Maciej Makowski | Polish Academy of Sciences (original) (raw)

Books by Maciej Makowski

Research paper thumbnail of M. Makowski 2016: Tell Arbid I: Clay figurines, Warsaw

Scientific editor ŁUKASZ RUTKOWSKI English translation MIŁOSŁAWA STĘPIEŃ Proof-reading JO HARPER ... more Scientific editor ŁUKASZ RUTKOWSKI English translation MIŁOSŁAWA STĘPIEŃ Proof-reading JO HARPER Bibliographic and technical editor DOROTA DOBRZYŃSKA Cover design MACIEJ MAKOWSKI Photo on the cover ANDRZEJ REICHE DTP MIŁOSZ TRUKAWKA Publishing house INSTITUTE OF MEDITERRANEAN AND ORIENTAL CULTURES, POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES and FUNDACJA ' ARTIBUS MUNDI'

Papers by Maciej Makowski

Research paper thumbnail of Third-millennium BC clay figurines from Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah (Syria)

Ägypten und Levante, 2020

The present paper analyses third-millennium BC clay figurines from three sites, Tell Djassa el Gh... more The present paper analyses third-millennium BC clay figurines from three sites, Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah, all located in the Khabur River basin (central Jazirah, Syria) and researched in the 1980s and 1990s by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. The collection numbers twenty-eight specimens and includes thirteen anthropomorphic figurines and fifteen zoomorphic ones. Among the anthropomorphic representations, stylised figurines and figurines with geometricised torsos were recorded, but also fragments of most probably standing and seated representations. Zoomorphic figurines depict equids, sheep, a pig and unidentified quadrupeds. Aside from a comprehensive description of the finds and their typological breakdown, the paper presents the collection against the backdrop of the regional and supra-regional tradition of coroplastic arts. Although the collection is quite small, the study extends our knowledge on this aspect of the Khabur region’s culture, making it possible to define new types of figurines, to verify the chronology of already well-known types and illustrate types very poorly attested so far in this part of northern Mesopotamia. Moreover, the analysis of the figurines from Tell Rad Shaqrah raises questions concerning the distinctness of the Middle Khabur River coroplastic arts, especially in comparison to the much better identified tradition of the Upper Khabur River.

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Research paper thumbnail of M. Makowski 2015: Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in Mughaira, in: Ł. Rutkowski et al., TUMULI GRAVES AND OTHER STONE STRUCTURES ON THE NORTH COAST OF KUWAIT BAY (AL-SUBIYAH 2007–2012), Kuwait-Warsaw, 423-439.

Research paper thumbnail of Supra-Regional Trends in Popular Iconography of the Ancient Near East – The Case of Lead Plaques, Anatolica XLII (2016), 39-66

Anatolica, 2016

Small anthropomorphic representations of lead, cast in open moulds to resemble openwork plaques, ... more Small anthropomorphic representations of lead, cast in open moulds to resemble openwork plaques, are a very distinct category of objects appearing for over six centuries, beginning with approximately 23rd century BC, throughout a vast territory of the Near East, from western Anatolia, through northern Syria to north-eastern Mesopotamia. What singles them out as particularly interesting among other iconographical sources of supra-regional dispersal, is their attribution to popular culture. This association is indicated foremost by the find contexts of such plaques, suggestive of their functioning within a household rather than official or public setting. Moreover, simple technical requirements and the material of which they were crafted made them easily available. Finally, their iconography, the repertoire and character of the represented figures, point to their considerable independence from the official, or elite, culture. Lead plaques are therefore an invaluable source for studies on the development of supra-regional patterns within popular culture, a phenomenon as yet poorly recognized in the Ancient Near East. This article aims at analyzing the degree of convergence of particular features throughout the plaques’ area of distribution, especially as regards the repertoire of representations, and at establishing the cause for their popularity over such a vast territory. An attempt will be made at placing these observations in a wider context – of trends observable at that time in the popular culture of the ancient Near East – by comparing them to the closely related Mesopotamian terracotta plaques.

Research paper thumbnail of Zoomorphic clay figurines from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 24/1 (2015), 627–656

The collection of clay zoomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in ... more The collection of clay zoomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in northern Mesopotamia, comprises nearly 600 specimens, dated mainly to the 3rd and first half of the 2nd millennium BC. It consists of solid figurines and the much less numerous wheeled figurines and hollow figurines/zoomorphic vessels, as well as a single rattle in the form of a zoomorphic figurine. The animals represented include chiefly equids, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs and birds. The find context usually does not permit anything but a very broad dating, but an analysis of details of execution makes it possible to establish the chronology of particular objects. Identified chronological assemblages illustrate the character of zoomorphic representations in particular periods. A comparative analysis reveals, among others, diachronic changes in the popularity of representations of particular kinds of animals. These changes are considered in comparison with the results of an examination of the osteological material in an effort to observe whether they could reflect processes taking place in the animal economy of Tell Arbid.

Research paper thumbnail of Of Men and Equids: Piecing the Clay Images from Tell Arbid Back Together, Études et Travaux XXVIII (2015), 121–140

This paper aims at analyzing relations between different types of clay figurines and models found... more This paper aims at analyzing relations between different types of clay figurines and models found at Tell Arbid, a site in northern Mesopotamia, in the Khabur region. Starting with a presentation of a set of third millennium BC clay objects – including an equid and an anthropomorphic figurines, as well as a wheel model – the author discusses those figurines which were deliberately shaped to fit, or to be combined with, other objects. Analyzing them against the backdrop of analogies from Mesopotamian iconographic sources allowed for defining some functional associations between the representations of males, wheeled vehicles and/or equids. The hypothetically reconstructed sets seem to reproduce scenes well-known from other media. Based on these observations, it is possible better to understand and to interconnect phenomena characteristic for the clay plastic art not just of the site but of the whole region: predominance of equids, prevalence of male over female images and popularity of model vehicles.

Research paper thumbnail of Terracotta Equid Figurines from Tell Arbid. New Evidence on Equids, their Equipment and Exploitation in North Mesopotamia During Third and First Half of Second Millennium BC, Études et Travaux XXVII, 2014, 257-278.

Terracotta figurines are one of the few iconographical sources available for the study of equids,... more Terracotta figurines are one of the few iconographical sources available for the study of equids, their breeding and exploitation in Northern Mesopotamia in the third and first half of the second millennium BC.
However, the insights offered by this category of artifacts have largely been unrecognized by scholars, what is particularly conspicuous in the Khabur River basin, where equid figurines are very common finds. A detailed analysis of this type of figured documents, especially of the hitherto unpublished assemblage from Tell Arbid, shows that among details marked on the figurines were characteristics of the separate equid species, elements of their equipment and details pointing to certain breeding practices. What makes the equid figurines from the Khabur region even more interesting is the fact that that some of the details were not represented on Near Eastern equid depictions in other media (dorsal and shoulder stripes, strapping of genitalia), have been attested for much later periods (trappers) or have been known solely from written documents (saddle bags, marking of animals).

Research paper thumbnail of The Road to the Citadel of Kanesh. Urban Structure and Spatial Organization of the City during the Assyrian Colony Period, in: P. Bieliński et al. (eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, Wiesbaden 2014, 93-111.

Long-term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data... more Long-term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data on ancient Kanesh in the first three centuries of the 2nd millennium BC. Nevertheless, the spatial organization of the city still seems rather unclear due to the fact that the results of excavations are scattered among many publications. The paper aims at compiling and thoroughly analyzing all available sources concerning the urban structure of Kanesh in order to propose a new reconstruction of architectural structures unearthed at the center of the site and to recreate the street layout, especially the main urban artery that led to the citadel.

Research paper thumbnail of Tumulus grave SMQ 49 (As-Sabbiya/Kuwait). Preliminary report on the investigations in 2009-2010, PAM XXII (Research 2010), 2013, 518-527.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXII (Research 2010)

Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in the As-Sabbiya area, excavated by a Kuwaiti– Polish archaeological expedi... more Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in the As-Sabbiya area, excavated by a Kuwaiti– Polish archaeological expedition (PCMA UW), was most probably a family tomb of some kind, containing a large number of burials, both primary and secondary, single and double. Finds, including lithic and
bone tools, as well as an equid burial, are unparalleled in funerary structures in the region. Moreover, SMQ 49 was one of just a few stone mounds from the As-Sabbiya area which could be dated, thus contributing data for a chronology of tumuli that are widespread in this part of Kuwait. The conclusion is that the oldest mound burials can be dated to the late Neolithic.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic figurines of the second millenium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, PAM XXII (Research 2010), 2013, pp. 617-626.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 22 (Research 2010)

The collection of 2nd millennium BC anthropomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khab... more The collection of 2nd millennium BC anthropomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in northern Mesopotamia, comprises just eight specimens, but it introduces some new types of representations that have not been attested so far in the region. A comparison with figurines of the 3rd millennium BC illustrates changes in the anthropomorphic minor arts of the time. Finally, some of the figurines seem to attest to the presence of motifs deriving from outside of Mesopotamia, from the Levant and Anatolia, in the iconography of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic Figurines of the Third Millennium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, PAM XVII (2007), 472-482.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic Figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia, Archeologia LVI (2005), p. 7-30.

This paper deals with anthropomorphic figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia: their typology, mea... more This paper deals with anthropomorphic figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia: their typology, meaning and function. Having rejected hitherto existing interpretations as unfounded, the present author analyses the figurines' formal features and their find contexts in order to reconstruct the way they were used and the symbolic meaning they supposedly conveyed. The analysis of the development of Anatolian figurines enables us to trace the genesis of the so-called 'idols', that is schematic stylized figurines characteristic for the eastern Mediterranean in later prehistory

Thesis by Maciej Makowski

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-cultural interactions in Kanesh (Kültepe) during Assyrian Colony Period, as reflected in archaeological remains, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warsaw 2011 (in Polish)

The dissertation aims at analyzing the material culture of the ancient city of Kanesh in the so-c... more The dissertation aims at analyzing the material culture of the ancient city of Kanesh in the so-called Assyrian Colony Period (20th to 18th century BC). Based on written sources obtained during archaeological excavations at the site of Kültepe, it was possible to ascertain that Kanesh functioned as the administrative center of a trade colonies network established in central Anatolia (present-day Turkey) by inhabitants of the north Mesopotamian city of Assur (present-day Iraq). The presence of foreign merchants and intensive cross-cultural interactions between Kanesh and centers situated in other parts of ancient Near East significantly influenced the culture of the city. Although the cultural contacts of Kanesh were multi-directional, the thesis concentrates on reconstructing the cultural processes resulting from this center’s participation in the Assyrian trade system.

Talks by Maciej Makowski

Research paper thumbnail of The road to the citadel of Kanesh. Urban structure and spatial organization of the city during the Assyrian Colony Period

Long term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data... more Long term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data on public buildings and residential districts in ancient Kanesh during the first three centuries of the 2nd millennium B.C. Nevertheless, our understanding of the spatial organization of this city is limited due to the scattering of the excavation results between many articles and publications. This papers aims at compiling and thoroughly analyzing all the available sources, both archaeological and textual, concerning the urban structure of Kanesh. The main goals of this research are to renew the interpretation of architectural remains unearthed at the center of the site and to reconstruct the streets’ layout, in particular of the main urban artery leading to the citadel. These reassembled data contribute to the study of the rise and development of cities in central Anatolia, as well as formation of local canons of monumental architecture.

Research paper thumbnail of M. Makowski 2016: Tell Arbid I: Clay figurines, Warsaw

Scientific editor ŁUKASZ RUTKOWSKI English translation MIŁOSŁAWA STĘPIEŃ Proof-reading JO HARPER ... more Scientific editor ŁUKASZ RUTKOWSKI English translation MIŁOSŁAWA STĘPIEŃ Proof-reading JO HARPER Bibliographic and technical editor DOROTA DOBRZYŃSKA Cover design MACIEJ MAKOWSKI Photo on the cover ANDRZEJ REICHE DTP MIŁOSZ TRUKAWKA Publishing house INSTITUTE OF MEDITERRANEAN AND ORIENTAL CULTURES, POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES and FUNDACJA ' ARTIBUS MUNDI'

Research paper thumbnail of Third-millennium BC clay figurines from Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah (Syria)

Ägypten und Levante, 2020

The present paper analyses third-millennium BC clay figurines from three sites, Tell Djassa el Gh... more The present paper analyses third-millennium BC clay figurines from three sites, Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah, all located in the Khabur River basin (central Jazirah, Syria) and researched in the 1980s and 1990s by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. The collection numbers twenty-eight specimens and includes thirteen anthropomorphic figurines and fifteen zoomorphic ones. Among the anthropomorphic representations, stylised figurines and figurines with geometricised torsos were recorded, but also fragments of most probably standing and seated representations. Zoomorphic figurines depict equids, sheep, a pig and unidentified quadrupeds. Aside from a comprehensive description of the finds and their typological breakdown, the paper presents the collection against the backdrop of the regional and supra-regional tradition of coroplastic arts. Although the collection is quite small, the study extends our knowledge on this aspect of the Khabur region’s culture, making it possible to define new types of figurines, to verify the chronology of already well-known types and illustrate types very poorly attested so far in this part of northern Mesopotamia. Moreover, the analysis of the figurines from Tell Rad Shaqrah raises questions concerning the distinctness of the Middle Khabur River coroplastic arts, especially in comparison to the much better identified tradition of the Upper Khabur River.

Please contact me, if you are looking for full version.

Research paper thumbnail of M. Makowski 2015: Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in Mughaira, in: Ł. Rutkowski et al., TUMULI GRAVES AND OTHER STONE STRUCTURES ON THE NORTH COAST OF KUWAIT BAY (AL-SUBIYAH 2007–2012), Kuwait-Warsaw, 423-439.

Research paper thumbnail of Supra-Regional Trends in Popular Iconography of the Ancient Near East – The Case of Lead Plaques, Anatolica XLII (2016), 39-66

Anatolica, 2016

Small anthropomorphic representations of lead, cast in open moulds to resemble openwork plaques, ... more Small anthropomorphic representations of lead, cast in open moulds to resemble openwork plaques, are a very distinct category of objects appearing for over six centuries, beginning with approximately 23rd century BC, throughout a vast territory of the Near East, from western Anatolia, through northern Syria to north-eastern Mesopotamia. What singles them out as particularly interesting among other iconographical sources of supra-regional dispersal, is their attribution to popular culture. This association is indicated foremost by the find contexts of such plaques, suggestive of their functioning within a household rather than official or public setting. Moreover, simple technical requirements and the material of which they were crafted made them easily available. Finally, their iconography, the repertoire and character of the represented figures, point to their considerable independence from the official, or elite, culture. Lead plaques are therefore an invaluable source for studies on the development of supra-regional patterns within popular culture, a phenomenon as yet poorly recognized in the Ancient Near East. This article aims at analyzing the degree of convergence of particular features throughout the plaques’ area of distribution, especially as regards the repertoire of representations, and at establishing the cause for their popularity over such a vast territory. An attempt will be made at placing these observations in a wider context – of trends observable at that time in the popular culture of the ancient Near East – by comparing them to the closely related Mesopotamian terracotta plaques.

Research paper thumbnail of Zoomorphic clay figurines from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 24/1 (2015), 627–656

The collection of clay zoomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in ... more The collection of clay zoomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in northern Mesopotamia, comprises nearly 600 specimens, dated mainly to the 3rd and first half of the 2nd millennium BC. It consists of solid figurines and the much less numerous wheeled figurines and hollow figurines/zoomorphic vessels, as well as a single rattle in the form of a zoomorphic figurine. The animals represented include chiefly equids, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs and birds. The find context usually does not permit anything but a very broad dating, but an analysis of details of execution makes it possible to establish the chronology of particular objects. Identified chronological assemblages illustrate the character of zoomorphic representations in particular periods. A comparative analysis reveals, among others, diachronic changes in the popularity of representations of particular kinds of animals. These changes are considered in comparison with the results of an examination of the osteological material in an effort to observe whether they could reflect processes taking place in the animal economy of Tell Arbid.

Research paper thumbnail of Of Men and Equids: Piecing the Clay Images from Tell Arbid Back Together, Études et Travaux XXVIII (2015), 121–140

This paper aims at analyzing relations between different types of clay figurines and models found... more This paper aims at analyzing relations between different types of clay figurines and models found at Tell Arbid, a site in northern Mesopotamia, in the Khabur region. Starting with a presentation of a set of third millennium BC clay objects – including an equid and an anthropomorphic figurines, as well as a wheel model – the author discusses those figurines which were deliberately shaped to fit, or to be combined with, other objects. Analyzing them against the backdrop of analogies from Mesopotamian iconographic sources allowed for defining some functional associations between the representations of males, wheeled vehicles and/or equids. The hypothetically reconstructed sets seem to reproduce scenes well-known from other media. Based on these observations, it is possible better to understand and to interconnect phenomena characteristic for the clay plastic art not just of the site but of the whole region: predominance of equids, prevalence of male over female images and popularity of model vehicles.

Research paper thumbnail of Terracotta Equid Figurines from Tell Arbid. New Evidence on Equids, their Equipment and Exploitation in North Mesopotamia During Third and First Half of Second Millennium BC, Études et Travaux XXVII, 2014, 257-278.

Terracotta figurines are one of the few iconographical sources available for the study of equids,... more Terracotta figurines are one of the few iconographical sources available for the study of equids, their breeding and exploitation in Northern Mesopotamia in the third and first half of the second millennium BC.
However, the insights offered by this category of artifacts have largely been unrecognized by scholars, what is particularly conspicuous in the Khabur River basin, where equid figurines are very common finds. A detailed analysis of this type of figured documents, especially of the hitherto unpublished assemblage from Tell Arbid, shows that among details marked on the figurines were characteristics of the separate equid species, elements of their equipment and details pointing to certain breeding practices. What makes the equid figurines from the Khabur region even more interesting is the fact that that some of the details were not represented on Near Eastern equid depictions in other media (dorsal and shoulder stripes, strapping of genitalia), have been attested for much later periods (trappers) or have been known solely from written documents (saddle bags, marking of animals).

Research paper thumbnail of The Road to the Citadel of Kanesh. Urban Structure and Spatial Organization of the City during the Assyrian Colony Period, in: P. Bieliński et al. (eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, Wiesbaden 2014, 93-111.

Long-term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data... more Long-term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data on ancient Kanesh in the first three centuries of the 2nd millennium BC. Nevertheless, the spatial organization of the city still seems rather unclear due to the fact that the results of excavations are scattered among many publications. The paper aims at compiling and thoroughly analyzing all available sources concerning the urban structure of Kanesh in order to propose a new reconstruction of architectural structures unearthed at the center of the site and to recreate the street layout, especially the main urban artery that led to the citadel.

Research paper thumbnail of Tumulus grave SMQ 49 (As-Sabbiya/Kuwait). Preliminary report on the investigations in 2009-2010, PAM XXII (Research 2010), 2013, 518-527.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXII (Research 2010)

Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in the As-Sabbiya area, excavated by a Kuwaiti– Polish archaeological expedi... more Tumulus grave SMQ 49 in the As-Sabbiya area, excavated by a Kuwaiti– Polish archaeological expedition (PCMA UW), was most probably a family tomb of some kind, containing a large number of burials, both primary and secondary, single and double. Finds, including lithic and
bone tools, as well as an equid burial, are unparalleled in funerary structures in the region. Moreover, SMQ 49 was one of just a few stone mounds from the As-Sabbiya area which could be dated, thus contributing data for a chronology of tumuli that are widespread in this part of Kuwait. The conclusion is that the oldest mound burials can be dated to the late Neolithic.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic figurines of the second millenium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, PAM XXII (Research 2010), 2013, pp. 617-626.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 22 (Research 2010)

The collection of 2nd millennium BC anthropomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khab... more The collection of 2nd millennium BC anthropomorphic figurines from Tell Arbid, a site in the Khabur river basin in northern Mesopotamia, comprises just eight specimens, but it introduces some new types of representations that have not been attested so far in the region. A comparison with figurines of the 3rd millennium BC illustrates changes in the anthropomorphic minor arts of the time. Finally, some of the figurines seem to attest to the presence of motifs deriving from outside of Mesopotamia, from the Levant and Anatolia, in the iconography of the region.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic Figurines of the Third Millennium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report, PAM XVII (2007), 472-482.

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropomorphic Figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia, Archeologia LVI (2005), p. 7-30.

This paper deals with anthropomorphic figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia: their typology, mea... more This paper deals with anthropomorphic figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia: their typology, meaning and function. Having rejected hitherto existing interpretations as unfounded, the present author analyses the figurines' formal features and their find contexts in order to reconstruct the way they were used and the symbolic meaning they supposedly conveyed. The analysis of the development of Anatolian figurines enables us to trace the genesis of the so-called 'idols', that is schematic stylized figurines characteristic for the eastern Mediterranean in later prehistory

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-cultural interactions in Kanesh (Kültepe) during Assyrian Colony Period, as reflected in archaeological remains, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warsaw 2011 (in Polish)

The dissertation aims at analyzing the material culture of the ancient city of Kanesh in the so-c... more The dissertation aims at analyzing the material culture of the ancient city of Kanesh in the so-called Assyrian Colony Period (20th to 18th century BC). Based on written sources obtained during archaeological excavations at the site of Kültepe, it was possible to ascertain that Kanesh functioned as the administrative center of a trade colonies network established in central Anatolia (present-day Turkey) by inhabitants of the north Mesopotamian city of Assur (present-day Iraq). The presence of foreign merchants and intensive cross-cultural interactions between Kanesh and centers situated in other parts of ancient Near East significantly influenced the culture of the city. Although the cultural contacts of Kanesh were multi-directional, the thesis concentrates on reconstructing the cultural processes resulting from this center’s participation in the Assyrian trade system.

Research paper thumbnail of The road to the citadel of Kanesh. Urban structure and spatial organization of the city during the Assyrian Colony Period

Long term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data... more Long term archaeological excavations conducted at the site of Kültepe have provided abundant data on public buildings and residential districts in ancient Kanesh during the first three centuries of the 2nd millennium B.C. Nevertheless, our understanding of the spatial organization of this city is limited due to the scattering of the excavation results between many articles and publications. This papers aims at compiling and thoroughly analyzing all the available sources, both archaeological and textual, concerning the urban structure of Kanesh. The main goals of this research are to renew the interpretation of architectural remains unearthed at the center of the site and to reconstruct the streets’ layout, in particular of the main urban artery leading to the citadel. These reassembled data contribute to the study of the rise and development of cities in central Anatolia, as well as formation of local canons of monumental architecture.