Salma Malik | Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan (original) (raw)

Papers by Salma Malik

Global Economics Review, 2019

Security and provision of energy are the cornerstone of any country sustainable development as we... more Security and provision of energy are the cornerstone of any country sustainable development as well as the main drivers for economic and industrial growth. Countries, whether developed or developing, remain heavily reliant on energy resources, and energy security is gaining critical primacy for all concerned. Faced with a severe energy crisis for a long time, Pakistan has had to rely on oil-based expensive energy mix widening demand-supply gap, lack of integrated energy strategy and poor energy governance, despite being endowed with immense hydro, wind and solar energy potential. This study attempts to map Pakistan vulnerability to the impacts and challenges pertaining to energy security that constrains its socio-economic development and stability. It further explores the need to involve local community and business sector in formulating adaptation strategies and bridging policy-practice gaps to restructure energy policy and systems by shifting energy mix in favour of renewables and...

The Fleeing People of South Asia

Milletleraras, 1977

This September marked a whole 3 years to the 9/11 incidence in the United States, and in these pa... more This September marked a whole 3 years to the 9/11 incidence in the United States, and in these past years, not only has its impact on international politics been tremendous, it has also engendered international conflicts with grave consequences. One of such consequences is that it has encouraged majör povvers, especially the US, to label some countries, haven of terrorists and security threat to world peace. Consequently, such countries have becomes targets of the phenomenal Global War on Terrorism (GWT). The US-led "Operation Enduring Freedom" in Afghanistan, which saw the overthrow of the Taliban regime in that country, was a signifıcant debut of GWT. After this episode, a rattled US smarting from the September 11, 2001 attack, took the GWT crusade to the backyards of some other states that it considered axis of evil namely Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. Of the three states, the GWT campaign against Iraq appears to be the most controversial and a majör threat to world peace KEYVVORDS

Strategic Studies

Since 9/11 and the consequent US-led military action in Afghanistan, the Pakistani military has b... more Since 9/11 and the consequent US-led military action in Afghanistan, the Pakistani military has been deployed in the north-western areas to crush militant insurgency both by indigenous as well as foreign agents. This has brought about a major shift in the security posture of Pakistan, whereby the military’s role has extended beyond its traditional duties. For nearly two decades, monitoring law and order, diffusing radical, militant as well as ethno-nationalist groups in select pockets of the country and countering terrorism, has transformed military’s traditionally assigned role. Given the complexity of the problems impacting the internal sovereignty of the country, the process has become more inclusive with attention being focused in the areas of law enforcement as well as judicial and legislative bodies to improve the quality of their performance and making them more result oriented and effective. In terms of governance, the country has also faced problematic civil military relati...

Journal of Contemporary Studies, Aug 12, 2016

Human Security in South Asia, 2019

Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2003

Let G be a connected Lie group. In this paper, we study the density of the images of individual p... more Let G be a connected Lie group. In this paper, we study the density of the images of individual power maps P k : G → G : g → g k. We give criteria for the density of P k (G) in terms of regular elements, as well as Cartan subgroups. In fact, we prove that if Reg(G) is the set of regular elements of G, then P k (G) ∩ Reg(G) is closed in Reg(G). On the other hand, the weak exponentiality of G turns out to be equivalent to the density of all the power maps P k. In linear Lie groups, weak exponentiality reduces to the density of P2(G). We also prove that the density of the image of P k for G implies the same for any connected full rank subgroup.

IPRI Journal, 2020

Ever since the election of Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, India has constantly been on a quest ... more Ever since the election of Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, India has constantly been on a quest for showcasing and exhibiting its larger than life persona and proving to an audience at home and abroad, its aspirations for greater power status. A shrewd approach, timed to perfection, in a world which despite facing the worst of constant military engagement during the Cold War, is once again slipping into hard power projection. As the contemporary world appears to be fast latching on to the trend of hyper-nationalism, promoted by effective political leadership as the expression of ultimate power projection of its respective countries, over-enthusiastic populations are happily and blindly embracing the idea without realising its consequences. The surgical strike strategy used by Modi against Pakistan must be seen as an effective tool for ensuring re-election of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), but also as an expression of hyper-nationalism. Such disturbing developments raise serious questions about deterrence stability, the future of India-Pakistan relations and changing dynamics of warfare in the region.

Global Regional Review, 2020

Multi-track diplomacy provides an effective theoretical model, which considers education as an im... more Multi-track diplomacy provides an effective theoretical model, which considers education as an important track integral in ushering peace, building bridges, creating the necessary infrastructure, changing mindsets and ultimately enabling a transformation from conflict prone to peace-oriented societies. Thus, giving rise to the idea of a regional higher education institution, primarily to build a regional center of excellence, with a shared common vision, that would help create a South Asian community and provide equitable access to students from all over the region. However, functioning for a decade now, the South Asian University has not been able to achieve many of the aims associated with it, largely due to the inherent hurdles and regional politics. This study will highlight the impediments faced within the region for utilizing education as an effective bridge builder and agent for positive conflict transformation & further examine the SAU’s ability to transcend the deeply entre...

Global Regional Review, 2019

The paper reviews the (CPEC) from a security lens. The upshot of CPEC is to bring in peace and pr... more The paper reviews the (CPEC) from a security lens. The upshot of CPEC is to bring in peace and prosperity in the region through laying a mix of road networks, railways, and pipelines in this area. It envisions to transform Pakistan by upgrading its economic profile through connectivity with adjacent regions, addressing energy shortfalls, and expanding societal links between Pakistan and China. Both sides perceive CPEC to be a game-changer. However, there are key challenges to establish a sphere of co-security interdependence through CPEC. The core risks and opportunities associated with the implementation of this crucial project are highlighted in this study. The paper dwells on the security dimensions of the CPEC from an integrated conception of security - to stamp the CPEC as a safety valve not only for Pakistan and China but for a host of countries associated with it

Global Political Review, 2020

A key feature of contemporary international politics is the changing nature of American presence ... more A key feature of contemporary international politics is the changing nature of American presence on the world stage. Before the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, power of the United States (U.S.) as a unipolar superpower was experiencing change, giving way to multipolarity. For the past three decades, America was the predominant global power, leading the international response to every man-made or natural crisis and calamity. This time, however, the complexity of the COVID-19 pandemic has undermined the American ability to lead the international community in managing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. By its very nature, COVID-19 is challenging prevailing international norms of hard and soft power. This paper critically evaluates the role of American power, its central position in the international political economy and global governance to highlight how deeply it is embedded in the international order, and suited to mount a global response to an international challenge.

Global Social Sciences Review, 2018

In the Contemporary Conflicts of the post-Cold War period, the question of what comes first, Conf... more In the Contemporary Conflicts of the post-Cold War period, the question of what comes first, Conflict or Weapons, becomes irrelevant in the face of the quantity and sophistication arms available to actors involved. Pakistan is a country that shows many of the symptoms which are a characteristic of small arms diffusion into the larger social fabric. Given the complex nature of politics, the country is affected not only by external but domestic sources and drivers that have complicated the issue over the decades. For academic purposes, these sources and problems can broadly be divided into four categories canvassing the range of regulated and non-regulated drivers and causes both at the domestic as well as external level. The study aims to examine at length the impact of how regulated sources of SALW in the private armament sector have gradually emerged and cast an impact on the security profile of the country.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Sep 1, 2014

In nuclear war, women would suffer at least as much as men. But women tend to be underrepresented... more In nuclear war, women would suffer at least as much as men. But women tend to be underrepresented in fields—such as high-level politics, diplomacy, military affairs, and science and technology—that bear on nuclear policy. Authors from four countries—Salma Malik of Pakistan (2014), Polina Sinovets of Ukraine (2014), Reshmi Kazi of India, and Jenny Nielsen of Denmark (2014)—discuss how women might gain greater influence on nuclear weapons policy and how their empowerment might affect disarmament and nonproliferation efforts.

Shiite community in Afghanistan: between local dynamics and transnational links Abstract: Afghani... more Shiite community in Afghanistan: between local dynamics and transnational links
Abstract: Afghanistan's Shiite community, which accounts for about 20% of the total population, is a diverse religious group even if it is mainly composed of Hazaras (the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan). In its relations with the Sunni community, Shiites face the challenge of their integration on the internal political scene even if the Ja'afari school of law recognized by the Constitution of the Afghan state that is emerging in the aftermath of the US intervention post September 11, 2001. This intervention will aim at presenting the Shiite community in all its diversity by studying the internal religious scene and the most followed ayatollahs (marja-e taqlid) by Afghan Shiite believers. We will see how the Afghan Shiite community differs from that of Iran and Iraq. Finally, it will highlight the ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, in particular, the role of Afghan refugees in Iran and in Pakistan through transnational networks.

Pakistan Politico, 2018

In the changing face of security and conflict where women are mostly considered part of the probl... more In the changing face of security and conflict where women are mostly considered part of the problem, they also need to become part of the
solution.

Margalla Papers , 2021

The Jammu and Kashmir conflict remains one of the oldest UN agenda items. However, despite the ge... more The Jammu and Kashmir conflict remains one of the oldest UN agenda items. However, despite the genuine plight and legitimate demand for the right to self-determination, Kashmiris in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir continue to struggle for their lives and livelihood under Indian oppression and state-sponsored terrorism without respite. This paper, therefore, attempts to glean into the history of the conflict, which has a strong connection with the contemporary situation, while answering important questions: What circumstances compelled people to rush to Kashmir soon after the independence? How has India, over the decades, interpreted, misinterpreted, and manipulated world opinion in its favour? Why and how have the Muslim world and international community shown apathy towards the beleaguered Kashmiris? Lastly, can there be a way forward, especially after India's illegal annexation of the UN declared disputed territory? It also highlights options available for a plausible solution to this humanitarian issue.

Pakistan Politico, 2021

Where the fast-approaching U.S. exit is a genuine cause of concern for the Afghans and many other... more Where the fast-approaching U.S. exit is a genuine cause of concern for the Afghans and many others, including Pakistan, the region, once again, is plunging into uncertainty and turmoil. Where Islamabad cannot play a role beyond its capacity in ensuring or maintaining peace in the neighboring state. Afghan peace must be conceived, articulated, handled and implemented by Afghans themselves.

Global Economics Review, 2019

The Fleeing People of South Asia

Milletleraras, 1977

Strategic Studies

Journal of Contemporary Studies, Aug 12, 2016

Human Security in South Asia, 2019

Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2003

IPRI Journal, 2020

Global Regional Review, 2020

Global Regional Review, 2019

Global Political Review, 2020

Global Social Sciences Review, 2018

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Sep 1, 2014

Pakistan Politico, 2018

Margalla Papers , 2021

Pakistan Politico, 2021

COSATT, May 2013

South Asia, the world's most densely populated, resource rich yet one of the poorest regions more... more South Asia, the world's most densely populated, resource rich yet one of the poorest regions more than ever requires efforts toward peace building, increased and better interaction, settlement as well as transformation of the various conflicts that have multiplied over time. Riddled with a combination of perceived and real security challenges as well as a mindset that is more conflict than peace oriented, there is a dire need after nearly seventy years of post colonial independent existence to develop infrastructure and sustainable mechanisms of peace and mutual coexistence. One of the many areas in which the region drastically lags, besides a plethora of other dismal indicators is education which can both bridge or distance the regional countries from one another. Unfortunately, neither at the individual countries level, nor at the regional level there has been sufficient allocation made towards this critical area. According to World Bank statistics for the year 2011 South Asia contributes only 5% of its total public sector expenditure on education, which is even lower than the most impoverished region of Sub Saharan Africa. Although the collective adult literacy rate (of people aged 15 and above) stands at 61.3% 1 , not only is this figure misleading as individual countries have very disparate rates, but also the literacy rate may be judged as simplistically as the reading or writing of one's own name.

South Asia at Gun Point. Small Arms and Light …, 2000

The post Second World War period has witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of lethal and non-l... more The post Second World War period has witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of lethal and non-lethal weapons. The frequent usage of these sources of human destruction has resulted in hundreds of casualties. With greater concentration and focus of the global arms -control efforts being centered on steps to curb the horizontal as well as vertical proliferation of the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Relatively very little rather negligible attention had been given to yet another very important issue, that is the proliferation, accumulation and usage of Small Arms /Light Weapons (SA/LW). The post -Cold War environment provides us with an opportunity to examine how much destruction and damage has been caused by these weapons and why in spite of the growing concern nothing substantial has been achieved so far in this field of Micro Disarmament. For Conventional Weapons proliferation despite numerous claims by the protagonists of disarmament, poses a major threat to mankind. In addition to causing fatalities, the number of which runs in thousands. SA / LW proliferation and indiscriminate usage has also exacerbated and given rise to problems ranging from influx of refuges, displacement of entire populations from conflict zones, economic chaos and social instability to a violent militancy as witnessed by ethno-religious groups.

Development Dialogue , 2019

In the context of this article, dialogue is understood as the sharing of diverse experiences duri... more In the context of this article, dialogue is understood as the sharing of diverse experiences during conflict, and learning about alternative ways of looking at emerging scenarios. It has the potential to contribute to greater empathy and comprehension of others’ perspectives, breaking traditional stereotypes

Irritants in Pak - US Relations: The Way Forward, 2019

This essay primarily focuses on the bilateral relations between Pakistan and India and how the Un... more This essay primarily focuses on the bilateral relations between
Pakistan and India and how the United States of America (USA),
despite New Delhi’s mantra of bilateralism and non-interference
doctrines, has been effectively roped in by the latter and made an
active stakeholder; and how the de-hyphenation of India and Pakistan
by the US after the Cold War, has adversely affected regional
Lastly, how the pursuit of independent strategic objectives
by each of the three state-actors, has affected mutual relations in the
contemporary times, and what policy objectives Pakistan can pursue
in the coming decades.

Implications of COVID-19 on Conflict Patterns & Regional Cooperation Process in South Asia, 2021

As the COVID-19 pandemic nears its one-year mark, fears, speculations, and concerns about a secon... more As the COVID-19 pandemic nears its one-year mark, fears, speculations, and concerns about a second surge are resonating worldwide. Many countries across Europe are once again facing an increase in patients’ numbers as well as fatalities, whereas several other countries such as the US, India and many across the European continent are still not recovered from the initial impact. Described as “the most serious threat we have faced in living memory,” human lives are not the only casualty of the pandemic. The worst effect countries such as Pakistan have faced is in terms of the economic fallout. With poor and unequal health care, low literacy rate, poverty, seasonal disease outbreaks, environmental and climate change effects, locust attacks and poor social safety networks becoming additional threat multipliers. This country report will carry out a holistic appraisal and analysis of Pakistan’s ongoing response to COVID-19 and the economic, political and social implications of the
pandemic.

A book on Pakistan's Security Challenges since 9/11 and the problems faced by the country, with c... more A book on Pakistan's Security Challenges since 9/11 and the problems faced by the country, with contributing authors focusing on different facets of security and challenges plaguing the country, with recommendations for a way forward.

An attempt towards building an indigenous narrative on Pakistan, from a purely Pakistani lens.