Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure - PubMed (original) (raw)

Meta-Analysis

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure

Linda Long et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019.

Update in

• Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure.
  Molloy C, Long L, Mordi IR, Bridges C, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Rees K, Singh SJ, Taylor RS. Molloy C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Mar 7;3(3):CD003331. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub6. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024. PMID: 38451843

Abstract

Background: Chronic heart failure (HF) is a growing global health challenge. People with HF experience substantial burden that includes low exercise tolerance, poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL), increased risk of mortality and hospital admission, and high healthcare costs. The previous (2014) Cochrane systematic review reported that exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) compared to no exercise control shows improvement in HRQoL and hospital admission among people with HF, as well as possible reduction in mortality over the longer term, and that these reductions appear to be consistent across patient and programme characteristics. Limitations noted by the authors of this previous Cochrane Review include the following: (1) most trials were undertaken in patients with HF with reduced (< 45%) ejection fraction (HFrEF), and women, older people, and those with preserved (≥ 45%) ejection fraction HF (HFpEF) were under-represented; and (2) most trials were undertaken in the hospital/centre-based setting.

Objectives: To determine the effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality, hospital admission, and health-related quality of life of people with heart failure.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and three other databases on 29 January 2018. We also checked the bibliographies of systematic reviews and two trial registers.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that compared exercise-based CR interventions with six months' or longer follow-up versus a no exercise control that could include usual medical care. The study population comprised adults (> 18 years) with evidence of HF - either HFrEF or HFpEF.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened all identified references and rejected those that were clearly ineligible for inclusion in the review. We obtained full papers of potentially relevant trials. Two review authors independently extracted data from the included trials, assessed their risk of bias, and performed GRADE analyses.

Main results: We included 44 trials (5783 participants with HF) with a median of six months' follow-up. For this latest update, we identified 11 new trials (N = 1040), in addition to the previously identified 33 trials. Although the evidence base includes predominantly patients with HFrEF with New York Heart Association classes II and III receiving centre-based exercise-based CR programmes, a growing body of studies include patients with HFpEF and are undertaken in a home-based setting. All included studies included a no formal exercise training intervention comparator. However, a wide range of comparators were seen across studies that included active intervention (i.e. education, psychological intervention) or usual medical care alone. The overall risk of bias of included trials was low or unclear, and we downgraded results using the GRADE tool for all but one outcome.Cardiac rehabilitation may make little or no difference in all-cause mortality over the short term (≤ one year of follow-up) (27 trials, 28 comparisons (2596 participants): intervention 67/1302 (5.1%) vs control 75/1294 (5.8%); risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.21; low-quality GRADE evidence) but may improve all-cause mortality in the long term (> 12 months follow up) (6 trials/comparisons (2845 participants): intervention 244/1418 (17.2%) vs control 280/1427 (19.6%) events): RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.02; high-quality evidence). Researchers provided no data on deaths due to HF. CR probably reduces overall hospital admissions in the short term (up to one year of follow-up) (21 trials, 21 comparisons (2182 participants): (intervention 180/1093 (16.5%) vs control 258/1089 (23.7%); RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.83; moderate-quality evidence, number needed to treat: 14) and may reduce HF-specific hospitalisation (14 trials, 15 comparisons (1114 participants): (intervention 40/562 (7.1%) vs control 61/552 (11.1%) RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.84; low-quality evidence, number needed to treat: 25). After CR, a clinically important improvement in short-term disease-specific health-related quality of life may be evident (Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaire - 17 trials, 18 comparisons (1995 participants): mean difference (MD) -7.11 points, 95% CI -10.49 to -3.73; low-quality evidence). Pooling across all studies, regardless of the HRQoL measure used, shows there may be clinically important improvement with exercise (26 trials, 29 comparisons (3833 participants); standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.60, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.39; I² = 87%; Chi² = 215.03; low-quality evidence). ExCR effects appeared to be consistent different models of ExCR delivery: centre vs. home-based, exercise dose, exercise only vs. comprehensive programmes, and aerobic training alone vs aerobic plus resistance programmes.

Authors' conclusions: This updated Cochrane Review provides additional randomised evidence (11 trials) to support the conclusions of the previous version (2014) of this Cochane Review. Compared to no exercise control, CR appears to have no impact on mortality in the short term (< 12 months' follow-up). Low- to moderate-quality evidence shows that CR probably reduces the risk of all-cause hospital admissions and may reduce HF-specific hospital admissions in the short term (up to 12 months). CR may confer a clinically important improvement in health-related quality of life, although we remain uncertain about this because the evidence is of low quality. Future ExCR trials need to continue to consider the recruitment of traditionally less represented HF patient groups including older, female, and HFpEF patients, and alternative CR delivery settings including home- and using technology-based programmes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rod Taylor and Hayes Dalal are co‐lead investigators on an ongoing National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research‐funded study ‐ Rehabilitation Enablement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH‐HF) ‐ to develop and evaluate the costs and outcomes of a home‐based self‐help heart failure exercise rehabilitation manual (RP‐PG‐1210‐12004). Rod Taylor declares that he is an author on three included studies – Jolly et al (2009); Lang et al (2018); and Dalal et al (2018). He was not involved in the latest round of risk of bias assessments for this updated review.

Linda Long has no conflicts of interest.

Ify Mordi has no conflicts of interest.

Charlene Bridges has no conflicts of interest.

Viral Segar has no conflicts of interest.

Edward Davies has no conflicts of interest.

Andrew Coats has no conflicts of interest.

Karen Rees has no conflicts of interest.

Sally Singh has no conflicts of interest.

Figures

1

Study flow diagram.

2

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

3

Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.

4

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All exercise interventions versus usual care, outcome: 1.1 All‐cause mortality up to 12 months' follow‐up.

5

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All exercise interventions versus usual care, outcome: 1.3 Hospital admission up to 12 months' follow‐up.

6

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All exercise interventions versus usual care, outcome: 1.5 Hospital admission heart failure only.

7

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All exercise interventions versus usual care, outcome: 1.6 Health‐related quality of life ‐ MLWHF up to 12 months' follow‐up.

8

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All exercise interventions versus usual care, outcome: 1.7 Health‐related quality of life ‐ MLWHF and other scales up to 12 months' follow‐up.

Update of

• Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure.
  Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Lough F, Rees K, Singh S. Taylor RS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 27;2014(4):CD003331. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub4. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. PMID: 24771460 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

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References

References to studies included in this review

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Lang 2018 {published data only}

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McKelvie 2002 {published data only}

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Mehani 2013 {published data only}

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Mueller 2007 {published data only}

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Myers 2000 {published data only}

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Nilsson 2008 {published data only}

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Norman 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Norman JF, Pozehl BJ, Duncan KA, Hertzog MA, Krueger SK. Effects of exercise training versus attention on plasma B‐type natriuretic peptide, 6‐minute walk test and quality of life in individuals with heart failure. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 2012;23:19‐25. - PMC - PubMed
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Pozehl 2008 {published data only}

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Reeves 2017 {published data only}

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Witham 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Witham MD, Gray JM, Argo IS, Johnston DW, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. Effect of a seated exercise program to improve physical function and health status in frail patients > or = 70 years of age with heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2005;95(9):1120‐4. [PUBMED: 15842989] - PubMed

Witham 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Witham MD, Fulton RL, Greig CA, Johnston DW, Lang CC, Pol M, et al. Efficacy and cost of an exercise program for functionally impaired older patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation: Heart Failure 2012;5:209‐16. - PubMed

Yeh 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Yeh GY, McCarthy EP, Wayne PM, Stevenson LW, Wood MJ, Davis RB, et al. Tai chi exercise in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171:750‐7. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abreu 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Abreu A, Santa CH, Santos V, Morais L, Oliveira L, Portugal G, et al. High intensity interval training effects in patients with heart failure submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy. European Heart Journal 2015;36:461‐2.

Adamopoulos 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, Georgiadis M, Karatzas D, Karavolias G, et al. Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal 2001;22(9):791‐7. - PubMed

Agvall 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Agvall B, Alehagen U, Dahlstrom U. The benefits of using a heart failure management programme in Swedish primary healthcare. European Journal of Heart Failure 2013;15(2):228‐36. - PubMed

Ahmad 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Ahmad T, Fiuzat M, Mark DB, Neely B, Neely M, Kraus WE, et al. The effects of exercise on cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure. American Heart Journal 2014;167(2):193‐202. - PMC - PubMed

Alves 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Alves AJ, Ribeiro F, Goldhammer E, Rivlin Y, Rosenschein U, Viana JL, et al. Exercise training improves diastolic function in heart failure patients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2012;44:776‐85. - PubMed

Ambrosy 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Ambrosy AP, Cerbin L, DeVore A, Greene S, Kraus WE, O'Connor C, et al. Aerobic exercise training and health status in ambulatory heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction: an analysis from the HF‐ACTION trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016;1:1312. - PubMed

Ambrosy 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Ambrosy AP, Cerbin L, DeVore A, Greene S, Kraus WE, O’Connor C, et al. Aerobic exercise training and health status in ambulatory heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction: An analysis from the HF‐action trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016;67(13):1312. - PubMed
2. 1. Ambrosy AP, Cerbin LP, DeVore AD, Greene SJ, Kraus WE, O'Conner CM, et al. Aerobic exercise training and general health status in ambulatory heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction ‐ findings from the Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF‐ACTION) trial. American Heart Journal 2016;186:130‐7. - PubMed

Aronov 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Aronov DMB, Anzimirova NV, Novikova NK. Efficacy of the physical training in patients with heart failure after myocardial infarction. European Journal of Heart Failure Abstracts Supplement 2015;17(Suppl 1, 5‐441):109. (P466).

Ascione 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Ascione A, Aversa M, Attena E, Sciarappa A, Borgia M, Parato V, Sangiuolo R. Benefits of exercise training in type2 diabetic patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2013;1:S100.

Bachman 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Bachmann C. Effect of endurance training and hawthorn extract WS 1442 in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Ganzheitsmedizin 2015;27(5):264‐7.

Banks 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Banks AZ, Mentz R, Stebbins A, Mikus C, Schulte P, Fleg J, et al. Response to exercise training and outcomes in heart failure patients with diabetes mellitus: insights from HF‐ACTION. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2015;1:A1034.

Barrow 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Barrow DE, Bedford A, Ives G, O'Toole L, Channer KS. An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Chi Kung training in patients with symptomatic heart failure: a randomised controlled pilot study. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2008;83(985):717‐21. - PMC - PubMed

Belardinelli 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Faccenda E, Purcaro A, Perna G. Effects of short‐term moderate exercise training on sexual function in male patients with chronic stable heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2005;101(1):83‐90. - PubMed

Belardinelli 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Cianci G, Purcaro A. A 10‐year exercise training in chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2012;60:1521‐8. - PubMed

Bernocchi 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Bernocchi P, Scalvini S, Galli T, Paneroni M, Baratti D, Turla O, et al. A multidisciplinary telehealth program in patients with combined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):462. - PMC - PubMed

Bittencourt 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Bittencourt L, Servante D, Javaheri S, Tufik S. Effects of exercise training and CPAP in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2015;38:A177.

Borland 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Borland M, Rosenkvist A, Cider A. A group‐based exercise program did not improve physical activity in patients with chronic heart failure and comorbidity: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2014;46(5):461‐7. - PubMed

Boyd 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Boyd AM. Regular exercise improves weight stability in patients with advanced heart failure. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 2015;9(5):297‐304. - PubMed

Brand 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Brand AVADA, Giverts IYU, Gnedina AA, Dikur ON, Doletsky AA, Kuzmina ER, et al. Impact of short‐term aerobic training program on long‐term cardiovascular mortality in patients with systolic heart failure. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2014;1:575.

Briffa 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Briffa TG, Eckermann SD, Griffiths AD, Harris PJ, Heath MR, Freedman SB, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of rehabilitation after an acute coronary event: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2005;183(9):450‐5. - PubMed

Brotons 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Brotons C, Falces C, Alegre J, Ballarín E, Casanovas J, Catà T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a home‐based intervention in patients with heart failure: the IC‐DOM study. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 2009;62:400‐8. - PubMed

Cameron 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Cameron J, Rendell PG, Ski CF, Kure CE, McLennan SM, Rose NS, et al. PROspective MEmory Training to improve HEart failUre Self‐care (PROMETHEUS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:196. - PMC - PubMed

Chang 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Chang B, Zhang X, Peng W. Movement training for exercise tolerance and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9(23):241‐2.

Chrysohoou 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Chrysohoou C, Tsitsinakis G, Tsiachris D, Vogiatzis J, Tsantilas A, Dimopoulos D, et al. High intensity, interval exercise improves the quality of life and psychological status of patients with chronic heart failure: a phase III randomized clinical trial. European Heart Journal 2013;34:670.

Chrysohoou 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Chrysohoou C, Tsitsinakis G, Vogiatzis I, Cherouveim E, Antoniou C, Tsiantilas A, et al. High intensity, interval exercise improves quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. QJM 2014;107(1):25‐32. - PubMed

Chrysohoou 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Chrysohoou C, Tsitsinakis G, Aggelis A, Herouvim E, Tsiachris D, Vogiatzis I, et al. High‐intensity interval training combined with strength exercise effect on aorto‐ventricular coupling in patients with chronic heart failure. A randomized phase III clinical trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2016;18:115.

Coats 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Coats A, Adamopoulos S, Radaelli A, McCance A, Meyer TE, Bernardi L, et al. Controlled trial of physical training in chronic heart failure. Exercise performance, haemodynamics, ventilation and autonomic function. Circulation 1992;85(6):2119‐31. - PubMed

Collins 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Collins E, Langbein WE, Dilan‐Koetje J, Bammert C, Hanson K, Reda D, et al. Effects of exercise training on aerobic capacity and quality of life in individuals with heart failure. Heart Lung 2004;33(3):154‐61. - PubMed

Corvera‐Tindel 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Corvera‐Tindel T, Doering LV, Woo MA, Khan S, Dracup K. Effects of a home walking exercise program on functional status and symptoms in heart failure. American Heart Journal 2004;147(2):339‐46. - PubMed

Cowie 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Cowie A, Thow MK, Granat MH, Mitchell SL. A comparison of home‐ and hospital‐based exercise training in heart failure: immediate and long‐term effects upon physical activity level. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2011;18:158‐66. - PubMed

Cowie 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Cowie A, Thow MK, Granat MH, Mitchell SL. Effects of home‐ versus hospital‐based exercise training in chronic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2012;158(2):296‐8. - PubMed

Deng 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Deng Y, Zhang H, Wang F, lui S, Bi Y. Effects of six‐minutes walking training on left ventricular ejection fractions and motor ability in chronic heart failure patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;7(18):2542‐3.

Dingli 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Xu D, Wang B, Hou Y, Hui H, Meng S, Liu Y. The effects of exercise training on plasma tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, blood leucocyte and its components in congestive heart failure patients. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine 2002;41(4):237‐40. - PubMed

Doukky 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Doukky R, Mangla A, Ibrahim Z, Poulin MF, Avery E, Collado FM, et al. Impact of physical inactivity on mortality in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2016;117(7):1135‐43. - PMC - PubMed

Duncan 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Duncan K, Pozehl B, Hertzog M, Norman JF. Psychological responses and adherence to exercise in heart failure. Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 2014;39(3):130‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Edelmann 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Edelmann F, Gelbrich G, Düngen HD, Fröhling S, Wachter R, Stahrenberg R, et al. Exercise training improves exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results of the Ex‐DHF (exercise training in diastolic heart failure) pilot study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;58:1780‐91. - PubMed

Erbs 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Erbs S, Linke A, Gielen S, Fiehn E, Walther C, Yu J, et al. Exercise training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: impact on left ventricular performance and cardiac size. A retrospective analysis of the Leipzig Heart Failure Training Trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2003;10(5):223‐44. - PubMed

Erbs 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Erbs S, Hollriegel R, Linke A, Beck EB, Adams V, Gielen S, et al. Exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA IIIb) promotes restoration of peripheral vasomotor function, induction of endogenous regeneration, and improvement of left ventricular function. Circulation. Heart Failure 2010;3(4):486‐94. [PUBMED: 20430934] - PubMed

ExTraMATCH 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Piepoli MF, Davos C, Francis DP, Coats AJ. Exercise training: meta‐analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH). BMJ 2004;328(7433):189. - PMC - PubMed

Fernhall 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Fernhall B. Long‐term aerobic exercise maintains peak VO(2), improves quality of life, and reduces hospitalisations and mortality in patients with heart failure. Journal of Physiotherapy 2013;59(1):56. - PubMed

Fischer 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Fischer T, Alves M, Rolim N, Werner S, Schuett N, Bowen TS, et al. High intensity interval training attenuates endothelial dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;1:S160. - PubMed

Franco 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Mello Franco FG, Santos AC, Rondon MU, Trombetta IC, Strunz C, Braga AM, et al. Effects of home‐based exercise training on neurovascular control in patients with heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2006;8(8):851‐5. - PubMed

Fu 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Fu TC, Wang CH, Lin PS, Hsu CC, Cherng WJ, Huang SC, et al. Aerobic interval training improves oxygen uptake efficiency by enhancing cerebral and muscular hemodynamics in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2013;167(1):41‐50. - PubMed

Galenko 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Galenko VLLTA, Sitnikova MY. The analysis of efficiency of physical rehabilitation of patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2016;18:54.

Gary 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Gary RA, Sueta CA, Dougherty M, Rosenberg B, Cheek D, Preisser J, et al. Home‐based exercise improves functional performance and quality of life in women with diastolic heart failure. Heart Lung 2004;33(4):210‐8. - PubMed

Gary 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Gary R, Lee SY. Physical function and quality of life in older women with diastolic heart failure: effects of a progressive walking program on sleep patterns. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 2007;22(2):72‐80. [PUBMED: 17541316] - PubMed

Gelbrich 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Gelbrich G, Störk S, Kreißl‐Kemmer S, Faller H, Prettin C, Heuschmann P, et al. Effects of structured heart failure disease management on mortality and morbidity depend on patients' mood: results from the Interdisciplinary Network for Heart Failure Study. European Journal of Heart Failure 2014;16(10):1133‐41. - PubMed

Haykowsky 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Haykowsky MJ, Liang Y, Pechter D, Jones LW, McAlister FA, Clark AM. A meta‐analysis of the effect of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling in heart failure patients: the benefit depends on the type of training performed. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;19:2329‐36. - PubMed

Hollriegal 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Hollriegel R, Winzer EB, Linke A, Adams V, Mangner N, Sandri M, et al. Long‐term exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure: sustained benefits on left ventricular performance and exercise capacity. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation & Prevention 2016;36(2):117‐24. - PubMed

Huang 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Huang WLYL. Cardiac rehabilitation in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014;62:S367. (P106).

Hwang 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Hwang R, Morris N, Mandrusiak A, Mudge A, Suna J, Adsett J, et al. Timed up and go test: a reliable test in patients with chronic heart failure?. Heart Lung and Circulation 2015;24:S458. - PubMed

Hwang 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Hwang R, Bruning J, Mandrusiak A, Morris N, Russell T. Providing heart failure rehabilitation in the home via telerehabilitation. Heart Lung and Circulation 2016;25:54.

Inglis 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Inglis SC, Pearson S, Treen S, Gallasch T, Horowitz JD, Stewart S. Extending the horizon in chronic heart failure: effects of multidisciplinary, home‐based intervention relative to usual care. Circulation 2006;114(23):2466‐73. - PubMed

Jónsdóttir 2006b {published data only}

1. 1. Jónsdóttir S, Andersen KK, Sigurosson AF, Sigurosson SB. The effect of physical training in chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2006;1(97):97‐101. - PubMed

Kaltsatou 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Kaltsatou A, Kouidi E, Anifanti M, Douka S, Deligiannis A. Functional and psychosocial effects of exercise training with traditional dancing in patients with chronic heart failure EBTR. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2013;1:S31.

Kelly 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Kelly JP, Dunning A, Schulte PJ, Fiuzat M, Leifer ES, Fleg JL, et al. Statins and exercise training response in heart failure patients: insights from HF‐ACTION. JACC Heart Failure 2016;4(8):617‐24. - PMC - PubMed

Keteyian 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Keteyian SJ, Patel M, Kraus WE, Brawner CA, McConnell TR, Piña IL, et al. Variables measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing as predictors of mortality in chronic systolic heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) 2016;67(7):780‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Kiilavuori 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Kiilavuori K, Näveri H, Salmi T, Härkönen M. The effect of physical training on hormonal status and exertional hormonal response in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. European Heart Journal 1999;20:456‐64. - PubMed

Kitzman 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Morgan TM, Stewart KP, Little WC. Exercise training in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial. Circulation: Heart Failure 2010;3:659‐67. - PMC - PubMed

Kitzman 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Herrington DM, Morgan TM, Stewart KP, Hundley WG, et al. Effect of endurance exercise training on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;62(7):584‐92. - PMC - PubMed

Kitzman 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Morgan TM, Haykowsky MJ, Hundley WG, Kraus W, et al. Effect of caloric restriction of aerobic exercise training on peak oxygen consumption and quality of life in obese older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315(1):36‐46. - PMC - PubMed

Kobayashi 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Kobayashi N, Tsuruya Y, Iwasawa T, Ikeda N, Hashimoto S, Yasu T, et al. Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure improves endothelial function predominantly in the trained extremities . Circulation 2003;67(6):505‐10. - PubMed

Kolesnikova 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Kolesnikova EAG, Rylova A, Lobzeva V. Physical rehabilitation in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation 2015;131:AP 385.

Korzeniowska‐Kubacka 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Korzeniowska‐Kubacka I, Bilińska M, Michalak E, Kuśmierczyk‐Droszcz B, Dobraszkiewicz‐Wasilewska B, Piotrowicz R. Influence of exercise training on left ventricular diastolic function and its relationship to exercise capacity in patients after myocardial infarction. Cardiology 2010;23:136‐42. - PubMed

Koufaki 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Koufaki P, Mercer TH, George KP, Nolan J. Low‐volume high‐intensity interval training vs continuous aerobic cycling in patients with chronic heart failure: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial of feasibility and effectiveness. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2014;46(4):348‐56. - PubMed

Koukoui 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Koukoui F, Desmoulin F, Lairy G, Bleinc D, Boursiquot L, Galinier M, et al. Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure patients according to etiology: INCARD French study. Medicine 2015;94(7):e544. - PMC - PubMed

Larsen 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Larsen P, Pedersen PU. The effectiveness of individual rehabilitation on health status in patients with heart failure: a quasi‐experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2016;22(1):15‐21. - PubMed

Lewinter 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Lewinter CTL, Doherty P, Kober L, Zwisler AD. Effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in HF patients: a long‐term follow‐up of the DANREHAB‐trial. European Journal of Heart Failure Abstarcts Supplement 2014;16(Suppl 2):60.

Lloyd‐Williams 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Lloyd‐Williams F, Mair FS, Leitner M. Exercise training and heart failure: a systematic review of current evidence. British Journal of General Practice 2002;52(474):47‐55. - PMC - PubMed

Masterson 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Masterson CRM, Lee CS, Margulies K, Ellis S, Riegel B. Exercise in heart failure and patterns of inflammation and myocardial stress over time. Circulation 2014;130(Suppl 2):A11902.

McCarthy 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. McCarthy M. Exercise Counseling in Low‐Income Ethnic Minority Individuals With Heart Failure: A Pilot Study [PhD Thesis]. New York (USA): New York University 2013.

Mediano 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Mediano MFF, Mendes F, Pinto VLM, Silva GMS, Silva PS, Carneiro FM, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with Chagas heart failure: a single‐arm pilot study. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical 2016;49(3):319‐28. - PubMed

Mehralian 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Mehralian H, Salehi S, Moghaddasi J, Amiri M, Rafiei H. The comparison of the effects of education provided by nurses on the quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) in usual and home‐visit cares in Iran. Global Journal of Health Science 2014;6(3):256‐60. - PMC - PubMed

Mendes 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Mendes RG, Simoes RP, Costa Fde S, Pantoni CB, Thommazo‐Luporini L, Luzzi S, et al. Is applying the same exercise‐based inpatient program to normal and reduced left ventricular function patients the best strategy after coronary surgery? A focus on autonomic cardiac response. Disability & Rehabilitation 2014;36(2):155‐62. - PubMed

Meyer 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Meyer T, Görge G, Schwaab B, Hildebrandt K, Walldorf J, Schäfer C, et al. An alternative approach for exercise prescription and efficacy testing in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled training study. American Heart Journal 2005;149(5):e1‐7. - PubMed

Molloy 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Molloy GJ, Johnston DW, Gao C, Witham MD, Gray JM, Argo IS, et al. Effects of an exercise intervention for older heart failure patients on caregiver burden and emotional distress. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2006;13(3):381‐7. - PubMed

Myers 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Myers J, Gianrossi R, Schwitter J, Wagner D, Dubach P. Reduced ventricular function oxygen uptake kinetics in patients with effect of exercise training on postexercise. Chest 2001;120(4):1206‐11. - PubMed

Myers 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Myers J, Wagner D, Schertler T, Beer M, Luchinger R, Klein M, et al. Effects of exercise training on left ventricular volumes and function in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: application of magnetic resonance myocardial tagging. American Heart Journal 2002;144(4):719‐25. - PubMed

Myers 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Myers J, Hadley D, Oswald U, Bruner K, Kottman W, Hsu L, et al. Effects of exercise training on heart rate recovery in patients with chronic heart failure. American Heart Journal 2007;152(6):1056‐63. - PubMed

Newton 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Newton P, Du H, Everett B, Salamonson Y, Davidson P. Home heart walk to improve self‐care in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Heart Lung and Circulation 2013;22(Suppl 1):S242.

Niebauer 2005a {published data only}

1. 1. Niebauer J, Clark AL, Webb‐Peploe KM, Coats AJ. Exercise training in chronic heart failure: effects on pro‐inflammatory markers. European Journal of Heart Failure 2005;7(2):189‐93. - PubMed

Niebauer 2005b {published data only}

1. 1. Niebauer J, Clark AL, Webb‐Peploe KM, Böger R, Coats AJ. Home‐based exercise training modulates pro‐oxidant substrates in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2005;7(2):183‐8. - PubMed

Oka 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Oka RK, Marco T, Haskell WL, Botvinick E, Dae MW, Bolen K, et al. Impact of a home‐based walking and resistance training program on quality of life in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;85(3):365‐9. - PubMed

Oliveira 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Oliveira MF, Santos RL, Mendez VM, Sperandio PA, Umeda II, Correa EB, et al. Safety and efficacy of non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training in patients with acute heart failure. A randomized prospective controlled study. Circulation 2015;132(Suppl 3):A15821.

Owen 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Owen A, Croucher L. Effect of an exercise programme for elderly patients with heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2000;2(1):65‐70. - PubMed

Parnell 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Parnell MM, Holst DP, Kaye DM. Exercise training increases arterial compliance in patients with congestive heart failure. Clinical Science (London) 2002;102(1):1‐7. - PubMed

Passino 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Passino C, Ry S, Severino S, Gabutti A, Prontera C, Clerico A, et al. C‐type natriuretic peptide expression in patients with chronic heart failure: effects of aerobic training. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2008;15:168‐72. - PubMed

Pinto 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Pinto R, Abreu A, Santos V, Melo X, Cunha P, Oliveira M, et al. Optimizing patient benefit from CRT response with the addition of high intensity interval training ‐ a randomized controlled trial. European Heart Journal 2015;36:516.

Piotrowicz 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Piotrowicz E, Zielinski T, Bodalski R, Rywik T, Dobraszkiewicz‐Wasilewska B, Sobieszczanska‐Malek M, et al. Home‐based telemonitored Nordic walking training is well accepted, safe, effective and has high adherence among heart failure patients, including those with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a randomised controlled study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;22(11):1368‐77. - PubMed

Ponikowski 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Ponikowski P, Szelemej R, Kowalska‐Superlak M, Kratochwil D, Sobkowicz B, Sebzda T, et al. Exercise rehabilitation in patients with moderate‐severe chronic heart failure. Kardiologia Polska 1997;47(10):291‐300.

Pozehl 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Pozehl B, Duncan K, Krueger S, VerMaas P. Adjunctive effects of exercise training in heart failure patients receiving maximum pharmacologic therapy. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 2003;18(4):177‐83. - PubMed

Pu 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Pu CT, Johnson MT, Forman DE, Hausdorff JM, Roubenoff R, Foldvari M, et al. Randomized trial of progressive resistance training to counteract the myopathy of chronic heart failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(6):2341‐50. - PubMed

Roscani 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Roscani MG, Valadao TFC, Ribeiro FHO, Araujo Junior JA, Rossi DAA, Borra RC, et al. What is the role of diastolic function in the quality of life and functional capacity of patients with heart failure undergoing a combined exercise program. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2016;29(6):B126.

Sabelis 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Sabelis LW, Senden PJ, Boekhorst BC, Hulzebos HJ, Wiel A, Haeften TW, et al. Does physical training increase insulin sensitivity in chronic heart failure patients?. Clinical Science (London) 2004;106(5):459‐66. - PubMed

Santos 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Santos VT, Abreu A, Pinto R, Melo X, Cunha P, Oliveira M, et al. Effectiveness of high intensity interval training on cardiac remodelling in cardiac resynchronization therapy responders and non‐responders: a randomized control trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;1:S95.

Sarullo 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Sarullo MF, Gristina T, Brusca I, Milia S, Raimondi R, Sajeva M, et al. Effect of physical training on exercise capacity, gas exchange and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2006;13(5):812‐7. - PubMed

Scalvini 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Scalvini SBP, Baratti D, Gatti T, Paneroni M, Rovere MT, Volterrani M, Vitacca M. Multidisciplinary telehealth program for patients affected by chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Heart Failure (Abstracts for European Society of Cardiology) 2016;94:P391.

Schuang 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Shuang G, Yue L, Bin Y. Observation of effects of individualized rehabilitation guidance on patients with heart failure after myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2014;1:C187.

Selig 2004 {published data only}

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ACTR12608000263392 {published data only}

1. 1. Mudge AM, Denaro CP, Scott AC, Atherton JJ, Meyers DE, Marwick TH, et al. Addition of supervised exercise training to a post‐hospital disease management program for patients recently hospitalized with acute heart failure: the EJECTION‐HF randomized phase 4 trial. JACC: Heart Failure 2018;6(2):143‐52. - PubMed
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NCT01785121 {published data only}

1. 1. Jaarsma T, Klompstra L, Ben Gal T, Boyne J, Vellone E, Back M, et al. Increasing exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with heart failure through Wii gaming: the rationale, design and methodology of the HF‐Wii study; a multicentre randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2015;17:743‐8. - PMC - PubMed

NCT02078947 {published data only}

1. 1. Suchy C, Massen L, Rognmo O, Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Kraigher‐Krainer E, et al. Optimising exercise training in prevention and treatment of diastolic heart failure (OptimEx‐CLIN): rationale and design of a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2014;21:18‐25. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

NCT01914315 {published data only}

1. 1. Koifman E, Grossman E, Elis A, Dicker D, Koifman B, Mosseri M, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program in recently hospitalized patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal 2014;168(6):830‐7. - PubMed

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1. 1. Reeves GR, Whellan DJ, Duncan P, O'Connor CM, Pastva AM, Eggebeen JD, et al. Rehabilitation Therapy in Older Acute Heart Failure Patients (REHAB‐HF) trial: design and rationale. American Heart Journal 2017;185:130‐9. - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

Davies 2010

1. 1. Davies EJ, Moxham T, Rees K, Singh S, Coats AJ, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

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