Jose Torres - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jose Torres

Effect of Interocular Differences in Higher Order Aberrations on Binocular Visual Performance

Summary. We have analysed the influence of higher-order eye aberrations in binocular visual perfo... more Summary. We have analysed the influence of higher-order eye aberrations in binocular visual performance under mesopic conditions, measuring the aberrations in both eyes (with a Wasca aberrometer) of 35 emmetropic observers. Binocular visual performance was checked with two functions: binocular summation for contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and maximum disparity, a parameter that characterizes stereopsis. The results show that binocular summation

Accuracy of cognitive MRI-targeted biopsy in hitting prostate cancer-positive regions of interest

World Journal of Urology, 2015

Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion leading to systematic transrectal ul... more Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion leading to systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSGB). Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) allows for targeted biopsy of suspicious areas of the prostate instead of random 12-core biopsy. This method has been shown to be more accurate in detecting significant PCa. However, the precise spatial accuracy of cognitive targeting is unknown. Consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI-targeted TRUSGB with cognitive registration (MRTB-COG) followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were included in the present analysis. The regions of interest (ROIs) involved by the index lesion reported on mpMRI were subsequently targeted by two experienced urologists using the cognitive approach. The 27 ROIs were used as spatial reference. Mapping on radical prostatectomy specimen was used as reference to determine true-positive mpMRI findings. Per core correlation analysis was performed. Forty patients were included. Overall, 40 index lesions involving 137 ROIs (mean ROIs per index lesion 3.43) were identified on MRI. After correlating these findings with final pathology, 117 ROIs (85 %) were considered as true-positive lesions. A total of 102 biopsy cores directed toward such true-positive ROIs were available for final analysis. Cognitive targeted biopsy hit the target in 82 % of the cases (84/102). The only identified risk factor for missing the target was an anterior situated ROI (p = 0.01). In experienced hands, cognitive MRTB-COG allows for an accuracy of 82 % in hitting the correct target, given that it is a true-positive lesion. Anterior tumors are less likely to be successfully targeted.

Polar Biology, 1999

Open-water, marginal-ice and in-ice zones were sampled in the Weddell Sea during November and Dec... more Open-water, marginal-ice and in-ice zones were sampled in the Weddell Sea during November and December, 1993 in an eort to examine the in¯uence of the early spring bloom on the diet and population structure of the three biomass dominant copepods: Metridia gerlachei, Calanus propinquus, and Calanoides acutus. The abundance of all three species in the upper 200 m was highest at stations in the open water, but individually, each species displayed a unique trend. M. gerlachei, which showed the least variability, was signi®cantly more abundant in open water than in the marginal-ice zone. The abundance of Calanus propinquus was higher in open water than in the marginal-ice zone or in the ice. Calanoides acutus displayed the highest variability, with signi®cant dierences between all three ice-cover zones. Diet analysis revealed no signi®cant dierences in the number of food items within each icecover zone and diatoms were the most numerous item identi®ed in the guts of all three species. However, M. gerlachei and Calanus propinquus also contained metazoan material, while Calanoides acutus did not. There were dramatic dierences in the age composition of the species between the zones. Early copepodite stages of all three species predominated at the ice edge and in open water. Numbers of M. gerlachei adult females were roughly equivalent in all three zones while Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus adult females composed a higher fraction of the total population within the ice. These results compare well with life-history data compiled by other authors and reinforce the importance of the ice edge to bloom-dependent Antarctic zooplankton.

Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología, 2007

Our knowledge on the idiopathic scoliosis as specialists to the locomotive system must be precise... more Our knowledge on the idiopathic scoliosis as specialists to the locomotive system must be precise, with the purpose to being guides to the patient. The physician must be able to differentiate scoliosis patients with a minimal possibility of progression or stable, of those scoliosis with a high risk of progression. Although the clinical aspect in the idiopathic scoliosis can be similar, these can take very different prognoses. The natural history of the idiopathic scoliosis and its progression, are determined by factors of progression related to the potential of growth, and factors dependent on the proper scoliosis curve. There are multiple variables that influence the progression of the curve, as in the success or the failure of the brace treatment. The objective of this work has been to review the scientific knowledge on the prognosis factors of the idiopathic scoliosis that influences in the progression of the curves with or without brace, trying to clarify some questions in our clinical practice.

Traditionally, Optimal Filtering Algorithm has been implemented using general purpose programmabl... more Traditionally, Optimal Filtering Algorithm has been implemented using general purpose programmable DSP chips. Alternatively, new FPGAs provide a highly adaptable and flexible system to develop this algorithm. TileCal ROD is a multi-channel system, where similar data arrives at very high sampling rates and is subject to simultaneous tasks. It include different FPGAs with high I/O and with parallel structures that provide a benefit at a data analysis.

Identification of Prognostic Pathologic Parameters in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Pathology Case Reviews, 2005

Abstract Penile carcinomas are infrequent in the USA and Europe, but fairly frequent in some geog... more Abstract Penile carcinomas are infrequent in the USA and Europe, but fairly frequent in some geographical regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The vast majority of tumors are squamous cell carcinoma, which disseminate in a loco regional manner to intrapenile ...

Evaluation of a commercial APD array (Avalanche PhotoDiode) for a readout detector in a hadrontherapy beam characterization application

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposuim & Medical Imaging Conference, 2010

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work is the characterization of the S8898–128–02 Avalanche PhotoD... more ABSTRACT The aim of the present work is the characterization of the S8898–128–02 Avalanche PhotoDiode array (APDs) from Hamamatsu Photonics. This work includes the implementation of a readout system as well as electronic noise estimation in APDs under several conditions varying integration times and clock frequencies.

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development

Encyclopedia of Special Education, 2008

How Can Neural Networks Speed Up Ecological Regionalization Friendly? - Replacement of Field Studies by Satellite Data using RBFs

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015

Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease that results from a combination of factors related to both u... more Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease that results from a combination of factors related to both urine composition and kidney morphoanatomy. Development of calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculi is linked to initial subepithelial calcification of renal papilla. Progressive tissue calcification depends on preexisting injury and involves reactive oxygen species. Many plant extracts that protect against oxidative stress manifest antilithiasic activity. Our study focused on determining the effects of polyphenols on a lithiasis rat model. Rats were pretreated with polyphenols and grape seed extracts, followed by posterior induction of hyperoxalosis via treatment with ethylene glycol plus NH 4 Cl. The concentrations of calcium and other elements in kidney were determined, along with histological examination of kidney and 24 h urine analysis. Significant differences were observed in the renal calcium content between the control plus ethylene glycol-treated group and the epicatechin plus ethylene glycol-treated, red grape seed extract plus ethylene glycol-treated, and white grape seed extract plus ethylene glycol-treated groups, with reductions of about 50%. The antioxidant activity of polyphenols extracted from red and white grape seeds may be critical in the prevention of calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculus formation, particularly if calculi are induced by lesions caused by cytotoxic compounds with oxidative capacity.

Play

Encyclopedia of Special Education, 2008

Proceedings - 9th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science, ICIS 2010, 2010

This paper presents an application of neural networks that uses radial basis function net archite... more This paper presents an application of neural networks that uses radial basis function net architecture as a tool for simplifying and reducing the cost of ecological mapping. The process speeds up and replaces the classic means of obtaining ecological variables through field studies. The radial basis function networks were applied to estimate field data remotely, using data captured by the Landsat satellite and correlating it with ecological variables in order to substitute for them in the mapping process. The trial was undertaken for an area in south-eastern Spain, whereby, in 43 out of the 45 cases, the ecological variables could be obtained using satellite data. This approach substantially reduces the time and cost of ecological mapping, limiting field studies and automating the generation of the ecological variables.

Time of Flight measurements in PET systems using FPGAs

ABSTRACT This contribution shows how to perform Time of Flight (TOF) measurements in Positron Emi... more ABSTRACT This contribution shows how to perform Time of Flight (TOF) measurements in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems using low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device with a resolution better than 100 ps. This is achieved with a proper management of the FPGA internal resources and with an extremely careful device calibration process including both temperature and voltage compensation. The results of system calibration and different time measurements between multiple channels are presented.

2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), 2011

This paper presents the new concept of a description language for modular robots called module de... more This paper presents the new concept of a description language for modular robots called module description language (MDL). A specific implementation of this concept has been designed and tested to describe the capabilities of modules of a chained heterogeneous robot (both from the point of view of movements and tasks it can perform). Thanks to MDL each module is able to report dynamically what is able to do (capabilities like rotate, extend, push forward, measure temperature or distance) to other modules or to a central control, and it is also possible to set up new actions for the whole robot, like combined movements. The description of current capabilities of modules allows the robot to react to failures at runtime.

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2010

The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 ... more The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 test beam line in the ATLAS iron-scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter has been measured. The test-beam configuration allowed to measure the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It is found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion to proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an 2 analytical shower parameterization within an accuracy of 5 − 10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parameterised as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry.

In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of ... more In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of different technological sources to productivity growth in the three leading economies: Germany, Japan, and the U.S. The sources of technology are classified as representing either neutral progress or investment-specific progress. The latter can be split into two different types of equipment: information and communication technologies (ICT) and non-ICT equipment. We find that in the long run, neutral technological change is the main source of productivity growth in Germany. For Japan and the U.S., the main source of productivity growth is investment-specific technological change, mainly associated with ICT. We also find that a non negligible part of productivity growth has been due to technology specific to non-ICT equipment; this is mainly true after 1995. JEL classification: O3; O4.

In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of ... more In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of different technological sources to productivity growth in the three leading economies: Germany, Japan, and the U.S. The sources of technology are classified as representing either neutral progress or investment-specific progress. The latter can be split into two different types of equipment: information and communication technologies (ICT) and non-ICT equipment. We find that in the long run, neutral technological change is the main source of productivity growth in Germany. For Japan and the U.S., the main source of productivity growth is investment-specific technological change, mainly associated with ICT. We also find that a non negligible part of productivity growth has been due to technology specific to non-ICT equipment; this is mainly true after 1995. JEL classification: O3; O4.

A DPS-based system modelling method for 3D-structures simulation in manufacturing processes

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2009

In the field of engineering, guidelines and computerisation are important to facilitate the resol... more In the field of engineering, guidelines and computerisation are important to facilitate the resolution of complex problems. Engineers apply computer techniques of distributed problem solving (DPS) to design and simulation tasks, such as in industrial manufacture (e.g., simulation of aircraft, modelling of structures and mass customization). An important application of these and other computer-aided techniques is the design and manufacture

Effect of Interocular Differences in Higher Order Aberrations on Binocular Visual Performance

Summary. We have analysed the influence of higher-order eye aberrations in binocular visual perfo... more Summary. We have analysed the influence of higher-order eye aberrations in binocular visual performance under mesopic conditions, measuring the aberrations in both eyes (with a Wasca aberrometer) of 35 emmetropic observers. Binocular visual performance was checked with two functions: binocular summation for contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and maximum disparity, a parameter that characterizes stereopsis. The results show that binocular summation

Accuracy of cognitive MRI-targeted biopsy in hitting prostate cancer-positive regions of interest

World Journal of Urology, 2015

Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion leading to systematic transrectal ul... more Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion leading to systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSGB). Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) allows for targeted biopsy of suspicious areas of the prostate instead of random 12-core biopsy. This method has been shown to be more accurate in detecting significant PCa. However, the precise spatial accuracy of cognitive targeting is unknown. Consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI-targeted TRUSGB with cognitive registration (MRTB-COG) followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were included in the present analysis. The regions of interest (ROIs) involved by the index lesion reported on mpMRI were subsequently targeted by two experienced urologists using the cognitive approach. The 27 ROIs were used as spatial reference. Mapping on radical prostatectomy specimen was used as reference to determine true-positive mpMRI findings. Per core correlation analysis was performed. Forty patients were included. Overall, 40 index lesions involving 137 ROIs (mean ROIs per index lesion 3.43) were identified on MRI. After correlating these findings with final pathology, 117 ROIs (85 %) were considered as true-positive lesions. A total of 102 biopsy cores directed toward such true-positive ROIs were available for final analysis. Cognitive targeted biopsy hit the target in 82 % of the cases (84/102). The only identified risk factor for missing the target was an anterior situated ROI (p = 0.01). In experienced hands, cognitive MRTB-COG allows for an accuracy of 82 % in hitting the correct target, given that it is a true-positive lesion. Anterior tumors are less likely to be successfully targeted.

Polar Biology, 1999

Open-water, marginal-ice and in-ice zones were sampled in the Weddell Sea during November and Dec... more Open-water, marginal-ice and in-ice zones were sampled in the Weddell Sea during November and December, 1993 in an eort to examine the in¯uence of the early spring bloom on the diet and population structure of the three biomass dominant copepods: Metridia gerlachei, Calanus propinquus, and Calanoides acutus. The abundance of all three species in the upper 200 m was highest at stations in the open water, but individually, each species displayed a unique trend. M. gerlachei, which showed the least variability, was signi®cantly more abundant in open water than in the marginal-ice zone. The abundance of Calanus propinquus was higher in open water than in the marginal-ice zone or in the ice. Calanoides acutus displayed the highest variability, with signi®cant dierences between all three ice-cover zones. Diet analysis revealed no signi®cant dierences in the number of food items within each icecover zone and diatoms were the most numerous item identi®ed in the guts of all three species. However, M. gerlachei and Calanus propinquus also contained metazoan material, while Calanoides acutus did not. There were dramatic dierences in the age composition of the species between the zones. Early copepodite stages of all three species predominated at the ice edge and in open water. Numbers of M. gerlachei adult females were roughly equivalent in all three zones while Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus adult females composed a higher fraction of the total population within the ice. These results compare well with life-history data compiled by other authors and reinforce the importance of the ice edge to bloom-dependent Antarctic zooplankton.

Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología, 2007

Our knowledge on the idiopathic scoliosis as specialists to the locomotive system must be precise... more Our knowledge on the idiopathic scoliosis as specialists to the locomotive system must be precise, with the purpose to being guides to the patient. The physician must be able to differentiate scoliosis patients with a minimal possibility of progression or stable, of those scoliosis with a high risk of progression. Although the clinical aspect in the idiopathic scoliosis can be similar, these can take very different prognoses. The natural history of the idiopathic scoliosis and its progression, are determined by factors of progression related to the potential of growth, and factors dependent on the proper scoliosis curve. There are multiple variables that influence the progression of the curve, as in the success or the failure of the brace treatment. The objective of this work has been to review the scientific knowledge on the prognosis factors of the idiopathic scoliosis that influences in the progression of the curves with or without brace, trying to clarify some questions in our clinical practice.

Traditionally, Optimal Filtering Algorithm has been implemented using general purpose programmabl... more Traditionally, Optimal Filtering Algorithm has been implemented using general purpose programmable DSP chips. Alternatively, new FPGAs provide a highly adaptable and flexible system to develop this algorithm. TileCal ROD is a multi-channel system, where similar data arrives at very high sampling rates and is subject to simultaneous tasks. It include different FPGAs with high I/O and with parallel structures that provide a benefit at a data analysis.

Identification of Prognostic Pathologic Parameters in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Pathology Case Reviews, 2005

Abstract Penile carcinomas are infrequent in the USA and Europe, but fairly frequent in some geog... more Abstract Penile carcinomas are infrequent in the USA and Europe, but fairly frequent in some geographical regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The vast majority of tumors are squamous cell carcinoma, which disseminate in a loco regional manner to intrapenile ...

Evaluation of a commercial APD array (Avalanche PhotoDiode) for a readout detector in a hadrontherapy beam characterization application

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposuim & Medical Imaging Conference, 2010

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work is the characterization of the S8898–128–02 Avalanche PhotoD... more ABSTRACT The aim of the present work is the characterization of the S8898–128–02 Avalanche PhotoDiode array (APDs) from Hamamatsu Photonics. This work includes the implementation of a readout system as well as electronic noise estimation in APDs under several conditions varying integration times and clock frequencies.

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development

Encyclopedia of Special Education, 2008

How Can Neural Networks Speed Up Ecological Regionalization Friendly? - Replacement of Field Studies by Satellite Data using RBFs

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015

Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease that results from a combination of factors related to both u... more Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease that results from a combination of factors related to both urine composition and kidney morphoanatomy. Development of calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculi is linked to initial subepithelial calcification of renal papilla. Progressive tissue calcification depends on preexisting injury and involves reactive oxygen species. Many plant extracts that protect against oxidative stress manifest antilithiasic activity. Our study focused on determining the effects of polyphenols on a lithiasis rat model. Rats were pretreated with polyphenols and grape seed extracts, followed by posterior induction of hyperoxalosis via treatment with ethylene glycol plus NH 4 Cl. The concentrations of calcium and other elements in kidney were determined, along with histological examination of kidney and 24 h urine analysis. Significant differences were observed in the renal calcium content between the control plus ethylene glycol-treated group and the epicatechin plus ethylene glycol-treated, red grape seed extract plus ethylene glycol-treated, and white grape seed extract plus ethylene glycol-treated groups, with reductions of about 50%. The antioxidant activity of polyphenols extracted from red and white grape seeds may be critical in the prevention of calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculus formation, particularly if calculi are induced by lesions caused by cytotoxic compounds with oxidative capacity.

Play

Encyclopedia of Special Education, 2008

Proceedings - 9th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science, ICIS 2010, 2010

This paper presents an application of neural networks that uses radial basis function net archite... more This paper presents an application of neural networks that uses radial basis function net architecture as a tool for simplifying and reducing the cost of ecological mapping. The process speeds up and replaces the classic means of obtaining ecological variables through field studies. The radial basis function networks were applied to estimate field data remotely, using data captured by the Landsat satellite and correlating it with ecological variables in order to substitute for them in the mapping process. The trial was undertaken for an area in south-eastern Spain, whereby, in 43 out of the 45 cases, the ecological variables could be obtained using satellite data. This approach substantially reduces the time and cost of ecological mapping, limiting field studies and automating the generation of the ecological variables.

Time of Flight measurements in PET systems using FPGAs

ABSTRACT This contribution shows how to perform Time of Flight (TOF) measurements in Positron Emi... more ABSTRACT This contribution shows how to perform Time of Flight (TOF) measurements in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems using low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device with a resolution better than 100 ps. This is achieved with a proper management of the FPGA internal resources and with an extremely careful device calibration process including both temperature and voltage compensation. The results of system calibration and different time measurements between multiple channels are presented.

2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), 2011

This paper presents the new concept of a description language for modular robots called module de... more This paper presents the new concept of a description language for modular robots called module description language (MDL). A specific implementation of this concept has been designed and tested to describe the capabilities of modules of a chained heterogeneous robot (both from the point of view of movements and tasks it can perform). Thanks to MDL each module is able to report dynamically what is able to do (capabilities like rotate, extend, push forward, measure temperature or distance) to other modules or to a central control, and it is also possible to set up new actions for the whole robot, like combined movements. The description of current capabilities of modules allows the robot to react to failures at runtime.

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2010

The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 ... more The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 test beam line in the ATLAS iron-scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter has been measured. The test-beam configuration allowed to measure the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It is found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion to proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an 2 analytical shower parameterization within an accuracy of 5 − 10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parameterised as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry.

In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of ... more In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of different technological sources to productivity growth in the three leading economies: Germany, Japan, and the U.S. The sources of technology are classified as representing either neutral progress or investment-specific progress. The latter can be split into two different types of equipment: information and communication technologies (ICT) and non-ICT equipment. We find that in the long run, neutral technological change is the main source of productivity growth in Germany. For Japan and the U.S., the main source of productivity growth is investment-specific technological change, mainly associated with ICT. We also find that a non negligible part of productivity growth has been due to technology specific to non-ICT equipment; this is mainly true after 1995. JEL classification: O3; O4.

In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of ... more In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium growth model to quantify the contribution of different technological sources to productivity growth in the three leading economies: Germany, Japan, and the U.S. The sources of technology are classified as representing either neutral progress or investment-specific progress. The latter can be split into two different types of equipment: information and communication technologies (ICT) and non-ICT equipment. We find that in the long run, neutral technological change is the main source of productivity growth in Germany. For Japan and the U.S., the main source of productivity growth is investment-specific technological change, mainly associated with ICT. We also find that a non negligible part of productivity growth has been due to technology specific to non-ICT equipment; this is mainly true after 1995. JEL classification: O3; O4.

A DPS-based system modelling method for 3D-structures simulation in manufacturing processes

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2009

In the field of engineering, guidelines and computerisation are important to facilitate the resol... more In the field of engineering, guidelines and computerisation are important to facilitate the resolution of complex problems. Engineers apply computer techniques of distributed problem solving (DPS) to design and simulation tasks, such as in industrial manufacture (e.g., simulation of aircraft, modelling of structures and mass customization). An important application of these and other computer-aided techniques is the design and manufacture