Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - A Comprehensive Review - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - A Comprehensive Review
Dane Kim et al. Front Immunol. 2021.
Abstract
A unique subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been isolated and characterized from human gingival tissues (GMSCs). Similar to MSCs derived from other sources of tissues, e.g. bone marrow, adipose or umbilical cord, GMSCs also possess multipotent differentiation capacities and potent immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of various types of bioactive factors with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. Uniquely, GMSCs are highly proliferative and have the propensity to differentiate into neural cell lineages due to the neural crest-origin. These properties have endowed GMSCs with potent regenerative and therapeutic potentials in various preclinical models of human disorders, particularly, some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, oral and maxillofacial disorders, and peripheral nerve injuries. All types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, that play critical roles in cell-cell communication through their cargos containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Like EVs released by other sources of MSCs, GMSC-derived EVs have been shown to possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects on several preclinical diseases models as GMSCs, thus representing a promising cell-free platform for regenerative therapy. Taken together, due to the easily accessibility and less morbidity of harvesting gingival tissues as well as the potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, GMSCs represent a unique source of MSCs of a neural crest-origin for potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
Keywords: anti-inflammation; gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells; immunomodulation; neural crest; regenerative therapy.
Copyright © 2021 Kim, Lee, Xu, Zhang and Le.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Figures
Figure 1
Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingival tissues of neural crest origin. A unique subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from neural crest-derived gingival tissues (GMSC), thus representing a reservoir of neural crest-derived MSCs. CFU-F, colony forming unit-fibroblast. Portions of this figure were made using templates from SMART SERVIER MEDICAL ART (
) and Vecteezy (
).
Figure 2
Immunomodulatory effects of GMSCs on both innate and adaptive immune cells. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; M2, M2 macrophages; M1, M1 macrophages; DC, dendritic cells; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; PGE2, prostaglandin 2; FasL, Fas ligand; EVs, extracellular vesicles; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-6, interleukin-6. “⊕” means blocking or inhibiting. Portions of this figure were made using templates from SMART SERVIER MEDICAL ART (
).
Figure 3
Application of GMSCs and their cell-free products in regenerative therapy. Naïve or primed GMSCs, their derivative conditioned medium or extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be administered alone or in combination with certain scaffold, growth factor or small molecules. Due to the immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory and pleiotropic effects, GMSCs and their derivative cell-free products exert potent regenerative and therapeutic potentials in a variety of preclinical models of human disorders. Portions of this figure were made using templates from SMART SERVIER MEDICAL ART (
).
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