Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p73 is inhibited by PML - PubMed (original) (raw)

Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p73 is inhibited by PML

Francesca Bernassola et al. J Exp Med. 2004.

Abstract

p73 has been identified recently as a structural and functional homologue of the tumor suppressor p53. Here, we report that p73 stability is directly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we show that the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein modulates p73 half-life by inhibiting its degradation in a PML-nuclear body (NB)-dependent manner. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of p73 is required for p73 recruitment into the PML-NB and subsequent PML-dependent p73 stabilization. We find that p300-mediated acetylation of p73 protects it against ubiquitinylation and that PML regulates p73 stability by positively modulating its acetylation levels. As a result, PML potentiates p73 transcriptional and proapoptotic activities that are markedly impaired in Pml-/- primary cells. Our findings demonstrate that PML plays a crucial role in modulating p73 function, thus providing further insights on the molecular network for tumor suppression.

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Figures

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

p73 is degraded through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. (A) ts20 and ts41 cells were transfected with HA-p73α and either left at 34°C (lanes 1 and 3) or shifted to 40°C (lanes 2 and 4). Cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblot (IB) with anti-HA and anti–β-actin (top) antibodies. Expression of mRNA for p73 and β-actin was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis (bottom). (B) HCT-116(3) cells were either left untreated (lane 1) or incubated with 10 μM or lactacystin (lane 2) for 12 h. Cellular extracts were analyzed with anti-p73 antibody (clone 5B429). (C) Cos-1 cells were either transfected with the empty vector (lane 1) or with HA-Ub (lane 2) and treated with MG132 for 6 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a rabbit polyclonal anti-p73 antibody followed by IB with anti-HA antibody. (D) ts20 cells grown at 34°C were transiently transfected with HA-p73α alone or in combination with a constitutively active form of MKK6. 8 h after transfection, some cultures were shifted to 40°C. (E) Phosphorylation of p73 in H1299 cells transfected with HA-p73α alone (lane 1) or in combination with HA-MKK6 (lane 2). Cells were cultured in [32P]orthophosphate-containing medium for 3 h, and phosphorylation was assessed by autoradiography. (F) In vitro phosphorylation of human purified His-p73α by p38 MAPK. 6 μg His-p73α was incubated with 1.2 U of recombinant purified p38 MAPK. ATF-2 was included as a control.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

PML protects p73 from ubiquitinylation and proteasome-mediated degradation. (A and B) PML increases the half-life of both exogenous and endogenous p73. p73 half-life was measured upon CHX (20 μg/ml) addition in H1299 cells transfected with either HA-p73α alone or with PML (A) and in wild type and Pml −/− MEFs (B). Cells lysates were examined by IB using anti-HA (A) or anti-p73 (B, clone 5B429) antibody. (C) H1299 cells were cotransfected with the indicated plasmids for 24 h. Some cultures were incubated with MG132 (lanes 5 and 6). p73-Ub immunocomplexes were analyzed by IB analysis with anti-HA (top) and anti-GFP (bottom) antibodies. (D) Cos-1 cells were either transfected with the empty vector (lane 1) or with Flag-PML (lane 2) for 24 h. Cell lysates were analyzed with rabbit polyclonal anti-p73, anti-Flag, and anti–β-actin antibody. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis on p73 and β-actin mRNAs in Cos-1 cells was treated as aforementioned (bottom). (E) Cell lysates from wild type and Pml −/− MEFs were examined by IB using anti-p73 (clone 5B429) antibody. (F) Cos-1 cells were either left untreated (lane 1) or transfected with 200 pmol PML (lane 2) and Lamin A/C (lane 3) siRNA. After 48 h, cell lysates were prepared and analyzed for p73, PML, Lamin A/C, and β-actin expression by IB.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

p73 and PML physically interact in vivo. (A) H1299 cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors encoding HA-p73α along with Flag-PML. p73–PML complexes were analyzed by IP using a monoclonal anti-PML (PG-M3) followed by IB with anti-HA and anti-Flag antibodies. Unspecific bands were recognized by the anti-Flag antibody in extracts from cells that did not overexpress PML (lanes 5 and 6). (B) Saos-2 cells inducible for p73α expression were transfected with Flag-PML. 4 h after transfection, cells were either left untreated or stimulated with 2 μg/ml doxycycline (Dox) for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody, and the immunoprecipitate was analyzed by IB using anti-HA antibody. (C) Schematic presentation of the structure of PML and its deletion mutants. (D) p73 interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of PML in vivo (amino acids 436–633). Transformed 3T3 Pml −/− MEFs were cotransfected with GFP-p73α and full-length Flag-PML (lane 7), Flag-PML ΔRING (lane 8), Flag-PML RBCC (lane 9), or Flag-PML ΔXcmI. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody and the immunoprecipitate analyzed by IB using anti-HA antibody. Inputs for both p73 and PML expression are shown. The ΔRING mutant comigrated with unspecific bands recognized by the anti-Flag antibody in the extracts (lanes 4 and 8).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

p73 and PML colocalization within the PML-NBs is required for p73 stabilization (A) Representative image of Cos-1 cells costained with anti-p73 (green, clone 5B429) and anti-PML (red) antibodies and analyzed by confocal microscopy (left). Nuclei were visualized by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The arrows indicate p73-containing speckles. (right) A quantitative analysis of the green and red fluorescence intensity at distinct nuclear speckles as indicated by the yellow arrow. (B–D) GFP-p73α was overexpressed into wild type (B) and Pml −/− (C) MEFs. Full-length PML was cotransfected with GFP-p73α into Pml −/− MEFs (D). Nuclei were visualized by DAPI staining. The arrows indicate p73-containing PML-NBs. (E) Pml −/− MEFs were transiently transfected with HA-p73α alone (lane 1) or in combination with full-length Flag-PML (lane 2), Flag-PML ΔRING (lane 3), or PML-RARα (lane 4). Cell extracts were subjected to IB with anti-HA, anti-Flag, anti-RARα, and anti–β-actin antibodies. (bottom) Normalization of transfection efficiency by quantitation of GFP expression.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

p38 MAPK is required for PML-mediated inhibition of p73 degradation. (A) ts20 cells were cotransfected with HA-p73α, GFP-spectrin with (lanes 2 and 4) or without (lanes 1 and 3) Flag-PML for 48 h at 34°C. Some cultures were treated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (lanes 3 and 4). (B) ts20 cells were cotransfected with GFP-spectrin, HA-p73α alone (lanes 1 and 2) or in combination with PML (lanes 4 and 5) in the absence (lane 4) or in the presence (lane 5) of p38(A/F). Whole cell extracts were immunoblotted with anti-HA, anti-p38, anti–β-actin, or anti-HSP90 antibodies. (C) Transfection and IP experiments were performed as described in Fig. 3 A. 8 h after transfection, cells were incubated with SB 202190 or DMSO for 20 h. (D) Wild-type MEFs were transfected with GFP-p73α and either left untreated or incubated with SB 202190 for 20 h. Cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Nuclei were visualized by DAPI staining. The arrows indicate p73-containing speckles. As a control, wild-type MEFs were also transfected with a GFP expression vector and stained with anti-PML (red) antibody (right).

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

PML-regulated acetylation of p73 by p300 protects p73 against degradation. (A) GFP-p73α and HA-Ub were expressed in 293T cells in the absence (lane 3) or in the presence (lane 4) of p300bromo-HAT for 24 h. Cells were incubated with 1 μM trichostatin A (TSA) and 1 mM niacinamide for the last 12 h of transfection. After IP of GFP-p73, ubiquitinylation levels of p73 were detected with anti-HA antibody. Acetylated and unacetylated p73 in the immunoprecipitates were determined with anti–acetyl-lysine and anti-GFP antibody, respectively. (B) 293T cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding GFP-p73α alone (lane 1) or in combination with p300bromo-HAT (lanes 2–6), in the absence (lane 2) or in the presence (lanes 3–6) of decreasing doses of HA-Ub for 24 h. Treatment with deacetylase inhibitors and IP experiments were performed as described in A. (C and D) Transformed 3T3 Pml−/− MEFs were transiently transfected with GFP-p73α alone (lane 1) or along with p300 in the absence (lane 2) or in the presence of full-length Flag-PML (lane 3), Flag-PML-ΔRING (lane 4), or Flag-PML-RARα (lane 5) for 24 h. Cells were incubated with deacetylase inhibitors for 8 h. p73 was immunoprecipitated using anti-GFP antibody followed by IB with anti–acetyl-lysine antibody (C). Whole cell extracts were immunoblotted with anti-GFP, anti-Flag, and anti–β-actin antibodies (D).

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

PML is required for p73 transcriptional and proapoptotic activity. (A) A bax promoter-driven luciferase reporter plasmid (bax-Luc) alone or in combination with p73α was transfected into wild type and Pml−/− MEFs, and luciferase activity was assayed 48 h after transfection. pRL-TK vector was included to normalize transfection efficiency, and reporter basal luciferase activity was normalized as 1. Values are mean ± SEM of two separate experiments each performed in duplicate. (B) Wild type and Pml−/− MEFs were retrovirally transduced with a pBabe-p73α construct for 48 h, selected in puromycin-containing medium for 3 d, and scored for apoptosis by FACS® analysis using propidium iodide staining. Values are mean ± SEM of two separate experiments each performed in duplicate. (C) A model for PML-mediated protection against p73 degradation. PML inhibits p73 ubiquitin-dependent degradation (left). PML controls p73 stability by regulating p73 acetylation levels in the PML-NB, thereby preventing its ubiquitinylation (right).

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