. So, this study was conducted to explore the effects of L-theanine on the intestinal microbiome and immune response in a broiler. A total of 400-d-old chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups (A, B, C, and D) using a complete randomized design. Treatments were as follows: A, control (basal diet); B, basal diet + 100 mg L-theanine/kg diet; C, basal diet + 200 mg L-theanine/kg diet; and D, basal diet + 300 mg L-theanine/kg diet. Mucosal samples from ileum and jejunum of broiler chicken were extracted at 21 and 42 d of age. Extraction of genomic DNA was followed by amplification of V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA. After Illumina sequencing, results revealed that treatment with L-theanine significantly increased the population of Lactobacillus in ileum and jejunum as compared to a control group, but the higher population was observed in jejunum at both 21 and 42 d of age. The overall diversity of the jejunum microbiome in the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the ileum and control group (P < 0.05). Results of this study revealed that mRNA expression of TLRs (TLR-2 and TLR-4) and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) was decreased in response to treatment with L-theanine. Moreover, the negative correlation of abundance of Lactobacillus was observed with expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the intestine and these effects were highly significant (P < 0.01). In summary, our finding revealed that dietary supplementation of L-theanine exhibited a positive influence on intestinal bacteria by supporting beneficial microbes like Lactobacillus while decreasing harmful microbes like Clostridium.

Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2019

The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of sodium bicarbonate ... more The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on nutrient digestibility and immune response of caged layers during summer when the temperature exceeds 40 ̊C. For immune response trial, White Leghorn layers (n=160; 24 weeks old) were purchased from a poultry farm and were divided into five treatment/diets groups (4 replicate/treatment). Diet A, was without NaHCO3 and served as control whereas, diets B, C, D, and E contained 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% NaHCO3, respectively. All these birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) virus at the start of the experiment and thereafter with one-month intervals. Blood samples were collected from two birds/replicate at 10 days post vaccination each time to check antibody titer against ND virus. For digestibility trial, fecal samples were collected (6 layers/treatment group) at the start of the 37th week of age for two days, at 3 hours interval. Results revealed that immune response against ND virus 10 days post vaccination after 1st, 2nd and 3rd month was significantly (p<0.05) higher in layer birds fed diets containing NaHCO3. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and absorption of minerals were also found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups treated with NaHCO3 and the birds fed diet containing 1% NaHCO3 showed the best results. In general, results revealed that 1% supplementation of NaHCO3 in layers’ diet have a beneficial impact in terms of immunity and diet digestibility.

Journal of Drug Targeting/Taylor & Francis, 2021

The most commonly used administration methods in clinics and life are oral administration, intrav... more The most commonly used administration methods in clinics and life are oral administration, intravenous injection, and other systemic administration methods. Targeted administration must be an essential long-term development direction due to the limited availability and a high incidence of systemic side effects. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death for people all over the world. Targeted drug delivery (TDD) methods with the heart as the target organ have developed rapidly and are diversified. This article reviews the research progress of various TDD methods around the world with a heart as the target organ. It is mainly divided into two parts: the targeting vector represented by nanoparticles and various TDD methods such as intracoronary injection, ventricular wall injection, pericardial injection, and implantable medical device therapy and put forward some suggestions on the development of targeting. Different TDD methods described in this paper have not been widely used in clinical practice, and some have not even completed preclinical studies. Targeted drug delivery still requires long-term efforts by many researchers to realize the true meaning of the heart.

World's Poultry Science Journal, 2019

Heracleum persicum (golpar) is an endemic medicinal plant that is commonly known as hogweed or Pe... more Heracleum persicum (golpar) is an endemic medicinal plant that is commonly known as hogweed or Persian hogweed. It contains flavonoids and furanocoumarins that probably could stimulate both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. Besides, golpar has a substantial immunostimulatory effect on beta-lymphocytes and macrophages that played important role in antibody synthesis. Its extract at a supplementation level of 1-2.5 ml/l in drinking water showed a remarkable increase in the total immunoglobulins (Ig) (70%), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (100%) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (94%) titres and an increase in antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus (96%) in broilers. In addition, supplementation positively affected the feed intake (9.4%), weight gain (14.7%) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (8.7%) in broilers. Moreover, in several studies, it has potential as an antifungal, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolaemic and growth enhancer agent; which endorsed its extensive contents of phytochemicals (terpenoids, triterpenes, furanocoumarins, volatile substances, flavonoids and alkaloids). It has a positive effect on the levels of glutathione (GSH), peroxidation lipids (MDA), the total antioxidant capacity of plasma or ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), in addition to modulatory effects on liver enzymes including alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST). After reviewing the published literature, it was apparent that golpar has multidimensional biological effects. Nevertheless, little research is available on the effects of golpar on productive performance and other health-related parameters in avian species. Hence, this review encourages veterinarians and poultry researcher to undertake further work to demonstrate the promising beneficial effects of golpar at effective levels to potentially replace the synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in commercial poultry diets.

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2020

It is well documented that life expectancy in developed countries at birth is going to increase f... more It is well documented that life expectancy in developed countries at birth is going to increase from the 20th century. However, regrettably, a potential decline in life expectancy has been proposed for these nations in the 21st century due to a rapid upsurge in the prevalence of fatal degenerative diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer and diabetes. Collectively, these three diseases accounted for 65% of all deaths in urbanized societies and considered as a dynamic issue for shortening the genetically determined lifespan through increased mortalities, morbidities, disabilities, immense sufferings, and premature aging. These fatal degenerative diseases and premature aging are closely associated with oxidative stress produced by the free radicals in the body. In epidemiologic studies, flavonoid-rich foods (FRF) like fruits, vegetables, and beverages have been associated as protective agents against these diseases. These also have been observed for their geroprotective effects and help in preventing the premature aging and the deterioration of brain function, which is related to Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview of the FRF for their potential role against lifespan-shortening complications, i.e., CVD, cancer, and diabetes. We also had drawn the future perspective and dietary guidelines to reduce the fatal diseases burden in urban populations.

Heart Failure Reviews, 2020

β-Adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of cell surface receptors known as G prote... more β-Adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of cell surface receptors known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are coupled to Gs protein (Gαs) for the activation of adenyl cyclase (AC) yielding cyclic AMP (CAMP), and this provides valuable responses, which can affect the cardiac function such as injury. The binding of an agonist to βAR enhance conformation changes that lead to the Gαs subtype of heterotrimeric G protein which is the AC stimulatory G protein for activation of CAMP in the cells. However, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been reported as having an increased rate of death and β1AR, and β2AR are a promising tool that improves the regulatory function in the cardiovascular system (CVS) via signaling. It increases the Gα level, which activates βAR kinase (βARK) that affects and enhance the progression of heart failure (HF) through the activation of cardiomyocyte βARs. We also explained that an increase in GPCR kinases (GRKs) would practically improve the HF pathogenesis and this occurs via the desensitization of βARs, which causes the loss of contractile reserve. The consistency or overstimulation of catecholamines contributes to CVD such as stroke, HF, and cardiac hypertrophy. When there is a decrease in catecholamine responsiveness, it causes aging in old people because the reduction of βAR sensitivity and density in the myocardium enhance down-regulation of βARs to AC in the human heart.

Critical Reviews in Food Sience and Nutrition, 2019

Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phen... more Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Coffee has multifunctional properties as a food additive and nutraceutical. As a nutraceutical, coffee has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidyslipidemic, anti-obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which can serve for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. On the other hand, as a food additive, coffee has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPO), and can function as a prebiotic. The outcomes of different studies also revealed that coffee intake may reduce the incidence of numerous chronic diseases, like liver disease, mental health, and it also overcomes the all-cause mortality, and suicidal risks. In some studies, high intake of coffee is linked to increase CVD risk factors, like cholesterol, plasma homocysteine and blood pressure (BP). There is also a little evidence that associated the coffee consumption with increased risk of lung tumors in smokers. Among adults who consume the moderate amount of coffee, there is slight indication of health hazards with strong indicators of health benefits. Moreover, existing literature suggests that it may be cautious for pregnant women to eliminate the chances of miscarriages and impaired fetal growth. The primary purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the findings of the positive impacts and risks of coffee consumption on human health. In conclusion, to date, the best available evidence from research indicates that drinking coffee up to 3–4 cups/day provides health benefits for most people.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2017

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial herbal plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usual... more Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial herbal plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely pink or white. Several varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons, or roots which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and supplement. It is also grown as a forage plant for poultry and animal. In addition, chicory herb plays a key role as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, immunological, productive and reproductive enhancer, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, anticancer, anti-protozoal, gastro-protective, antidiabetic, analgesic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, wound healing and bitter tonic without inducing therapeutic adverse effect. Regarding the hepatoprotective activity, chicory extract reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).Also, chicory plant is a good and very important protective source for hepatocytes and other liver cells as well as it is used as prebiotic against some species of pathogenic bacteria for both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it enhances immunity and feed efficiency by decreasing pathogenic microorganisms of gastrointestinal tract.Cichorium intybus roots also were used for the relief of mild digestive disorders, such as feeling of flatulence, abdominal fullness, temporary loss of appetite and slow digestion. The present review highlights the importance of chicory as a feed additive used to improve growth and productive performance of poultry as well as salient beneficial applications in animals and humans. Furthermore, it explains the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of chicory and to find the effective level in poultry that would act as liver tonic.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2017

Green tea is an important herb and its products are extensively used in the traditional Chinese m... more Green tea is an important herb and its products are extensively used in the traditional Chinese medicinal system through various formulations. Several reports have revealed its beneficial usage and medicinal aspects for various ailments. Consumption of green tea has gained special attention and popularity in various sectors of the modern era of changing lifestyle. This review aimed to extend the current knowledge on the modes of action and beneficial applications of green tea in humans and animals for safeguarding different health issues. The nutritional, immunological, pharmacological and physiological functionalities of green tea are because of the available bioactive components like caffeine, L-theanine, polyphenols/flavonoids and others. It possesses multi-beneficial potential in treating and preventing various disorders of animals and humans, as well as promoting animal (dairy, piggery and goatry) and poultry industry. The present review provides insights on the modes of action and beneficial applications of green tea, which will be useful for nutritionists, pharmacists, physiologists, researchers, veterinarians and animal and poultry producers. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines and effective drugs to popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2017

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in trad... more Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous herb, and its extract has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicinal system. In this context, several studies have revealed its health benefits and medicinal potentialities for several ailments. With ever increasing scientific knowledge, search for safer, potential and novel type of health-related supplements quest, scientists are re-directing their research interests to explore natural resources i.e. medicinal herbs/plant derived compounds. Green tea consumption has gained a special attention and popularity in the modern era of changing lifestyle. The present review is aimed to extend the current knowledge by highlighting the importance and beneficial applications of green tea in humans for safeguarding various health issues. Herein, we have extensively reviewed, analyzed, and compiled salient information on green tea from the authentic published literature available in PubMed and other scientific databases. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents including caffeine, L-theanine, polyphenols/ flavonoids and other potent molecules, green tea has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans. This review also provides in-depth insights on the medicinal values of green tea which will be useful for researchers, medical professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical industry. Future research emphasis and promotional avenues are needed to explore its potential therapeutic applications for designing appropriate pharmaceuticals, complementary medicines, and effective drugs as well as popularize and propagate its multidimensional health benefits.

Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 2018

Background: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), is a shrub mostly available in the Mediterranean Se... more Background: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), is a shrub mostly available in the Mediterranean Sea region. The fruits have gained the substantial attention among researchers due to their promising biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, immune modulatory, antitumor, wound healing and antifungal that have been attributed to various constituents of seeds, bark, juice, pericarp, and leaf of this tree across the globe. The phenolic compounds of pomegranate have been documented to possess numbers of prophylactic and therapeutic utilities against various pathological infections as well as non-infectious disorders. Objective: The current review expedites the pharmacological role of Punica granatum L. in curing elements related to infectious and non-infectious disorders. Method: The current review is based on literature and patents already available on various scientific databases highlighting the role of Punica granatum along with its therapeutic potentials against infectious and non-infectious disorders. The databases included under study were PubMed, Med line, PubMed Central, Science Direct and few other scientific databases. The information obtained through these diverse databases is compiled, critically interpreted and presented in the current study. Results: Multi-dimensional beneficial application of pomegranate plant is recorded. The pomegranate seed oil has phytoestrogenic compounds and the fruit is rich in phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity. The fruit and bark of pomegranate are used against intestinal parasites, dysentery, and diarrhea in different animals and human models. Since the ancient time the juice and seeds had considered the best therapy for throat and heart disorders. Ellagic acid is one of the main components of pomegranate with potent antioxidant activity. Results from different studies reported that Punica granatum L or its byproducts can be used as natural food additives in human and animal nutrition in order to boost immunity, microbial safety and provide the housing environment without affecting body weight gain. In addition, Punica granatum L. byproducts can modulate immune function and gut microbiota of broiler chickens as well as reduce the odorous gas emissions from ex-creta. Naturally occurring polyphenols in a pomegranate can be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention of avian Colibacillosis diseases and can also be used as an intestine astringent to relieve diarrhea and enteri-tis in chickens. Conclusion: The present review gives the insight towards major components of pomegranate as well as their pharmacological activities against pathological disorders. In spite of many beneficial properties of Punica granatum L., more research evidence on a molecular basis is needed to find out the molecular mechanism of action in various animals and human models to validate the usefulness of Punica granatum L. as a potent therapeutic agent.

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 2019

The facile one-pot synthesis method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Doxy-Pt (0) NP... more The facile one-pot synthesis method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Doxy-Pt (0) NPs) by reduction method with doxycycline drug as reducing and capping agent. The combined platinum nanoparticles were carefully chosen for cata-lytic reduction of paracetamol as well as used against antimicrobial and anticancer actions with the well difusion process and by measuring the zone of inhibition in mm against Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and Gram-negative (E. coli and S. typhimurium). The Ultraviolet–Visible-absorption spectroscopy technique was used to endorse accumulation of (Doxy-Pt (0) NPs) using the distinctive Plasmon absorption maxima at 264 nm. Another technique of X-ray powder difraction (XRD) pattern was used to conirm the crystalline nature of the prepared Pt (0) NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the particle size of the prepared Pt (0) NPs with a size range of 10–20 nm. The catalytic study showed that the reduction is ~ 99.9% of paracetamol that was consummate in a small period of reaction time (60 s) by competent doxycycline based platinum nanoparticles. The value of K is calculated (rate constant) value for paracetamol catalytic reduction was achieved 7 × 10−2 by drawing InC versus time (s) and the results showed that the reaction is of the irst command kinetics. Furthermore, the reduction in breast cancer cell viability and proliferation via PtNPs was found higher as compare to the normal breast cells (CRL-4010). Therefore, the newly prepared Doxy-Pt (0) NPs had a marvelous catalytic, antibacterial and anticancerous action as a catalyst and drug material. The recent discoveries are similarly extendable for the preservation

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used since long for medicinal purposes. Plant sources... more Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used since long for medicinal purposes. Plant sources are a major part of TCM. Species belonging to genus Mahonia had been used for disorders like inflammation, pharyngolaryngitis, stomach disorders, infections like hepatitis and diseases like those of the skin, besides various other purposes. We have reviewed medicinal uses of an important member of genus Mahonia belonging to family Berberidaceae named Mahonia Bealei (Beale's barberry). Several useful compounds have been extracted from this plant including alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols and lignan. The sources of extraction of these compounds have been leaves, stem and roots. This specie has its own importance among other members of genus as it has been traditionally used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation, etc. Compounds from this plant were extracted and studied by various researchers globally using in vitro and in vivo techniques to find out scientific evidences of medicinal importance of this plant. We have reviewed research carried out on this specie and found that antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-gastrin ability of different parts of this plant has been proven and reported. Still parts of this plant remain underexplored. Moreover, a comparison of activities of isolated compounds must be found because synergistic effect of extracts of different parts of this plant has been proposed but is to be explored scientifically. Therefore, future research should be carried out on different parts of this plant which can be a useful addition to our knowledge of different therapeutic agents.

Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2019

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible fo... more The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of β-mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of β-mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.

World's Poultry Science Journal, 2019

Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019

his study was conducted to evaluate the influence of increased supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO... more his study was conducted to evaluate the influence of increased supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) on performance, quality of egg, blood chemistry, and antioxidant ability in serum of laying chickens (Hisex Brown) reared from 22 to 34 weeks of age. Seventy-two 22-week-old laying hens (Hisex Brown) were haphazardly separated into 3 handling collections of 24 chickens (6 replicates per treatment and four laying hens per replicate). Dietary treatments included basal diet without zinc addition for control group while the 2nd and 3rd groups contained basal diet with 25 or 75 mg ZnO/kg diet. Results showed that the higher level of ZnO (75 mg ZnO/kg diet) elevated (P < 0.01) feed intake during all studied periods compared with the control group and other groups that contained ZnO. The handling groups supplied with 75 mg ZnO/kg diet gave the worst feed: egg ratio within the whole period and the intervals compared with the control and other ZnO levels. Supplementation of zinc decreased egg number and egg output when compared with the control groups. Egg quality traits were statistically differed due to dietary ZnO supplementation except egg shape index, yolk %, and albumin %. Supplementation of zinc decreased triglyceride (P = 0.001) of laying hens. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol level in serum was decreased with 75 mg ZnO/kg in comparison with all treatment groups. Zinc supplementation increased the level of serum zinc without differences in supplemented zinc levels. Dietary supplemental zinc did not affect antioxidant parameters in the serum. It is concluded that dietary zinc supplementation up to 75 mg/kg used as effective supplement to enhance zinc status and antioxidant ability and activities in laying hens.

Journal of Thermal Biology, 2019

Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and ... more Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 2019

Many studies tested different feed additives, among these additives, humic substances (HS) have b... more Many studies tested different feed additives, among these additives, humic substances (HS) have been used in livestock and poultry diets. Humic substances commonly present in nature as they are created from the organic matter decomposition, and are normally found in the soil and natural water. Active components of HS consist of humic acid (HA), humus, ulmic acid, fulvic acid, humin and certain microelements. Humic acid is widely used as an alternative growth promoter for antibiotics in improving poultry performance and health. Moreover, supplementation of a commercial substance as a source of HS through the drinking water or diet improved the feed consumption, feed efficiency and weight gain of broiler chickens, and also improved egg weight, egg mass, and egg production of laying hens. This review describes the useful applications and recent facets of HA including its modes of action and various valuable uses in improving the production and health safeguarding of livestock and poultry.

South African Journal Of Animal Science, 2019

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of a phytogenic mixture in the diet on broiler p... more The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of a phytogenic mixture in the diet on broiler production. A total of 400 day-old unsexed Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four treatment groups of 10 replications in a randomised design experiment. The phytogenic feed mixture (BMC) contained equal ratios of black cumin, Moringa oleifera and chicory seeds. The treatment groups were as follows: T1 was fed the basal diet, while T2, T3 and T4 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% or 0.6% of three BMC mixture, respectively. Results showed that increasing the dietary BMC level could be associated with a gradual but significant increase in body weight and improvement in the feed conversion ratio when compared with the control group. Broiler diets enriched with 0.4% to 0.6% of the BMC mixture reduced gut microbial count of coliforms, E. coli and C. perfringens as well as gut pH, compared to the control group. Increasing the dietary BMC mixture level was associated with gradual but significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein concentrations and liver enzymes concentrations. However, there was an increase in the high density lipoprotein concentration, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in serum. In conclusion, the BMC mixture could be deemed an effective growth promoter, but further research is needed to evaluate it as a viable alternative to antibiotics.

Animal Nutrition, 2019

individually or in combination on egg production and quality, and blood hematology and chemistry ... more individually or in combination on egg production and quality, and blood hematology and chemistry of birds reared under summer conditions. The experiment was conducted using a 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 levels of vitamin A (0, 8,000 and 16,000 IU/kg diet) and 3 levels of vitamin E (0, 250 and 500 mg/kg diet). A total of 135 Brown Bovans laying hens were distributed into 9 treatment groups, with 5 replicates (3 hens per pen). A significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed as supplementary vitamin A or E increased (P > 0.05). Hens fed diets supplemented with 16,000 IU vitamin A plus 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet had the best FCR among all groups. Egg quality criteria were not significantly affected by the interaction of vitamins A and E levels. There was a significant (P > 0.01) increase in monocytes and decrease (P > 0.05) in basophils counts in response to vitamin E. Significant decreases were observed in packed cell volume (PCV), thyroxine (T4), alanine transferase (ALT), albumin, total cholesterol and total lipids, and increases in serum levels of globulin and calcium due to vitamin A (P > 0.05). The combination of 0 IU vitamin A and 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet had the highest value of PCV (40.09%) and hemoglobin (Hb) (10.33 mg/100 mL) among all groups. Vitamin E raised (P > 0.01) serum values of total protein, total cholesterol and total lipids. Feed intake, FCR, PCV, Hb, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, T4, ALT and total protein were significantly affected by the interaction of vitamins A and E. The interaction of vitamins A and E was only significant (P ˂ 0.05) with respect to serum total protein values. It can be concluded that layer diets supplemented with vitamins A and E had good results in alleviating the harmful impacts of high ambient temperature. The combination of 16,000 IU vitamin A and 500 mg vitamin E/kg diet is preferable for obtaining better production of laying hens reared under hot summer conditions.

Poultry Science, 2019

Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of L-theanine (a... more Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of L-theanine (an amino acid found only in green tea) as a feed additive in poultry especially broiler are limited. So, this study was conducted to explore the effects of L-theanine on the intestinal microbiome and immune response in a broiler. A total of 400-d-old chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups (A, B, C, and D) using a complete randomized design. Treatments were as follows: A, control (basal diet); B, basal diet + 100 mg L-theanine/kg diet; C, basal diet + 200 mg L-theanine/kg diet; and D, basal diet + 300 mg L-theanine/kg diet. Mucosal samples from ileum and jejunum of broiler chicken were extracted at 21 and 42 d of age. Extraction of genomic DNA was followed by amplification of V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA. After Illumina sequencing, results revealed that treatment with L-theanine significantly increased the population of Lactobacillus in ileum and jejunum as compared to a control group, but the higher population was observed in jejunum at both 21 and 42 d of age. The overall diversity of the jejunum microbiome in the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the ileum and control group (P < 0.05). Results of this study revealed that mRNA expression of TLRs (TLR-2 and TLR-4) and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) was decreased in response to treatment with L-theanine. Moreover, the negative correlation of abundance of Lactobacillus was observed with expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the intestine and these effects were highly significant (P < 0.01). In summary, our finding revealed that dietary supplementation of L-theanine exhibited a positive influence on intestinal bacteria by supporting beneficial microbes like Lactobacillus while decreasing harmful microbes like Clostridium.

Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2019

The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of sodium bicarbonate ... more The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on nutrient digestibility and immune response of caged layers during summer when the temperature exceeds 40 ̊C. For immune response trial, White Leghorn layers (n=160; 24 weeks old) were purchased from a poultry farm and were divided into five treatment/diets groups (4 replicate/treatment). Diet A, was without NaHCO3 and served as control whereas, diets B, C, D, and E contained 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% NaHCO3, respectively. All these birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) virus at the start of the experiment and thereafter with one-month intervals. Blood samples were collected from two birds/replicate at 10 days post vaccination each time to check antibody titer against ND virus. For digestibility trial, fecal samples were collected (6 layers/treatment group) at the start of the 37th week of age for two days, at 3 hours interval. Results revealed that immune response against ND virus 10 days post vaccination after 1st, 2nd and 3rd month was significantly (p<0.05) higher in layer birds fed diets containing NaHCO3. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and absorption of minerals were also found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups treated with NaHCO3 and the birds fed diet containing 1% NaHCO3 showed the best results. In general, results revealed that 1% supplementation of NaHCO3 in layers’ diet have a beneficial impact in terms of immunity and diet digestibility.

VI Mediterranean Poultry Summit, 2018

L-theanine is a water-soluble non-proteinous amino acid mainly found in green tea leaves. Despite... more L-theanine is a water-soluble non-proteinous amino acid mainly found in green tea leaves. Despite the availability of abundant literature on green tea, studies on the use of l-theanine as a feed additive in animals, and especially broilers are limited. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of different dietary levels of l-theanine on meat quality, growth performance, immune response, and blood metabolites in broilers. A total of 400 day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups using a completely randomized design; C-control, basal diet; 100LT-basal diet + 100 mg l-theanine/kg diet; 200LT-basal diet + 200 mg l-theanine/kg diet; and 300LT-basal diet + 300 mg l-theanine /kg diet. Results revealed that the intermediate level of l-theanine (200 mg/kg diet) showed better results in terms of body weight gain (BWG), feed consumed (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the other supplemented groups and the control. The live weight eviscerated weight and gizzard weight were higher in all l-theanine levels as compared to those of the control group. Increased weight (p ≤ 0.05) of spleen and bursa were found in group 200LT (200 mg l-theanine/kg diet). Concerning meat color parameters, values for yellowness (b*), and redness (a*) were greater in l-theanine-supplemented groups than the control. Supplementing broiler diet with l-theanine reduced (p = 0.02) total serum cholesterol contents while increased HDL. Further analysis revealed lower relative serum cytokines (IL-2 and INF-γ) and reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in thymus, and IFN-γ and IL-2 in spleen in the treated group. Moreover, supplementation with 200mg/kg of l-theanine improved antioxidant status in blood by increasing SOD, GSH-Px, and relative CAT levels. It is concluded that the optimum supplementation level of l-theanine is 200 mg/kg of diet because it resulted in improved performance parameters in broilers. However, higher levels of l-theanine (300 mg/kg diet) may have deleterious effects on performance and health of broiler chickens.

Asia Pacific Poultry Conference, 2018