Dr. Mariam Shahid | University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (original) (raw)
Papers by Dr. Mariam Shahid
In this study we investigated the phycoremediation ability of indigenous microalgal strains using... more In this study we investigated the phycoremediation ability of indigenous microalgal strains using synthetic wastewater along with the production of high-value biomass. Two algal strains were collected, cultured, purified, and later named as named as BERC3 and BERC4 after morphologically and genetically identification. Nutrient concentrations, pH, and light intensity were optimized for maximum growth and metabolite content. Harvested biomass was characterized to check the impact of wastewater on the biomass productivity and metabolite content (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments) of selected strains. Results shows that both strains produced maximum biomass in low-light (150µmol m− 2 s− 1) at neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Both the strains performed very well in MGB11 (synthetic wastewater), indicated that these strains are suitable for growth in wastewater as those conditions favor biomass and metabolite production.
Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldw... more Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide, is characterized by airflow limitation that can be due to abnormalities in the airway and/or alveoli. Genetic diagnosis at an early stage can be a key factor in the provision of accurate and timely treatment. Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an important tool to study genetic association/ predisposition of the disease and have great potential to be diagnostic markers for early diagnosis of disease. Methods: This case-control COPD association study was designed for the five SNPs residing on potential candidate genes (SERPINA1, SERPINA3, RIN3), to check whether these genes are involved in the genetic predisposition for COPD in the Pakistani population or not. The SNAPshot method was used to find out the risk alleles and haplotypes using ABI Genetic analyzer 3130. GeneMapper, Haploview and PLINK 1.9 software were used for analyzing the genotypes and haplotypes taking smoking ...
Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences
JDUHS fatigue, headache, dyspnoea and other clinical features associated with pneumonia and confi... more JDUHS fatigue, headache, dyspnoea and other clinical features associated with pneumonia and confirmed by the chest 6 CT scan. Currently, by using the phylogenetic analysis, it is classified as a β-coronavirus from group 2B. Its major targets in the lungs, is the angiotensin converting
Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
Background: Candidate gene approach based on case-control model is a valuable strategy to determi... more Background: Candidate gene approach based on case-control model is a valuable strategy to determined disease related genetic variants. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1800469 and rs2241715 in TGF-β1gene have been reported to affect the asthmatic status in different populations. The main focus of this research was to find any relationship between these SNPs and asthma in Pakistani population. Methods Using case-control model, a total of 108 individuals including 52 asthma patients and 56 healthy controls were screened to find asthma susceptibility of variants rs1800469 and rs2241715. These SNPs were genotyped using SNaPshot minisequencing assay followed by capillary electrophoresis using ABI 3130xl genetic analyzer platform. The statistical analysis of genetic data was performed by using SPSS 21, SHEsis online platform and SNPStats online web software. Results: No association with asthma was seen in allelic model for both SNPs but genotypes analyzed under codominant, dominant, ...
Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphic variants are associated with asthma predisposition in the Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan, 2020
Introduction: Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibili... more Introduction: Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21 houses many potential candidate genes for asthma. Objective: This Case-Control association study was planned to determine the association of 10 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), residing within and around MHC genes' region on chromosome 6p21, with Asthma in Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 161 subjects, 61 physician-diagnosed asthma patients and 100 age-matched healthy controls, were recruited from Lahore, a city in Punjab. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs9378249, rs2070600, rs404860, rs6689, rs1049124, rs1063355, rs1049225, rs1049219, rs7773955 and rs928976) located within or near AGER, NOTCH and HLA genes in MHC region, were genotyped in both patients and controls using single base extension reaction and capillary electrophoresis-based genetic analyser. Statistical models were applied using SHEsis Plus. Results were adjusted for various cofactors (age, gender and environment) and by applying multiple corrections. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed on Haploview software v4.1. Results: Three of the studied SNPs rs1049124, rs1049219 and rs7773955 show independent significant association with asthma under allelic and genotypic models. Two of the haplotypes, H7 and H13, "CTAATTT" and "CCACTAT", respectively, for rs2070600, rs404860, rs6689, rs1049124, rs1063355, rs1049219 and rs7773955, are found to be significantly associated with the disease. Conclusion: This study reports association of SNP variants residing on HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA2 genes and haplotypes H7 and H13 on genomic region 6p21 with Asthma in the Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan.
Advancements in Life Sciences, 2018
About 334 million people worldwide have been affected by asthma and additionally 100 million expe... more About 334 million people worldwide have been affected by asthma and additionally 100 million expected to have asthma by the year 2025. Being the sixth most populous and economically developing country and with the increasing trend of urbanization and due to poor health facilities, lacking the knowledge of the causes of the disease, increased pollutant exposures and consanguineous marriages, Pakistani population has greater chances of asthma and allergic diseases. Almost 20% of overall pediatric population of Pakistan is affected by this disease. In the past, only environmental factors were considered responsible for asthma but now it is a well-known fact that genetic factors have major contribution in the development of the disease. Poor knowledge of the possibility of genetics involved in this disease has been very common in both uneducated as well as educated population of this region. There is no doubt today that genetics have a major role in the exhibition of asthma but unlike o...
Purpose: To identify the pathogenic mutations responsible for autosomal recessive congenital cata... more Purpose: To identify the pathogenic mutations responsible for autosomal recessive congenital cataracts in consanguineous Pakistani families. Methods: All affected individuals underwent detailed ophthalmologic and medical examination. Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. A genome-wide scan was performed with polymorphic microsatellite markers on genomic DNA from affected and unaffected family members and logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated. All coding exons of galactokinase (GALK1) were sequenced to identify pathogenic lesions. Results: Clinical records and ophthalmological examinations suggested that affected individuals have nuclear cataracts. Linkage analysis localized the critical interval to chromosome 17q with a maximum LOD score of 5.54 at θ=0, with D17S785 in family PKCC030. Sequencing of GALK1, a gene present in the critical interval, identified a single base pair deletion: c.410delG, which results in a frame shift leading to a premature ter...
Advancements in Life Sciences, 2017
Pakistan is globally sixth most populous, economically developing south Asian country with tremen... more Pakistan is globally sixth most populous, economically developing south Asian country with tremendously increasing trend of urbanization. This increase in urbanization along with consanguineous marriages trend in Pakistani nationals might contribute as most important factors of increasing asthma prevalence. Up-till now, a few studies related to asthma genetics have been conducted in Pakistan. These studies suggest that the SNP variants like (rs2569190, rs2569191), (rs2243250, rs2227284), (rs1800896) , (rs1881457, rs20541, rs1800925), (rs2280091, rs2787094, rs528557), (rs1131882) in CD14, IL-4, IL10, IL-13, ADAM33 and TBXA2R genes respectively and the SNPs ( rs3816470, rs6503525, rs3859192, rs12603332) on chromosomal region 17q21 are significantly associated in Pakistani population whereas the haplotype “CCTCAG" of SNPs (rs12936231, rs7216389, rs7216558, rs9894164, rs1007654 and rs7212938) in 17q21 and ‘AAGTCG’ of SNPs (rs2280089, rs2280090, rs2280091, rs44707, rs528557, and rs6...
Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MH... more Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21 houses many potential candidate genes for asthma.
Int J Pept Res Ther, 2010
Journal of Asthma, 2015
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) gene has been considered as an asthma susceptibil... more A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) gene has been considered as an asthma susceptibility gene due to its possible role in airway remodeling, abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. Association of this gene with asthma has been reported in several genetic studies on various populations. The current study aims to evaluate the association of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with the risk of asthma in the Punjabi population of Pakistan. A total of 101 asthma patients and 102 age-matched healthy controls from Lahore, a city in Punjab, were recruited. ADAM33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) T+1(rs2280089), T2(rs2280090), T1(rs2280091), ST+5(rs597980), ST+4(rs44707), S2(rs528557), Q-1(rs612709) and F+1(rs511898) were genotyped in both patients and controls using single base extension and capillary electrophoresis-based genetic analyzer. The basic allelic and genotypic model was analyzed for association of the SNPs with asthma using SHEsis software. Haploview software was used to calculate pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) among six of the genotyped SNPs. Of the 8 SNPs genotyped, only S2(rs528557) showed significant association with asthma (Allele p value=0.0189, Genotype p value= 0.021). SNPs T+1(rs2280089), T2(rs2280090), T1(rs2280091), ST+4(rs44707), S2(rs528557) and Q-1(rs612709) were found to be in moderate to strong LD. The significantly higher frequency of haplotype "AAGTCG" in healthy controls suggests a protective effect against asthma risk in the studied population (p value=0.0059). These findings suggest that genetic variants of ADAM33 gene may play important roles in asthma susceptibility in the Punjabi population of Pakistan.
Thyroid related hormones were analyzed in 840 non-goitrous patients (female 616, male 224) referr... more Thyroid related hormones were analyzed in 840 non-goitrous patients (female 616, male 224) referred to Centre for Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. The mean (+SD) age of patients was 30.3 + 14.1 year with age range 1 to 95 year. More than 70% of the patients had either of FT 4 , FT 3 or TSH concentration and 60.1% patients had all thyroid related hormone within normal laboratory range. The mean (+ SD) FT 4, FT 3 and TSH levels in normal patients were 15.8 + 2.7 pmol/L, 3.5 + 0.7 pmol/L and 1.6 + 0.9 mIU/L respectively. 70(8.3%) patients had either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism with no gender based difference. Incidence of hypothyroidism was slightly more than hyperthyroidism (4.6% VS 3.7%) in these patients. This difference was more pronounced in female as compared to male patients (5.2% VS 4.1%). In female patients hypothyroidism increased from 5% to 8% with advancement of age.
The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, Jan 23, 2015
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17q21 are known to be associated with asthma disease in... more Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17q21 are known to be associated with asthma disease in multiple populations. This study was designed to know whether this region is associated with asthma in Lahore region population or not. A total of 200 asthma patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled from different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Twelve SNPs from chromosomal region 17q21 were analyzed in cases and controls by single base extension method and capillary-based genetic analyzers. Associations with asthma were checked using basic allelic model, genotypic model, and results were adjusted by logistic regression analysis using PLINK v1.9. Pair-wise linkage disequilibrium among the SNPs was analyzed by using Haploview software. SNP rs3816470 showed a strong association (p = 8.89 × 10(-5), Odd Ratio = 3.082 [1.755-5.41]) with asthma, whereas rs3859192 and rs6503525 also showed a significant association with the development of asthma, especially in the case of positive family...
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is conjugated to the therapeutic proteins to enhance their circulating ... more Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is conjugated to the therapeutic proteins to enhance their circulating half life. PEGylation is a clinically proven strategy for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of protein-based medicines. PEG size and structure is very important in achieving specific properties in the conjugated protein. In this study we have compared the properties of newly synthesized linear PEG-IFN with a same sized (i.e., 30KDa) tri-branched PEG-IFN synthesized in the same lab earlier. For PEGylation reaction, interferon-α2 (IFNα2) concentration in sodium borate buffer pH 8.5 was optimized as 4.0mg/ml. The optimized molar ratio of PEG/IFNα2 was 3:1 instead of 5:1 in the case of tri-branched PEG published earlier. Other parameters of reaction were same as in our previous publication. Mono PEGylation degree reached to 21%. Cation exchange chromatography was used to separate and purify mono PEGylated IFN from the reaction mixture. The purity of mono PEGylated IFN was greater than 95%. It is noticed that PEGylation was more site specific in tribranched than the linear conjugate. The in vitro bioactivity of linear mPEG-IFN is 10-fold lesser than as reported of tri-branched mPEG 3 L 2-IFN. Thermal stability of linear mPEG-IFN is also smaller than mPEG3L2-IFN at 4°C.
In this study we investigated the phycoremediation ability of indigenous microalgal strains using... more In this study we investigated the phycoremediation ability of indigenous microalgal strains using synthetic wastewater along with the production of high-value biomass. Two algal strains were collected, cultured, purified, and later named as named as BERC3 and BERC4 after morphologically and genetically identification. Nutrient concentrations, pH, and light intensity were optimized for maximum growth and metabolite content. Harvested biomass was characterized to check the impact of wastewater on the biomass productivity and metabolite content (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments) of selected strains. Results shows that both strains produced maximum biomass in low-light (150µmol m− 2 s− 1) at neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Both the strains performed very well in MGB11 (synthetic wastewater), indicated that these strains are suitable for growth in wastewater as those conditions favor biomass and metabolite production.
Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldw... more Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide, is characterized by airflow limitation that can be due to abnormalities in the airway and/or alveoli. Genetic diagnosis at an early stage can be a key factor in the provision of accurate and timely treatment. Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an important tool to study genetic association/ predisposition of the disease and have great potential to be diagnostic markers for early diagnosis of disease. Methods: This case-control COPD association study was designed for the five SNPs residing on potential candidate genes (SERPINA1, SERPINA3, RIN3), to check whether these genes are involved in the genetic predisposition for COPD in the Pakistani population or not. The SNAPshot method was used to find out the risk alleles and haplotypes using ABI Genetic analyzer 3130. GeneMapper, Haploview and PLINK 1.9 software were used for analyzing the genotypes and haplotypes taking smoking ...
Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences
JDUHS fatigue, headache, dyspnoea and other clinical features associated with pneumonia and confi... more JDUHS fatigue, headache, dyspnoea and other clinical features associated with pneumonia and confirmed by the chest 6 CT scan. Currently, by using the phylogenetic analysis, it is classified as a β-coronavirus from group 2B. Its major targets in the lungs, is the angiotensin converting
Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
Background: Candidate gene approach based on case-control model is a valuable strategy to determi... more Background: Candidate gene approach based on case-control model is a valuable strategy to determined disease related genetic variants. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1800469 and rs2241715 in TGF-β1gene have been reported to affect the asthmatic status in different populations. The main focus of this research was to find any relationship between these SNPs and asthma in Pakistani population. Methods Using case-control model, a total of 108 individuals including 52 asthma patients and 56 healthy controls were screened to find asthma susceptibility of variants rs1800469 and rs2241715. These SNPs were genotyped using SNaPshot minisequencing assay followed by capillary electrophoresis using ABI 3130xl genetic analyzer platform. The statistical analysis of genetic data was performed by using SPSS 21, SHEsis online platform and SNPStats online web software. Results: No association with asthma was seen in allelic model for both SNPs but genotypes analyzed under codominant, dominant, ...
Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphic variants are associated with asthma predisposition in the Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan, 2020
Introduction: Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibili... more Introduction: Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21 houses many potential candidate genes for asthma. Objective: This Case-Control association study was planned to determine the association of 10 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), residing within and around MHC genes' region on chromosome 6p21, with Asthma in Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 161 subjects, 61 physician-diagnosed asthma patients and 100 age-matched healthy controls, were recruited from Lahore, a city in Punjab. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs9378249, rs2070600, rs404860, rs6689, rs1049124, rs1063355, rs1049225, rs1049219, rs7773955 and rs928976) located within or near AGER, NOTCH and HLA genes in MHC region, were genotyped in both patients and controls using single base extension reaction and capillary electrophoresis-based genetic analyser. Statistical models were applied using SHEsis Plus. Results were adjusted for various cofactors (age, gender and environment) and by applying multiple corrections. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed on Haploview software v4.1. Results: Three of the studied SNPs rs1049124, rs1049219 and rs7773955 show independent significant association with asthma under allelic and genotypic models. Two of the haplotypes, H7 and H13, "CTAATTT" and "CCACTAT", respectively, for rs2070600, rs404860, rs6689, rs1049124, rs1063355, rs1049219 and rs7773955, are found to be significantly associated with the disease. Conclusion: This study reports association of SNP variants residing on HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA2 genes and haplotypes H7 and H13 on genomic region 6p21 with Asthma in the Punjabi population of Lahore, Pakistan.
Advancements in Life Sciences, 2018
About 334 million people worldwide have been affected by asthma and additionally 100 million expe... more About 334 million people worldwide have been affected by asthma and additionally 100 million expected to have asthma by the year 2025. Being the sixth most populous and economically developing country and with the increasing trend of urbanization and due to poor health facilities, lacking the knowledge of the causes of the disease, increased pollutant exposures and consanguineous marriages, Pakistani population has greater chances of asthma and allergic diseases. Almost 20% of overall pediatric population of Pakistan is affected by this disease. In the past, only environmental factors were considered responsible for asthma but now it is a well-known fact that genetic factors have major contribution in the development of the disease. Poor knowledge of the possibility of genetics involved in this disease has been very common in both uneducated as well as educated population of this region. There is no doubt today that genetics have a major role in the exhibition of asthma but unlike o...
Purpose: To identify the pathogenic mutations responsible for autosomal recessive congenital cata... more Purpose: To identify the pathogenic mutations responsible for autosomal recessive congenital cataracts in consanguineous Pakistani families. Methods: All affected individuals underwent detailed ophthalmologic and medical examination. Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. A genome-wide scan was performed with polymorphic microsatellite markers on genomic DNA from affected and unaffected family members and logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated. All coding exons of galactokinase (GALK1) were sequenced to identify pathogenic lesions. Results: Clinical records and ophthalmological examinations suggested that affected individuals have nuclear cataracts. Linkage analysis localized the critical interval to chromosome 17q with a maximum LOD score of 5.54 at θ=0, with D17S785 in family PKCC030. Sequencing of GALK1, a gene present in the critical interval, identified a single base pair deletion: c.410delG, which results in a frame shift leading to a premature ter...
Advancements in Life Sciences, 2017
Pakistan is globally sixth most populous, economically developing south Asian country with tremen... more Pakistan is globally sixth most populous, economically developing south Asian country with tremendously increasing trend of urbanization. This increase in urbanization along with consanguineous marriages trend in Pakistani nationals might contribute as most important factors of increasing asthma prevalence. Up-till now, a few studies related to asthma genetics have been conducted in Pakistan. These studies suggest that the SNP variants like (rs2569190, rs2569191), (rs2243250, rs2227284), (rs1800896) , (rs1881457, rs20541, rs1800925), (rs2280091, rs2787094, rs528557), (rs1131882) in CD14, IL-4, IL10, IL-13, ADAM33 and TBXA2R genes respectively and the SNPs ( rs3816470, rs6503525, rs3859192, rs12603332) on chromosomal region 17q21 are significantly associated in Pakistani population whereas the haplotype “CCTCAG" of SNPs (rs12936231, rs7216389, rs7216558, rs9894164, rs1007654 and rs7212938) in 17q21 and ‘AAGTCG’ of SNPs (rs2280089, rs2280090, rs2280091, rs44707, rs528557, and rs6...
Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MH... more Various genome wide association studies have manifested that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21 houses many potential candidate genes for asthma.
Int J Pept Res Ther, 2010
Journal of Asthma, 2015
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) gene has been considered as an asthma susceptibil... more A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) gene has been considered as an asthma susceptibility gene due to its possible role in airway remodeling, abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. Association of this gene with asthma has been reported in several genetic studies on various populations. The current study aims to evaluate the association of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with the risk of asthma in the Punjabi population of Pakistan. A total of 101 asthma patients and 102 age-matched healthy controls from Lahore, a city in Punjab, were recruited. ADAM33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) T+1(rs2280089), T2(rs2280090), T1(rs2280091), ST+5(rs597980), ST+4(rs44707), S2(rs528557), Q-1(rs612709) and F+1(rs511898) were genotyped in both patients and controls using single base extension and capillary electrophoresis-based genetic analyzer. The basic allelic and genotypic model was analyzed for association of the SNPs with asthma using SHEsis software. Haploview software was used to calculate pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) among six of the genotyped SNPs. Of the 8 SNPs genotyped, only S2(rs528557) showed significant association with asthma (Allele p value=0.0189, Genotype p value= 0.021). SNPs T+1(rs2280089), T2(rs2280090), T1(rs2280091), ST+4(rs44707), S2(rs528557) and Q-1(rs612709) were found to be in moderate to strong LD. The significantly higher frequency of haplotype "AAGTCG" in healthy controls suggests a protective effect against asthma risk in the studied population (p value=0.0059). These findings suggest that genetic variants of ADAM33 gene may play important roles in asthma susceptibility in the Punjabi population of Pakistan.
Thyroid related hormones were analyzed in 840 non-goitrous patients (female 616, male 224) referr... more Thyroid related hormones were analyzed in 840 non-goitrous patients (female 616, male 224) referred to Centre for Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. The mean (+SD) age of patients was 30.3 + 14.1 year with age range 1 to 95 year. More than 70% of the patients had either of FT 4 , FT 3 or TSH concentration and 60.1% patients had all thyroid related hormone within normal laboratory range. The mean (+ SD) FT 4, FT 3 and TSH levels in normal patients were 15.8 + 2.7 pmol/L, 3.5 + 0.7 pmol/L and 1.6 + 0.9 mIU/L respectively. 70(8.3%) patients had either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism with no gender based difference. Incidence of hypothyroidism was slightly more than hyperthyroidism (4.6% VS 3.7%) in these patients. This difference was more pronounced in female as compared to male patients (5.2% VS 4.1%). In female patients hypothyroidism increased from 5% to 8% with advancement of age.
The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, Jan 23, 2015
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17q21 are known to be associated with asthma disease in... more Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17q21 are known to be associated with asthma disease in multiple populations. This study was designed to know whether this region is associated with asthma in Lahore region population or not. A total of 200 asthma patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled from different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Twelve SNPs from chromosomal region 17q21 were analyzed in cases and controls by single base extension method and capillary-based genetic analyzers. Associations with asthma were checked using basic allelic model, genotypic model, and results were adjusted by logistic regression analysis using PLINK v1.9. Pair-wise linkage disequilibrium among the SNPs was analyzed by using Haploview software. SNP rs3816470 showed a strong association (p = 8.89 × 10(-5), Odd Ratio = 3.082 [1.755-5.41]) with asthma, whereas rs3859192 and rs6503525 also showed a significant association with the development of asthma, especially in the case of positive family...
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is conjugated to the therapeutic proteins to enhance their circulating ... more Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is conjugated to the therapeutic proteins to enhance their circulating half life. PEGylation is a clinically proven strategy for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of protein-based medicines. PEG size and structure is very important in achieving specific properties in the conjugated protein. In this study we have compared the properties of newly synthesized linear PEG-IFN with a same sized (i.e., 30KDa) tri-branched PEG-IFN synthesized in the same lab earlier. For PEGylation reaction, interferon-α2 (IFNα2) concentration in sodium borate buffer pH 8.5 was optimized as 4.0mg/ml. The optimized molar ratio of PEG/IFNα2 was 3:1 instead of 5:1 in the case of tri-branched PEG published earlier. Other parameters of reaction were same as in our previous publication. Mono PEGylation degree reached to 21%. Cation exchange chromatography was used to separate and purify mono PEGylated IFN from the reaction mixture. The purity of mono PEGylated IFN was greater than 95%. It is noticed that PEGylation was more site specific in tribranched than the linear conjugate. The in vitro bioactivity of linear mPEG-IFN is 10-fold lesser than as reported of tri-branched mPEG 3 L 2-IFN. Thermal stability of linear mPEG-IFN is also smaller than mPEG3L2-IFN at 4°C.