Przemysław Adamczewski | Polish Academy of Sciences (original) (raw)
Uploads
Papers by Przemysław Adamczewski
The Caucasus & Globalization vol. 6, pp. 39–48;, 2012
Everything that happened later around the conflicts in the territories of Abkhazia and South Osse... more Everything that happened later around the conflicts in the territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia drove Russian-Georgian relations into an impasse, where they remain to this day. Throughout the last decade the conflict around Abkhazia remained smoldering until August 2008, when as a result of the five-day war between Russia and Georgia Abkhazia was proclaimed independent. In one of his interviews, Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov said that relations between Russia and Georgia would never be the same as before. In a way, he was right; however Russia stands to lose as much as Georgia.
Slavonic and East European Review, 2022
Chojnacki (b. 1968)-one of the leaders of the Academic Association for Free Chechnia. He organize... more Chojnacki (b. 1968)-one of the leaders of the Academic Association for Free Chechnia. He organized, amongst others, humanitarian aid for the population of Samashki. During one of his trips to Chechnia he was kidnapped. Currently he is an employee of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2022
Iran and the Caucasus, 2022
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2020
Scientific Programming, 2021
The article deals with correspondence between the Polish independence party headed by Adam Czarto... more The article deals with correspondence between the Polish independence party headed by Adam Czartoryski and imam Shamil and his naibs. The main source base I relied on was archival documents now held at the Czartoryski Princes Library in Krakow, as well as the memoirs of Michal Czajkowski, who was Czartoryski’s agent in Istanbul in the 1840s.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2018
Iran and the Caucasus, 2021
The aim of this article is to present mainly those aspects of the interviews that concerned the r... more The aim of this article is to present mainly those aspects of the interviews that concerned the relationship of Mountain Jews to the Tats. In addition, issues regarding the language, identity, and relations of Mountain Jews with other ethnic groups are discussed. The article is based on interviews that were conducted as part of a research project “Between the Caucasus and Jerusalem: Mountain Jews in the Dialogue of Cultures” carried out by the “Sefer” Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization. This project aims to explore the history, culture, and identity of Mountain Jews. So far, two scientific expeditions have taken place—one in August 2018 and another in August 2019, both to southern Dagestan. Participants of the expedition were divided into two groups—epigraphic and ethnographic. The task of the ethnographic group was to conduct interviews with representatives of the Mountain Jew community living in southern Dagestan. In 2018, these were conducted in Derbent and Nyu...
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Dec 1, 2017
Вестник Российской академии наук, 2018
The perception of the Caucasus by Polish society is analyzed in the light of the Polish ethnopoli... more The perception of the Caucasus by Polish society is analyzed in the light of the Polish ethnopolitical myth, according to which Russia appears as an “historical enemy.” The myth’s influence is also traced in the concept of national security, formed by politicians. This myth has noticeably been manifested since Poland restored its independence after WWI but was not apparent for obvious reasons during the existence of the Polish People’s Republic, when the image of the “historical enemy” was formed in relation to Germany. The author concludes that the ethnopolitical myth predetermines Poles’ attitudes to movements for independence of ethnic groups that have no statehood at present. This attitude is of a positive hue primarily toward those movements that are aimed against Russia and that can allegedly hinder the political leverage of Poland’s “historical enemy.”
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2017
S t u d i a z D z i e j ó w R o s j i i E u r o p y Ś r o d k o w o-W s c h o d n i e j ■ L I I (1)
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Sep 1, 2017
The paper presents documents on the German and Georgian cooperation during the interwar period an... more The paper presents documents on the German and Georgian cooperation during the interwar period and World War II kept in the Polish archives in London. One of the documents, written by Edmund Charaszkiewicz, can be treated as a potential clue in the thesis that individual Georgian military men might have been agents of the German intelligence service, which also used Georgian emigrants with right- wing views who lived in Poland for its purposes. Another document, written by Simon Kobiaszwili, is dedicated to the explanation of what caused that some of the Georgian emigrants who stayed in Europe developed collaboration with the Germans during World War II. To a great extent, the paper also discusses the conflict in the community of Georgian emigrants in the interwar period and the policy of the Polish authorities toward the Georgian government in exile established by socialists.
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus, 2021
The issue of Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is still very poorly understood and until now no on... more The issue of Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is still very poorly understood and until now no one of the scientists has attempted to analyze this phenomenon. This is probably due to the very scant research material that can be relied on in the 21st century. Despite the passage of time, there are, however, sources that allow us to study Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus. It can be divided into four main groups: a) inscriptions on temples; b) epitaph; c) advertising epigraphs; d) graffiti, especially the kind called Style-Writing.Most of the Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is associated with the presence of Poles in this area at a time when part of the lands of the Commonwealth was part of the Russian Empire. How many Poles ended up in the Caucasus and when is difficult to calculate, at least due to the lack of statistical data taking into account nationality. Presumably, although accurate calculations on this issue were not published, recruits from the territory of the former Rzeczp...
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus
The article presents work on creating a state language for the North Caucasus that was conducted ... more The article presents work on creating a state language for the North Caucasus that was conducted in Poland in the interwar period. This was directed by the North Caucasian Languages Commission, which was created for this purpose and headed by Stanisław Siedlicki, an active activist of the Promethean movement. In the article I present the ideological background of the above activities, the members of the Committee and the results of their work. The Committee, which included both Polish scientists and representatives of North Caucasian emigrees, took the position that the most appropriate state language for the North Caucasus would be Kumyk. This was due to the fact that, according to the Commission, this language was the most widely spoken in the relevant region.
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus
The article presents the results of the studies on the contacts of representatives of the Polish ... more The article presents the results of the studies on the contacts of representatives of the Polish Independence camp led by Adam Czartoryski and Imam Shamil and his naibs. Based on the material, stored in the Library of Princes Czartoryski in Krakow, it can be assumed that the most active contacts occurred in the 1840’s. At the same time in Istanbul, as an agent of A. Czartoryski, Mikhail Czajkowski, the author of all letters sent by representatives of the Polish emigration to Shamil and his naibs, were staying. The correspondence is confirmed by the documents of the Library. Another important source is the memoirs of M. Czajkowski, supplementing the information of correspondence. From them it can be said that, most likely, the first letter was sent by the agent of Adam Czartoryski to imam in 1844, and the obligation to deliver it was taken by Ludwik Zverkovski. The next envoy with letters from M. Czajkowsky to Shamil was Kazimiezh Gordon. He was sent to the Caucasus in 1846, but most...
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Dec 1, 2016
S t u d i a z D z i e j ó w R o s j i i E u r o p y Ś r o d k o w o-W s c h o d n i e j ■ L I (2)
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2021
The article lays out the history of a Catholic church in Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk),... more The article lays out the history of a Catholic church in Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk), Dagestan, built in the fi rst half of the nineteenth century by Catholic soldiers, mainly of Polish origin, serving in the tsarist army. Th e author relies primarily on the archival materials stored in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan in Makhachkala and on memories of Poles. Th e article also briefl y presents the history of Poles and Catholicism in the Caucasus.
The Caucasus & Globalization vol. 6, pp. 39–48;, 2012
Everything that happened later around the conflicts in the territories of Abkhazia and South Osse... more Everything that happened later around the conflicts in the territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia drove Russian-Georgian relations into an impasse, where they remain to this day. Throughout the last decade the conflict around Abkhazia remained smoldering until August 2008, when as a result of the five-day war between Russia and Georgia Abkhazia was proclaimed independent. In one of his interviews, Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov said that relations between Russia and Georgia would never be the same as before. In a way, he was right; however Russia stands to lose as much as Georgia.
Slavonic and East European Review, 2022
Chojnacki (b. 1968)-one of the leaders of the Academic Association for Free Chechnia. He organize... more Chojnacki (b. 1968)-one of the leaders of the Academic Association for Free Chechnia. He organized, amongst others, humanitarian aid for the population of Samashki. During one of his trips to Chechnia he was kidnapped. Currently he is an employee of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2022
Iran and the Caucasus, 2022
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2020
Scientific Programming, 2021
The article deals with correspondence between the Polish independence party headed by Adam Czarto... more The article deals with correspondence between the Polish independence party headed by Adam Czartoryski and imam Shamil and his naibs. The main source base I relied on was archival documents now held at the Czartoryski Princes Library in Krakow, as well as the memoirs of Michal Czajkowski, who was Czartoryski’s agent in Istanbul in the 1840s.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2018
Iran and the Caucasus, 2021
The aim of this article is to present mainly those aspects of the interviews that concerned the r... more The aim of this article is to present mainly those aspects of the interviews that concerned the relationship of Mountain Jews to the Tats. In addition, issues regarding the language, identity, and relations of Mountain Jews with other ethnic groups are discussed. The article is based on interviews that were conducted as part of a research project “Between the Caucasus and Jerusalem: Mountain Jews in the Dialogue of Cultures” carried out by the “Sefer” Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization. This project aims to explore the history, culture, and identity of Mountain Jews. So far, two scientific expeditions have taken place—one in August 2018 and another in August 2019, both to southern Dagestan. Participants of the expedition were divided into two groups—epigraphic and ethnographic. The task of the ethnographic group was to conduct interviews with representatives of the Mountain Jew community living in southern Dagestan. In 2018, these were conducted in Derbent and Nyu...
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Dec 1, 2017
Вестник Российской академии наук, 2018
The perception of the Caucasus by Polish society is analyzed in the light of the Polish ethnopoli... more The perception of the Caucasus by Polish society is analyzed in the light of the Polish ethnopolitical myth, according to which Russia appears as an “historical enemy.” The myth’s influence is also traced in the concept of national security, formed by politicians. This myth has noticeably been manifested since Poland restored its independence after WWI but was not apparent for obvious reasons during the existence of the Polish People’s Republic, when the image of the “historical enemy” was formed in relation to Germany. The author concludes that the ethnopolitical myth predetermines Poles’ attitudes to movements for independence of ethnic groups that have no statehood at present. This attitude is of a positive hue primarily toward those movements that are aimed against Russia and that can allegedly hinder the political leverage of Poland’s “historical enemy.”
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2017
S t u d i a z D z i e j ó w R o s j i i E u r o p y Ś r o d k o w o-W s c h o d n i e j ■ L I I (1)
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Sep 1, 2017
The paper presents documents on the German and Georgian cooperation during the interwar period an... more The paper presents documents on the German and Georgian cooperation during the interwar period and World War II kept in the Polish archives in London. One of the documents, written by Edmund Charaszkiewicz, can be treated as a potential clue in the thesis that individual Georgian military men might have been agents of the German intelligence service, which also used Georgian emigrants with right- wing views who lived in Poland for its purposes. Another document, written by Simon Kobiaszwili, is dedicated to the explanation of what caused that some of the Georgian emigrants who stayed in Europe developed collaboration with the Germans during World War II. To a great extent, the paper also discusses the conflict in the community of Georgian emigrants in the interwar period and the policy of the Polish authorities toward the Georgian government in exile established by socialists.
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus, 2021
The issue of Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is still very poorly understood and until now no on... more The issue of Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is still very poorly understood and until now no one of the scientists has attempted to analyze this phenomenon. This is probably due to the very scant research material that can be relied on in the 21st century. Despite the passage of time, there are, however, sources that allow us to study Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus. It can be divided into four main groups: a) inscriptions on temples; b) epitaph; c) advertising epigraphs; d) graffiti, especially the kind called Style-Writing.Most of the Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is associated with the presence of Poles in this area at a time when part of the lands of the Commonwealth was part of the Russian Empire. How many Poles ended up in the Caucasus and when is difficult to calculate, at least due to the lack of statistical data taking into account nationality. Presumably, although accurate calculations on this issue were not published, recruits from the territory of the former Rzeczp...
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus
The article presents work on creating a state language for the North Caucasus that was conducted ... more The article presents work on creating a state language for the North Caucasus that was conducted in Poland in the interwar period. This was directed by the North Caucasian Languages Commission, which was created for this purpose and headed by Stanisław Siedlicki, an active activist of the Promethean movement. In the article I present the ideological background of the above activities, the members of the Committee and the results of their work. The Committee, which included both Polish scientists and representatives of North Caucasian emigrees, took the position that the most appropriate state language for the North Caucasus would be Kumyk. This was due to the fact that, according to the Commission, this language was the most widely spoken in the relevant region.
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus
The article presents the results of the studies on the contacts of representatives of the Polish ... more The article presents the results of the studies on the contacts of representatives of the Polish Independence camp led by Adam Czartoryski and Imam Shamil and his naibs. Based on the material, stored in the Library of Princes Czartoryski in Krakow, it can be assumed that the most active contacts occurred in the 1840’s. At the same time in Istanbul, as an agent of A. Czartoryski, Mikhail Czajkowski, the author of all letters sent by representatives of the Polish emigration to Shamil and his naibs, were staying. The correspondence is confirmed by the documents of the Library. Another important source is the memoirs of M. Czajkowski, supplementing the information of correspondence. From them it can be said that, most likely, the first letter was sent by the agent of Adam Czartoryski to imam in 1844, and the obligation to deliver it was taken by Ludwik Zverkovski. The next envoy with letters from M. Czajkowsky to Shamil was Kazimiezh Gordon. He was sent to the Caucasus in 1846, but most...
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Dec 1, 2016
S t u d i a z D z i e j ó w R o s j i i E u r o p y Ś r o d k o w o-W s c h o d n i e j ■ L I (2)
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2021
The article lays out the history of a Catholic church in Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk),... more The article lays out the history of a Catholic church in Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk), Dagestan, built in the fi rst half of the nineteenth century by Catholic soldiers, mainly of Polish origin, serving in the tsarist army. Th e author relies primarily on the archival materials stored in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan in Makhachkala and on memories of Poles. Th e article also briefl y presents the history of Poles and Catholicism in the Caucasus.
Wspomnienia Izmael-beka (Józefa) Pietrucina-Pietruszewskiego jako źródło do historii rewolucji lutowej i wojny na Kaukazie, 2023
Na ostateczny kształt publikacji wpłynęło kilka osób, którym chcielibyśmy podziękować za okazaną ... more Na ostateczny kształt publikacji wpłynęło kilka osób, którym chcielibyśmy podziękować za okazaną pomoc. Przede wszystkim jest to Julitta Surmacka, wnuczka Antoniny Kizniewicz z domu Mazanow, przyrodniej siostry Tatiany, która była żoną Izmael-beka Pietrucina-Pietruszewskiego. Podzieliła się ona wieloma cennymi informacjami dotyczącymi historii swojej rodziny. Oprócz niej wyrazy podziękowania należą się doktorowi Szachbanowi Chapizowowi, pracownikowi Instytutu Historii, Archeologii i Etnografii Dagestańskiego Federalnego Centra Badawczego Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk, bez którego pomocy nie można byłoby dotrzeć do dokumentu dotyczącego Pietrucina-Pietruszewskiego i znajdującego się w archiwum w Machaczkale, a także profesorowi Janowi Stanisławowi Ciechanowskiemu z Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, który podzielił się swoją wiedzą na temat dokumentów związanych z naszym bohaterem, przechowywanych w archiwach brytyjskich. Z kolei z Jurijem Koriakowem z Instytutu Językoznawstwa Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk Przemysław Adamczewski konsultował się w sprawie używania terminów Czerkiesi i Adygowie. Należy także zaznaczyć, że recenzenci rosyjskojęzycznego wydania prezentowanej pracy, wydanej przez Wydawnictwo Instytutu Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w 2022 roku, profesor Micheil Bachtadze z Tbiliskiego Uniwersytetu Państwowego i profesor Jacek Legieć z Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, wnieśli interesujące uwagi i przyczynili się do rozjaśnienia skomplikowanych kwestii, związanych z prezentowanymi wydarzeniami. Oczywiście, pełną odpowiedzialność za prezentowany Czytelnikom tekst niosą wyłącznie Autorzy. Younghusbanda 2 w "wielkiej grze" w Azji Środkowej, późniejszy generał, ataman Astrachańskiego Wojska Kozackiego. I wojna światowa stworzyła całkiem nowe okoliczności. W szeregach korpusu oficerskiego w przededniu wojny służyli Polacy, którzy pełnili zawodową służbę wojskową. Z momentem wybuchu konfliktu do armii zostali powołani oficerowie rezerwy, którzy wcześniej odbyli służbę jako tak zwani вольноопределяющиеся. Jednak straty bojowe, dotkliwe już w pierwszych miesiącach wojny, szczególnie wśród oficerów młodszych, spowodowały, że na przyspieszone kursy oficerskie, w szkołach wojskowych i szkołach chorążych zaczęli być wysyłani coraz liczniej ludzie niemający żadnego przygotowania wojskowego. Zmobilizowani i legitymujący się co najmniej wykształceniem pełnym podstawowym. W ten sposób w czasie Wielkiej Wojny wśród oficerów armii carskiej, w tym także Polaków, pojawiły się trzy grupy-oficerowie zawodowi, przed wojną absolwenci szkół wojskowych i akademii, rezerwiści oraz-najliczniejsi-oficerowie czasu wojny. Choć dokładnych danych brak, liczbę Polaków wśród oficerów rosyjskich w tym czasie należy szacować przynajmniej na kilkanaście tysięcy ludzi. Liczba poborowych, zmobilizowanych w szeregi sił zbrojnych, sięgnęła z pewnością setek tysięcy, z których ci, którzy legitymowali się odpowiednim wykształceniem, zasilili szybko szeregi korpusu oficerskiego 3. Przy czym-co niezwykle istotne-częściowo pod wpływem poglądów Romana Dmowskiego i w kontrze do Niemiec i ich polityki germanizacyjnej, znaczna część Polaków utożsamiała się na początku konfliktu z państwem carów. Jak czytamy we wspomnieniach: W 1915 roku o wycofujących się [z Królestwa Polskiego-J.W.] wojskach rosyjskich lud mówił "nasze odchodzą" i nie dawał się ani niepodległościowym ani socjalistycznym knowaniom 4. Boleśnie
Матеуш Гралевский (Гралак) родился 12 сентября 1826 года в Мазево около Ленчицы 1. Oн был родом и... more Матеуш Гралевский (Гралак) родился 12 сентября 1826 года в Мазево около Ленчицы 1. Oн был родом из крестьянской семьи, но в ходе службы на Кавказе ему было жаловано дворянство за безукоризненную службу, что позволило ему получить звание офицера. Об этих событиях автор сам упоминает в настоящей работе. Первоначально Гралевский учился в местной начальной школе, чему способствовал местный ксендз 2. Очень хорошие результаты Гралевского в учебе привлекли внимание землевладельца, сына профессора Вацлава Мацеёвского 3 , который обеспечил ему продолжение обучения в одной из варшавских гимназий 4. Он также был стажером в губернском правлении Мазовецкого воеводства 5. Примерно в это же время Гралевский стал членом тайной молодежной левой демократической освободительной 1 Ленчица-в настоящее время небольшой город (14 000 жи телей) в центральной части Польши в Лодзинском воеводстве. 2 Некролог: Mateusz Gralewski (Gralak) // Wisła. 1892. Т. 6. № 4. С. 1005. 3 Вацлав Мацеёвский (1792-1883)-историк права и культуры, славяновед. В 1819-1831 гг. был профессором в Варшавском Королевском университете, читал лекции по истории римского права. После Ноябрьского восстания и закрытия Варшавского университета работал в Духовной академии и на Юридических курсах.
Тема Горской Республики практически не рассматривается в работах польских ученых. Если и появляет... more Тема Горской Республики практически не рассматривается в работах польских ученых. Если и появляется информация про нее, то обычно при обсуждении других вопросов, в самой общей форме: максимум несколько предложений. На фоне крайне немногочисленных текстов, написанных поляками о ситуации на Северном Кавказе после падения царской России, особенно выделяются воспоминания Измаэль-бека (Юзефа 1) Петруцина-Петрушевского. Вероятно, он был единственным поляком в рядах тех, кто боролся за независимость Чечни и Дагестана во время Гражданской войны в России. Воспоминания были найдены в 1989 году профессором Ежи Кохановским из Варшавского университета. Тогда они находились в архиве польского Министерства внут ренних дел 2. Исследователь описал свою находку в четырех статьях. Первой была W wichrze rewolucji («В вих ре революции») 3 , опубликованная в 1991 го ду в журнале Karta, следу ющие две под названием Czeczeńskie przygody polskiego "zagończyka" («Че ченские приключения польского "загонщика"») появились в 1994 году на страницах журнала Mówią Wieki 4 и ежедневника Rzeczpospolita 5 , в то время как четвертая-Afera "Izmael-bek" («Афера "Измаэль-бек"»)-была издана в 1998 году снова на страни цах Karta 6. В настоящее время воспоминания Измаэль-бека Петруцина-Петрушевского находятся в Центральном военном архиве (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe) в Варшаве под номером I.303.2.2968. Они носят название Pamiętnik zagończyka («Мемуары загонщика»). Мемуары хранятся в виде машинописного текста на 204 односторонних страницах,
Polski mit etnopolityczny i Kaukaz, 2019
Резюме В книге Polski mit etnopolityczny i Kaukaz (рус. Польский этнополитический миф и Кавказ) я... more Резюме В книге Polski mit etnopolityczny i Kaukaz (рус. Польский этнополитический миф и Кавказ) я анализирую влияние этнополитического мифа, прежде всего его существенной части-образа России как «исторического врага», на способ представления в Польше истории Кавказа и процессов, происходящих в этом регионе. Работа состоит из введения, трех частей и заключения. Во введении я сосредоточился, прежде всего, на объяснении предмета исследований, а также на том, как на протяжении веков в польском обществе формировался образ России как «исторического врага». Кроме того, я представил несколько второстепенных вопросов, таких как развитие кавказоведческих исследований в Польше, низкий уровень которых способствует влиянию политического мифа на образ Кавказа, а также рассуждение о взаимосвязи между мифами и наукой. В первой части я показал причины включения Кавказа в польский этнополитический миф. Эта часть состоит из пяти глав. В первой главе проанализирована роль, которую кавказские народы играли в представлениях об этногенезе поляков и создании польского государства. Сторонником таких взглядов был также Адам Мицкевич, который среди историографов глубже всех разработал концепцию о влиянии населения, пришедшего с Кавказа, на формирование поляков как народа. Ввиду того, что Кавказ был охвачен польским этнополитическим мифом в XIX веке, я посвятил две последующие главы именно этому столетию. Первая из них касается создания образа этого региона авторами (журналистами, поэтами, авторами воспоминаний), которые опубликовали свои работы как в странах Западной Европы, где находились в изгнании, так и в захватнических странах-России, Пруссии и Австро-Венгрии. При этом было важно использовать деление на авторов, которые никогда не посещали Кавказ, и авторов, которые там побывали. Важным фактором специфического формирования образа Кавказа среди поляков стали планы эмиграции девятнадцатого века, в первую очередь сосредоточенной вокруг Адама Чарторыйского, касающиеся организации польско-кавказского вооруженного выступления против России. Это стало одной из главных причин появления мнения о существовании братства по оружию между поляками и кавказскими народами, которых угнетал один и тот же враг-Россия. Об этом повествует четвертая глава. В пятой главе я представил период Польской Народной Республики, когда укрепился образ польско-кавказского
Iran and the Caucasus, 2018